MACROECONOMICS PROJECT

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Prof. Dharmendra Khairajani Dhruvil Singh Rathore
Sec – B Roll No. – 33

BATCH 2018-23
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TABLE OF CONTENTS –

INDIA [INTRODUCTION]…………………………………………………..…………2

PESTLE ANALYSIS [INDIA]………………………………………………………….3

BAHRAIN [INTRODUCTION]……………………………………………………….12

STEEPLED ANALYSIS [BAHRAIN]………………………………………………...13

CONSULTANCY OF INDIA………………………………………………………….23

CONSULTANCY OF BAHRAIN……………………………………………………..27

COMPARISON………………………………………………………………………...30

BIBLOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………….40
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INDIA

INTRODUCTION
India is a country that occupies the greater part of South Asia. It is a constitutional republic consisting of
29 states, each with a substantial degree of control over its own affairs; 6 less fully empowered union
territories; and the Delhi national capital territory, which includes New Delhi, India’s capital. With
roughly one-sixth of the world’s total population, India is the second most populated country in the
world, after China. India remains one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world. Apart from
its many religions and sects, India is home to innumerable castes and tribes, as well as to more than a
dozen major and hundreds of minor linguistic groups from several language families unrelated to one
another. Religious minorities, including Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, and Jains, still account
for a significant proportion of the population.
Modern India’s increasing physical prosperity and cultural dynamism—despite continued domestic
challenges and economic inequality—are seen in its well-developed infrastructure and a highly
diversified industrial base, in its pool of scientific and engineering personnel (one of the largest in the
world), in the pace of its agricultural expansion, and in its rich and vibrant cultural exports of music,
literature, and cinema. Though the country’s population remains largely rural, India has three of the
most populous and cosmopolitan cities in the world – Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi. Three other Indian
cities – Bengaluru, Chennai and Hyderabad - are among the world’s fastest-growing high-technology
centres, and most of the world’s major information technology and software companies now have
offices in India.

Because of its enormous population, India is in terms of income and Gross National Product (GNP) per
capita - one of the poorest countries on Earth. Since independence, India has promoted a
mixed economic System in which the government, constitutionally defined as “socialist,” plays a major
role as central planner, regulator, investor, manager, and producer.
However, in the early 1990s, India adopted a series of free-market reforms that fuelled the growth of its
middle class, and its highly educated and well-trained workforce made India one of the global centres of
the high-technology boom that began in the late 20th century and produced significant annual growth
rates. The agricultural sector remains the country’s main employer (about half of the workforce),
though, with about one-fifth of the Gross National Product (GDP), it is no longer the largest contributor
to GDP. Manufacturing remains another solid component of GDP. However, the major growth has been
in trade, finance, and other services, which, collectively, are by far the largest component of GDP.
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PESTLE ANAYLSIS OF INDIA

In business the role of PESTLE is very important. Originally designed as a business environmental scan,
the PESTLE analysis is an analysis of the external macro environment in which a business operates.
These are factors which are beyond the control or influence of a business, however are important to be
aware of when doing product development, business or strategy planning.

PESTLE means:

P- Political

E- Economical

S- Social 

T- Technological

L- Legal

E-Environmental

The PESTLE subject should be a clear definition of the market being addressed, this is as followings:-

 A company looking at its market

 A product looking at its market

 A brand in relation to its market

 A local business unit or function in a business

 A strategic option, such as entering a new market

 A potential acquisition a potential partnership an investment opportunity

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POLITICAL

Political factors can impact a business by making the market environment more or less friendly for that
business. Typically, governments have a great deal of power over businesses and many times, there is
not much that businesses can do about it. Ideological inclination of political parties, personal interest on
politicians, influence of party forums etc. create political environment. For example, Bangalore
established itself as the most important IT centre of India because of political support.

It also is directly related to govt. policy such as

 The degree of government intervention in the economy.

 What goods and services does a government want to provide?
 To what extentdoes it believe in subsidising firms? 
 What are itspriorities in terms of business support? 
 Political decisions can impact on many vital areas for business such as the education of the work
force, the health of the nation and the quality of the infrastructure of the economy such as the
road and rail system.

India is the biggest democracy in the world. The government type is Constitutional Republic. Based on

English Common law, judicial review of legislative acts, accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with
reservations, separate personal law codes apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus. The political
Situation in the India is more or less stable. Most of its democratic history, the federal Government of
India has been led by the Indian National Congress (INC) and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). State
politics dominated by several national parties including the INC and
BJP, the Communist Party of India (CPI), and various regional parties. In the 2014 Indian elections, BJP
won the biggest number of Lok Sabha seats and formed a government with an alliance called the
National Democratic Alliance (NDA) supported by various right-leaning parties. Overall India currently
has a coalition led government and majorly the fight for power is between BJP and INC.

In India there are many political factors but factors such as Political pressure in ruling government and
vote bank problems also play a role in the affecting the business environment.
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These are the major factors that have effect on political environment:-

1) Taxation policy

India has a well-developed tax structure with the three tier federal structure, comprising the union
government, the state government and the urban and rural local bodies. The power to levy taxes and
duties are distributed among the three tiers of government, in accordance with the provisions of the
Indian Constitution. The main taxes/duties that the union government is empowered to levy are income
tax. Customs duties, central excise and sales tax and service tax. The principal taxes levied by the state
government are sales, stamp duty, state excise, land revenue, and duty on entertainment and tax on
profession and calling. The local bodies are empowered to levy tax on properties, octroi tax markets and
tax/user chargers for utilities like water supply, drainage, etc.

2) Privatisation

Reduce the political interface in the management of enterprises, leading to improved efficiency and
productivity. In India at this stage even when govt. companies perform well, sometimes for improved
service and satisfaction of the people the govt. would go for privatisation. This method also increase job
employment and maintenance of the service also does not go from the tax money.

3) Deregulation

Deregulation is the reduction or elimination of government power in a particular industry, usually

enacted to create more competition within the industry. Over the years the struggle between proponents
of regulation and proponents of no government intervention have shifted market conditions. 

One of the key success stories propagated by the India government is regulatory reform or deregulation.
It involves eliminating archaic laws and rationalizing existing laws. The objective is to optimize
regulatory stock and flow to reduce regulatory burden on different stakeholders. Since 2014, by way of
four repealing and amending laws, the Indian government has scrapped around 1,178 laws. Of these,
approximately 335 were Acts which amended existing laws, 16 were Acts which repealed existing laws,
and 758 were Acts which authorized appropriation of funds. Presumably, all these Acts had outlived
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their utility. In other words, only around 69 Acts were actually operational when repealed. By
government’s own admission, most of the Acts repealed were irrelevant. They had ceased to be in force,
or had become obsolete, or had lost their meaning, or their retention as a separate Act was unnecessary.

4) International trade regulations

International trade regulations day by day makes it flexible for foreign trade in India. India's foreign
exchange reserves were US$ 405.64 billion in the week up to March 15, 2019, as compared to US$
402.04 billion over the past week.

5) Government stability

Lack of political stability within a country can significantly impact the operations of a business. This can
especially be true for businesses that are operating on the global scale. A stable political climate is in
fact a very important factor to attract foreign direct investment (FDI). For instance, a hostile takeover
can take over a government. Eventually, such a situation will lead to looting, riots and general disorder
within the environment. Such situations can disrupt business operations and activities which can have a
major impact on its bottom line. Indian government for past decade is stable and because of it there has
been major progress in trade, finance, and other services, which, collectively, are by far the largest
component of GDP.

A major area of concern in India is corruption. It badly affects the country’s business and political
environment, posing a challenge to the country’s economic growth. Corruption increases the cost
of business operations and often affects foreign direct investment. However, a growing public
awareness and government initiatives are combating the challenges of corruption.

ECONOMICAL

It includes interest rates, taxation changes, economic growth and inflation rates. As you will see
throughout the “Foundations of Economics” book economic change can have a major impact on a firm’s
behavior. For example:

 Higher interest rates may deter investment because it costs more to borrow
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 A strong currency may make exporting more difficult because it may raise the price in terms of
foreign currency

 Inflation may provoke higher wage demands form employees and raise costs

 Higher national income growth may boost demand for a firm’s products

In order to solve economic growth problems of our country, the government took several steps including
control by the state of certain industries, central planning and reduced importance of the private sector.
The main objectives of India’s development plans were:

 Initiate rapid economic growth to raise the standard of living, reduce unemployment and poverty,

 Becomes self-reliant and set up a strong industrial base with emphasis on heavy and basic
industries,

 Reduce inequalities of income and wealth,

 Adopt a socialist pattern of development – based on equality and prevent exploitation of man by
man,

As a part of economic reforms, the government of India announced a new industrial policy in July 1991,

The broad features of this policy as follows:

 The government reduced the number of industries under compulsory licensing to six.

 Disinvestment was carried out in case of many public sector industrial enterprises.

 Policy towards foreign capital was liberalized. The share of foreign equity participation was
increased and in many activities 100 per cent Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was permitted.

 Automatic permission was now granted for technology agreements with foreign companies.

 Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) was set up to promote and channelize foreign
investment in India.
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According to the International Monetary fund (IMF) 2017 economic forecast, India’s GDP is worth $2.4
trillion making it the 7thlargest economy in the world by nominal GDP. The GDP will grow by 7.0% in
FY18 which is expected to increase to 7.4% by FY20 (The World Bank Group, 2018).

The current corporate tax rate in India is 30% (as of February 2018). It is worth noting that the country
witnessed frequent corporate tax rate changes over the years. For example, the tax rate in 2010 was
33.99%, while it reached an all-time high of 38.95% in 2001 (Trading Economics, 2018).

India is one of the top countries in many industries. For example, it is the 7th largest coffee producing
countries in the world (International Coffee Organisation, 2017). It is also one of the top agriculture
producing countries in the world.

India’s key exports are petroleum products, jewellery, pharmaceutical products, transport equipment,
machinery and readymade garments to name but a few. On the other hand, India imports crude
petroleum, gold and silver, electronic good, pearls and precious stones and many other things. Some of
the top trading partners of India are China, UAE, Switzerland, Saudi Arabia, USA, Russia and Qatar
(Guardian News and Media Limited, 2016)

In India economy is strong. We see in recession our economy is less affected from recession in
comparison to Western countries because of the following factors given below:-

(i) Interest rates

(ii) Money supply

(iii) Credit control

(iv) Financial markets

(v) Inflation

(vi) Competitors pricing

(vii) Globalization

SOCIAL
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Changes in social trend can impact on the demand for a firm’s products and the availability and
willingness of Changes in social trends can impact on the demand for a firm's products and the
availability and willingness of individuals to work. In the India, for example the population has been
ageing. This has increased the costs for firms who are committed to pension payments for their
employees because their staff are living longer. It also means some firms have started to recruit older
employees to tap into this growing labour pool.

It describes the characteristics of the society in which the organization exists. Literacy rate customs,
values, beliefs, lifestyle, demographics features and mobility of population are part of the social
environment. It is important for managers to notice the direction in which the society is moving and
formulate progressive policies according to the changing social scenario.

India is the second most populous nation in the world with an approximate population of over 1.1 billion
people. This population is divided in the following age structure: 0-14 years is 31.8%, 15-64 years is
63.1% and 65 years and above is 5.1%. There are also following factors given below that are
considered:-

i. Mobility

ii. Income distribution

iii. Population demographics

iv. Attitude to work and leisure

v. Standard of education and skills

vi. Working conditions

India is one of the most attractive markets in the world in many sectors. Standard of living is
gradually improving and the country has a growing middle class with good disposable income.
However, it is worth noting that India still suffers from poverty and according to the World Bank,
1 in 5 people in India are still poor.

TECHNOLOGICAL
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India is one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world. In fact, according to some
sources, it is the 3rd most technologically advanced country in the world. No wonder why more and more
tech giants including but not limited to Facebook, Microsoft, and Apple are investing in the country!
India is a key destination for outsourcing work in IT. With an advanced IT infrastructure and highly
skilled IT work force, India offer enormous opportunities for entrepreneurs to embark upon
technological projects such as software development and upgrades, e-commerce, mobile apps, business
solutions, and many more.

LEGAL

These are related to the legal environment in which firms operate. In recent years in India there have
been many significant legal changes that have affected firms’ behaviour. The introduction of
discrimination and disability discrimination legislation, an increase in the minimum wage and greater
requirements for firms to recycle are examples of relatively recent laws that affect an organisation
actions. Legal changes can affect a firm cost and demand.

This consists of legislation that is passed by the parliament and state legislatures. Example of such
legislation specifically aimed at business operations include the trade mark act, 1969, essential
commodities act 1955, standards of weights and measures act 1969 and consumer protection act 1969.

In India many type of act like license permission, copyright permission, etc. are there. India is a famous
destination for foreign direct investment. Depending on the scope and the business needs, foreign
investors can set up a company, branch, or a limited liability partnership in India. Indian companies are
governed by the Companies Act, 2013. There are a number of labour laws that regulate employment
relations in India e.g. Employees’ State Insurance Act 1948 (ESI Act), Industrial Disputes Act 1947
(ID Act), Maternity Benefit Act 1961 (MBA) and the Payment of Bonus Act 1965 (PBA).

The other various law that affect business in India are:-

i. Employment law

ii. Trade and product restrictions

iii. Health and safety regulations

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iv. EU and international laws

v. Monopolies commission

ENVIRONMENTAL

Environment factors include the weather and climate change. Changes in temperature can impact on
many industries including farming, tourism and insurance. With major climate changes occurring due to
global warming and with greater environment awareness this external factor is becoming a significant
issue for firms to consider. The growing desire to protect the environment is having an impact on any
industries (for example, more taxes being placed on air travel and the success of hybrid cars} and the
general move towards more environment friendly products and processes is affecting demand patterns
and creating business opportunities.

In India we know that many types of environmental problems this are basic things but more important
for our environment also biotic factors, abiotic factors and their interaction with one another pollution
free industry activity i.e., is necessary condition of industrial organisation.

Industrialization and urbanization have resulted in a profound deterioration of India’s air quality of the 3
premature deaths in the world that occur each year due to outdoor and indoor air pollution, the highest
number are assessed to occur in India.

Some proems related to environment faced by India on regular basis:-

i. Pollution problems

ii. Planning permissions

iii. Waste disposal noise controls

iv. Noise controls

v. Environmental pressure groups

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BAHRAIN

INTRODUCTION
Bahrain is small Arab state situated in a bay on the south-western coast of the Persian Gulf. Its name is
from the Arabic term ‘al-bahrayn’, meaning “two seas.” It is an archipelago consisting of Bahrain Island
and some 30 smaller islands. Bahrain’s total land area is slightly greater than that of Singapore. Saudi
Arabia lies to the west across the Gulf of Bahrain, while the Qatar peninsula lies to the east. The state
consists of two separate groups of islands, which together extend about 30 miles (50 km) from north to
south and 10 miles (16 km) from east to west. The small islands in both groups are rocky and low-lying,
rising only a few feet above sea level, the main island is more varied in appearance.
Arabic is the official language of Bahrain. English is widely used and is a compulsory second language
at all schools. Persian is also common and spoken mostly in the home. A number of other languages are
spoken among expatriates in Bahrain, including Urdu, Hindi, and Tagalog.
Bahrain gained its independence in 15 August 1971 by The United Kingdom. The head of the Āl
Khalīfah, the country’s ruling family, has taken the title Emir. A constitution promulgated in 2002
established Bahrain as a Constitutional Hereditary Monarchy whose head of state is now titled king.
Under the new constitution the executive is composed of a Prime Minister, who is head of government,
and a Council of Ministers, all of whom are appointed by the king. The legislative branch consists of
two houses: a 40-member Consultative Council that is also appointed by the king and a 40-member
Chamber of Deputies that is elected by universal adult suffrage. The voting age is 20 years. Members of
both deliberative bodies serve terms of four years. Women, in addition to voting, may stand for local and
national elections. 
Roughly half of the population is Arab, and most inhabitants are native-born Bahrainis, but some are
Palestinians, Omanis, or Saudis. Foreign-born inhabitants, constituting about half of the population, are
mostly from Iran, India, Pakistan, Britain, and the United States. The population is predominately
Muslim and includes both the Sunni and the Shi’ite sects, with the latter in the majority. The ruling
family and many of the wealthier and more influential Bahrainis are Sunni.
Located in one of the world’s chief oil-producing regions, Bahrain itself has only small stores of
petroleum. Instead, its economy has long relied on processing crude oil from neighbouring countries,
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and more recently the financial, commercial services, and communications sectors have grown
markedly, as has tourism. The country’s chief city, port, and capital, Manama (Al-Manāmah), is located
on the north-eastern tip of Bahrain Island. A strikingly modern city, Manama is relaxed
and cosmopolitan and is a favourite destination for visitors from neighbouring Saudi Arabia; on
weekends, crowds of Saudis converge on the city to enjoy its restaurants and bars. Yet the people of
Bahrain remain conservative in their lifestyle. This sentiment is enshrined in the country’s constitution,
which affirms that “the family is the cornerstone of society, the strength of which lies in religion, ethics,
and patriotism.”

STEEPLED ANALYSIS OF BAHRAIN

STEEPLED analysis is a strategic planning tool. It can be helpful when planning the strategic
positioning and is more advanced as it deals with macro-environmental external factors. You can get a
practical insight on each of factors given below. These elements can affect your business.

STEEPLED offers an overview of various external fields. It is an acronym for:-

S - Social

T - Technological

E – Economic

E – Environmental

P – Political

L – Legal

E – Ethical

D –Demographic

STEEPLED analysis deals with the following question:-

 How much importance does culture have in the market? What are its determinants?
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 What technological advances are likely to emerge and affect the market?

 What are the widespread economic factors?

 What are the industry’s environmental concerns?

 What is the political situation of the country? How can it affect the industry?

SOCIAL

Education

The education system has been established since 1930 when Bahrain government controlled two
primary schools for boys only and later one school for all girls. The literacy rate of Bahrain stands at
95.7%, a data recorded in 2017. As of 2016, education expenditure accounts for 2.6% of Bahrain’s GDP.

Schooling and related costs are entirely paid for by the government and the acceptance are high based on
records of attendance of the pupils. Bahrain also encourages institutions of higher learning, raising the
expatriate talent and the increasing pool of Bahrainis returning from abroad with advanced degrees.
University of Bahrain was established in 1986 for standard undergraduate and graduate study.

The establishment of the Quality Assurance Authority for Education and Training, which primarily
focuses on scrutinizing all the programs offered by each university, due to some complaints of low
standard of education in some of private institution of higher educations.

With a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic and multi-denominational society, along with a low cost of living,
excellent education facilities offering curricula from around the world and high-quality healthcare,
Bahrain is an attractive destination for expatriate families.

Religion
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Islam is the official religion. The citizen population is 99.8% Muslim, although the Muslim proportion
falls to 70.2% when the non-national population is included. Muslims belong to the Shi'a and Sunni
tribes. Roughly, the Shi'a constitute 46% to 60% of the Bahraini Muslim population. Foreigners that are
mostly from South Asia and other Arab countries, constituted 54% of the population, record shown as in
2010. Foreigners are 45% Muslim and 55% are non-Muslim, including Christians, primarily Catholic,
Protestant, Syrian Orthodox, Mar Thoma from South India, Hindus, Baha’is, Buddhists, and Sikhs.

Foreign Affairs

Bahrain plays a modest, moderating role in regional politics and adheres to the views of the Arab
League on Middle East peace and Palestinian rights. Since achieving independence in 1971, Bahrain has
maintained friendly relations with most of its neighbours and with the world community. It generally
pursues a policy of close consultation with neighbouring states and works to narrow areas of
disagreement. It also established bilateral relations with 190 countries worldwide. As of 2012, Bahrain
maintains a network of 36 embassies, 3 consulates and 4 permanent missions to the Arab League, United
Nations and European Union respectively. Bahrain also signed Free Trade Agreement with United
States to ensure economic trading flourish internationally.

TECHONOLOGICAL

Infrastructure

 Bahrain has a well-developed road network, particularly in Manama. The discovery of oil in the
early 1930s accelerated the creation of multiple roads and highways in Bahrain, connecting
several isolated villages, such as Budaiya, to Manama.

 Bahrain's port of Mina Salman is the main seaport of the country and consists of 15 berths.
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 Bahrain has one main international airport, the Bahrain International Airport (BIA) which is
located on the island of Muharraq, in the northeast.

Telecommunications

Bahrain implemented its telecommunications law which included the establishment of an independent
Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA). Bahrain has been connected to the internet since
1995 with the country's domain suffix is '.bh'. The country's connectivity score (a statistic which
measures both Internet access and fixed and mobile telephone lines) is 210.4 percent per person, while
the regional average in Arab States of the Persian Gulf is 135.37 percent. The number of Bahraini
internet users has risen from 40,000 in 2000 to 250,000 in 2008 or from 5.95 to 33 percent of the
population. As of August 2013, the TRA has licensed 22 Internet Service Providers.

Economic

New operations are encouraged by the authorities and local partner might be enthusiastically supportive.
Export and manufacturing industries are especially strongly supported by government, particularly as
regards the acquisition of land on which to construct a factory. To set up such a business in a free trade
zone, of which there are several in the region, it’s granted exemptions from import and export duties,
commercial taxes, building and property licence fees, land tax and restrictions on the transfer of capital
invested in the zone.

The country's capital, Manama is home to many large financial structures. In 2008, Bahrain was named
the world's fastest growing financial centre by the City of London's Global Financial Centres Index.
Petroleum production is Bahrain's most exported product, 60% of export receipts, 70% of government
revenues, and 11% of GDP. Aluminium production is the second most exported product, followed by
finance and construction materials.
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According to the 2011 Index of Economic Freedom, Bahrain has the freest economy in the Middle East
and North Africa region and is the world’s tenth freest economy. Bahrain's urgency in embracing
economic liberalization is due to its need to diversify the economy away from its limited oil supplies.
The revenues has expanded into banking, heavy industries, retail and tourism. Bahrain is the main
banking hub for the Persian Gulf and a centre for Islamic finance, which has been attracted by the strong
regulatory framework for the industry.

In 2005, Bahrain signed the US-Bahrain Free Trade Agreement. A massive privatization: utilities,
banks, financial services, and telecommunications have started transforming into private sector. Since
2002 when the oil prices sustained, the well growth of Bahrain’s economy has been well positioned.
From the extra revenues, the government build an advanced infrastructure in transportation and
telecommunications.

Petroleum and natural gas are the only significant natural resources in Bahrain. Despite of that, Bahrain
has worked to diversify its economy over the past decade. Tourism has proved another significant source
of income. It has succeeded in attracting investment in infrastructure development and other projects to
improve the standard of living; health, education, housing, electricity, water, and roads.

Bahrain's other industries include Aluminium Bahrain, which operates an aluminium smelter—the
largest in the world with an annual production of about 525,000 metric tons.

ENVIRONMENTAL

Bahrain is united with nationwide agencies which involved with international agreements. A member of
United Nation environmental body to biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection and Wetlands. Current
issues reported in Bahrain land are desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land,
periods of drought, and dust storms, coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs and sea
vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and
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distribution stations, 791001-10-5925 20 lack of freshwater resources (groundwater and seawater are the
only sources for all water needs).

POLITICAL

Bahrain under a constitutional monarchy headed by the king, Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. King
Hamad established a wide but closed executive authorities which include appointing the Prime Minister
and his ministers, commanding the army as Commander of the Bahrain Defense Force, chairing the
Higher Judicial Council, appointing the parliament's upper half and dissolving its elected lower half. The
Prime Minister, Shaikh Khalīfa bin Salman Al Khalifa, is the uncle of the current king who has served in
this position since 1971, making him the longest serving prime minister in the world.

Bahrain has a bicameral National Assembly (alJam'iyyah alWatani) consisting of the Shura Council
(Majlis AlShura) and the Council of Representatives (Majlis AlNuwab). Some Islamist parties have been
particularly critical of the government's readiness to sign international treaties such as the United
Nations' International Convention on Civil and Political Rights. This include the women rights in
political involvement. During history of Bahrain’s political issue, a few female candidates have been
elected in several position in government ministry.

The judicial system, headed by ruling family members, has yet to hold any senior official responsible for
serious human rights violations that have occurred since 2011, including torture-related deaths in
detention. Many detainees complained of ill-treatment in detention, sometimes rising to the level of
torture. Four former detainees told Human Rights Watch that they were severely beaten, and in one case
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sexually assaulted, while in detention at the Interior Ministry’s Criminal Investigations Directorate
(CID) in 2013

In August 2014, the government passed a set of laws that further restrict the right to freedom of
assembly and may further restrict the right to freedom of expression.

Although Bahrain still has a long way to go, to reach political freedom. There is very less
corruption in the country and it is the 54 th freest economy in the world (Acc. to the WHO report,
2019).

LEGAL

There is no federal system in Bahrain. The legal system in Bahrain is influenced by Egyptian law, which
is mainly based on French law. Bahrain has a national constitution and the laws are codified.

Bahrain has a dual court system that is made up of:

 Islamic Sharia courts - The Sharia courts deal primarily with the personal legal matters of
Muslims, such as:

o marriage;

o divorce; and

o Inheritance.

 Civil courts - The civil courts deal with all commercial, civil and criminal cases, as well as
disputes relating to the personal legal matters of non-Muslims. The civil courts include the:
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o High Civil Court - The High Civil Court deals with all civil matters in Bahrain,
including commercial matters and disputes where the amount claimed is over BHD5,000
(claims under BHD5,000 are heard by the small claims court);

o Higher Court of Appeal; and

o Court of Cassation - The Court of Cassation is the highest court in Bahrain and hears
appeals on points of law from the Higher Court of Appeal. Its decisions are binding on
the lower courts.

Important developments: -

 The National Assembly passed a new private sector labour law, which King Hamad signed into
law on July 26, 2012. The new law extends sick days and annual leave, authorizes compensation
equivalent to a year’s salary for unfairly dismissed workers, and increases fines employers must
pay for violations of the labour law. Under the new law, employers who violate health and safety
standards can face jail sentences of up to three months and fines of BD500 to BD1,000 ($1,326
to $2,652), with punishments doubling for repeat offenders.

 The recent amendments to the Commercial Companies Law, companies can be fully or partly
owned by non-Bahraini shareholders, to practise activities reserved for Bahraini nationals or
companies in which Bahrainis must be majority shareholders. The Council of Ministers
determines those activities that can be undertaken by foreign ownership companies. Also, on
approval of the Council of Ministers, the Minister of Trade Affairs can approve licences for
companies with foreign capital to practise those activities that may have a strategic economic
significance or a profitable return for Bahrain's economy.
 P a g e | 21

In addition, the ministerial resolution No.17 of 2018 sets out conditions in order to waive the
foreign ownership restriction in certain activities that require 51% or more Bahraini ownership.
These special conditions are:

 The company must be present in at least three international markets.

 That the capital of the parent company must be at least BD20 million or its equivalent in
foreign currency.

 The company must be listed in an international stock market.

 The capital of the Bahraini company must be at least BD 2 million.

ETHICAL

The basic values of people of Bahrain guarantees and ensure that they exercises their powers and
performs their role in an honest and objective manner. In order to achieve this noble objective, the
country and its people are committed to the following principles and values:

1. Transparency

2. Integrity

3. Honesty and Rightness

4. Justice and Equality

“The homeland and the citizen will enjoy greater welfare, progress, development, stability and
prosperity through earnest and constructive cooperation between government and citizens which will
remove the obstacles to progress; and out of a conviction that the future and working for the future is
 P a g e | 22

what all of us seek in the coming stage; and in view of our belief that such an objective requires the
exertion of efforts.”

-Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, King of

Bahrain

DEMOGRAPHIC

The population of Bahrain has been steadily growing, increasing almost 2 percent a year. Birth rates are
below average, but immigration rates are the sixth highest in the world. About one-half of the population
is foreign-born. Life expectancy is high, males living on average to about 77 and females to 81.
The death rate is well below the world average, and the major causes of death are diseases of the
circulatory or respiratory system and cancer. About one-fifth of the population is under the age of 15.
 P a g e | 23

At the 2010 census, Bahrain's 1.2 million population was made up of 568,000 Bahrainis and 666,000
non-nationals. Most of the population is Middle Eastern, although there are many people from
South Asia. The largest expatriate community in Bahrain is Indians, numbering about 290,000.

CONSULTANCY OF INDIA

 Education

The Right to Education has been established as a basic human right: since 1952, Article 2 of
the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to
guarantee the right to education. At world level, the United Nations' International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right under its Article 13.

India has passed the Right to Education Bill 2009 in August 2009

Primary Education: Primary and Middle (lower primary (Standards I to V) and upper primary
(Standards VI to VIII)) education is compulsory and free in India. Primary education begins at
age 6 with Middle/Upper Primary school education ending at age 14. Schooling is offered at
state-run and private schools, however, private schools often have poorer facilities and
 P a g e | 24

infrastructure than government schools. The regional language is the medium of instruction for
most primary schools and English as a second language generally begins by grade 3.

Secondary Education: Secondary education begins in grade 9 and lasts until grade 12. The
secondary stage is broken into two, two year cycles, generally referred to as General/Lower
Secondary School, or ‘Standard X’, and Upper/Senior Secondary School, or ‘Standard XII’.
Education continues to be free at government schools, although private education is more
common at the secondary level. Public examinations are held at the end of both cycles and grant
access to grade 11 and university level study respectively. General curriculum for lower
secondary school in India consists of three languages (including the regional language, an
elective, and English language), Mathematics, Science and Technology, Social Sciences,
Work/Pre-Vocational Education, Art, and Physical Education. Secondary schools are affiliated
with Central or State boards which administer the Secondary School Certificate at the end of
grade 10.

 Based upon performance in the first two years of secondary school, and upon the SSC results,
students may enter Senior/Upper Secondary School. Upper Secondary School offers the students
a chance to select a ‘stream’ or concentration of study, offering science, commerce, and
arts/humanities. Education is administered both in schools or two-year junior colleges which are
often affiliated with degree granting universities or colleges. Curriculum for the Higher
Secondary Certificate Examination is determined by the boards of secondary education of which
there are 31. 

Vocational Education: Young people who do not wish to go on to tertiary education, or who
fail to complete secondary school often enroll at privately-owned vocational schools that
specialize in just one or only a few courses. Unlike in the United States, vocational and technical
education is not highly specialized and is rather a broad overview of knowledge applicable to
employment. The curriculum offered is composed up of a language course, foundation courses,
and electives, of which half of electives are practical in nature. Examinations at the end of
vocational education are conducted by the All India and State Boards of Vocational Education.
 P a g e | 25

Tertiary Education: India’s higher education system is highly centralized and undergoing large
changes since its inception in 1947. Largely based upon the British system of education,
educational policy is ever-developing.

University education is overseen by the University Grants Commission (UGC), which is

responsible for the development of higher education, allocating funds, and recognition of
institutions in India. The National Accreditation and Assessment Council (NAAC) was
established by the UGC to assess universities and college based upon an alphabetical ranking
system ranging from A++ to C. The assessment and Accreditation is broadly used for
understanding the Quality Status of an institution and indicates that the particular institution
meets the standards of quality as set by the NAAC. Participation in the accreditation process of
NAAC is voluntary.

The All-India Council of Technical Education (AICTE) was also established to oversee quality
control of technical education and regulate establishment of new private professional colleges.
All recognized universities are members of the Association of Indian Universities (AIU), which
is integral to the dissemination of information and serves as an advisor to the government, UGC,
and the institutions themselves.

There are various types of tertiary institutions in India, namely Universities (Central, State,
Open), Universities of National Importance, and Deemed universities. Instruction of the majority
of students, almost 80%, is completed at affiliated colleges with the curriculum, examinations,
and final degree being designed and granted by the university. Constituent and Autonomous
colleges also exist; though less common although they do enjoy greater autonomy in regards to
curriculum development and assessment.

Admission to undergraduate courses generally requires completion of the Standard XII years of
schooling and admittance to university depends almost exclusively upon performance on the
examination. Bachelor’s degrees in the fields of arts, science, social studies, and commerce are
almost exclusively three year programs. Diploma programs exist and range from 2 – 3 years in
length and are provided at polytechnics, usually in a specialized engineering or technological
 P a g e | 26

field, and culminating in an Advanced or Post Diploma. Professional Bachelor’s degrees, in the
fields of Medicine, Architecture, Law, etc., vary from 4 – 5.5 years depending upon the
discipline.

Admission to graduate (Master, Post Graduate Diplomas, MBA, etc.) programs is dependent
upon completion of a bachelor’s degree (3 or 4 years, depending upon the subject) with a Second
Class pass or higher. Non-university education in Management is popular in India, with many
institutions offering Post Graduate Diplomas in Management, lasting 2 years and generally
equivalent to an MBA. Doctoral level degrees require a minimum of two or three years and
consist of research and a thesis or dissertation.

Beginning in 2015, the Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) was introduced by the UGC in
attempts to encourage a more interdisciplinary approach to education and offer more flexibility
and choice to students. The reform also introduced a standardized assessment and grading plan
based upon a 10 point scale. Since its inception, the system has faced scrutiny by students and
administrators, noting that although the system promises choice and flexibility, the infrastructure
of the educational system now may be too weak yet to support the overhaul.

Aim of Indian Education System

1. Development of Democratic Citizenship

a) Capacity of clear thinking

b) Receptivity to new ideas

c) True patriotism

2. Improvement of Vocational Efficiency

 P a g e | 27

3. Development of Personality

4. Education for Leadership

5. Education for Increased Productivity

6. Education for Modernization

7. Education for Social, Moral and Spiritual Values

CONSULTANCY OF BAHRAIN

 EDUCATION

The educational system in the kingdom of Bahrain follows a ladder of nine years of basic
education which includes both the primary and intermediate stages and three years of secondary
education in its various track.

In the kingdom of Bahrain, (the nine-year-long) basic education is compulsory for children
whose ages are between 6 & 14. All children must be enrolled either in the government schools
or the private ones.
 P a g e | 28

 The Ministry of Education (MoE) has given great importance to the development of all
educational stages in view of a carefully studied plan and programmed projects. The following is
a brief description of the various stages of education in Bahrain:

 Basic Education:

 Basic education is divided into two stages as follows:

 Primary Stage: This stage represents the first formal school ladder in Bahrain and
accommodates students of age group 6 - 11. It lasts for six years and divided into two cycles, the
first one includes the first three grades of primary education; in which the class-teacher system is
applied, whereby in this system a single teacher teaches most of the subjects, except English
language, design and technology, music education, and physical education.

 The second cycle includes the upper three grades, in which the subject-teacher system is
applied, whereby each subject is taught by a teacher who has specialized in a specific discipline,
and obtained educational academic qualifications.

 The curriculum for the first and the second cycles of basic education, include compulsory
common subjects, including: Islamic education, Arabic language, English language, Science and
Technology, Mathematics, Social Studies, and Physical Education, Family Education, Art, Music
and Songs.

 Intermediate Stage: Intermediate stage is considered to be the third cycle and the last one in
basic education, which accommodates students of age group 12 - 14, and lasts for three years. A
successful completion of the sixth grade of primary cycle or its equivalent from the literacy
education is a prerequisite to join this stage. The subject-teacher is applied in this stage, whereby
each subject is taught by a teacher who has specialized in a specific discipline, and obtained
educational academic qualifications. The curriculum for this stage includes compulsory common
subjects, including: Islamic education, Arabic language, English language, science and
technology, Mathematics, social studies, handcrafts and physical education.
 P a g e | 29

 Secondary Stage: This stage is considered to be a complementary one to basic education, and a
new phase for the student for preparing him/her to enter universities and higher institutions or
directly enter the labour market. It accommodates students of age group 15 - 17; the duration of
study is three years, which is divided into six semesters (three levels). A successful completion
of the intermediate stage or its equivalent is a requirement to join the first semester of secondary
education.

 The future structure of Education in Bahrain

Bahrain is moving towards implementing the new education system or the future structure of
education in Bahrain, which is more flexible as the student can obtain one of the provided tracks
at the secondary level namely Unified Track or Vocational Track.   The students that who will
select the Unified Track can obtain one of the following division: Science, Literary and
Commercial .The students who will select the Vocational Education Track either to obtain
Technical stream  which  is  divided  into  applied or technical vocational or to obtain the
apprenticeship program .The new structure will give the all the graduate the opportunity to
continue their further study or to join the labour market, specially the technical school graduate
as they faced difficulty if the want to obtain  higher certificate.                         

 Bahrain has one of the most developed education systems in the Gulf, and has recently made
strong advances in the use of information technology in schools, due to the advanced educational
system. King Hamad bin Khalifa Al Khalifa introduced a new king of project, named King
Hamad Schools of Future. This project aims to connect and link all schools within the kingdom
of internet and introduce the idea of education everywhere.

 Bahrain education is going under huge reform initiatives seeking to develop the education
system at all levels and will begin with four main initiatives:

1. Strengthening the teaching profession through improved recruitment, training and

employment conditions. 
 P a g e | 30

2. Improving Secondary Vocational Education aiming to bring these programs closer to the
needs of the private sector.

3.  Establishment of the Bahrain Polytechnic which will offer courses in industrial aligned
with the applied sciences, which will enable students to obtain professional qualifications
though to degree level, with an emphasis on the development of practical skills directly
applicable to the job market.

4. Creating an Independent Quality Assurance Authority which will be responsible for

conducting inspections of schools, secondary vocational institutions and universities,
higher education units, and for running school level examinations.

The MoE has also recently launched the school improvement program which has been designed to
lift the performance of all Bahrainis schools and to improve future career outcomes for students
through a number of projects that would affect the whole process of the learning and teaching.
These four initiatives are the first part of what will be a long journey of reform. They were
selected as they were aligned with the national strategic plan in order to improve the quality of
learning in Bahrain's education and forming the foundations for future reforms.

COMPARISON BETWEEN INDIA AND BAHRAIN

Population

India’s 2019 population is estimated at 1.37 billion based on the most recent UN data.  The country has
doubled in size in just 40 years, and is expected to unseat China as the world's most populated country in
the next couple of decades. India's current yearly growth rate is 1.08%. The country as a whole has a
population density of 416 people per square kilometre, which ranks 31st in the world.

Bahrain is the 152nd most populated country in the world with the population of 1.64 million people. Bahrain is
very densely populated with 1,627 people per square kilometre (4,213/square mile), which ranks 7th in the world.
Bahrain is the 4th most densely populated sovereign state on earth. The only sovereign states that have a greater
density are city-states. The northern region of Bahrain is so densely populated and urbanized that it is often
considered a single massive metro area.
 P a g e | 31

Political

 INDIA

The new Constitution promulgated on January 26, 1950, proclaimed India

“a sovereign socialist secular democratic republic.” The type of democracy in India is
Constitutional Republic. The constitution includes a detailed list of “fundamental rights,” a
lengthy list of “directive principles of state policy” (goals that the state is obligated to promote,
though with no specified timetable for their accomplishment, and a much shorter list of
“fundamental duties” of the citizen.

A major area of concern in India is corruption. It badly affects the country’s business and
political environment, posing a challenge to the country’s economic growth. Corruption
increases the cost of business operations and often affects foreign direct investment. However, a
growing public awareness and government initiatives are combating the challenges of corruption.

 BAHRAIN

In Bahrain, the constitution promulgated in 2002 established Bahrain as a constitutional

hereditary monarchy whose head of state is now titled king. Under the new constitution the
executive is composed of a prime minister, who is head of government, and a Council of
Ministers, all of whom are appointed by the king. The legislative branch consists of two houses:
a 40-member Consultative Council that is also appointed by the king and a 40-member Chamber
of Deputies that is elected by universal adult suffrage. The voting age is 20 years. Members of
both deliberative bodies serve terms of four years. Women, in addition to voting, may stand for
local and national elections. 

Bahrain is not secular nor is it republic for example majority of the people in justice system are
family member of the ruling family. This makes convicting the culprits those who are family
 P a g e | 32

members or the people who are close to the ruling family very hard, almost impossible. The
Govt. of Bahrain has still not given complete freedom to press and to people who want express
their opinions. The people who do express their opinions are put in jail, by laws that to be simply
put unfair and against the whole concept of democracy.

Although Bahrain still has a long way to go, to reach political freedom. There is very less
corruption in the country and it is the 54 th freest economy in the world (Acc. to the WHO report,
2019).

Resources and Power

 India possesses a wide range of minerals and other natural resources, its per capita endowment
of such critical resources as cultivable land, water, timber, and known petroleum reserves is
relatively low. Nevertheless, the diversity of resources, especially of minerals, exceeds that of all
but a few countries and gives India a distinct advantage in its industrial development.

Domestically supplied minerals form an important underpinning for India’s diversified

manufacturing industry, as well as a source of modest export revenues. Nationalizing many
foreign and domestic enterprises and government initiation and management of others gave the
Indian government a predominant role in the mining industry. However, government
involvement has been gradually reduced as private investment has grown.

Among mineral resources, iron ore (generally of high quality) and ferroalloys—notably
manganese and chromite—are particularly abundant, and all are widely distributed over
peninsular India. Other exploitable metallic minerals include copper, bauxite (the principal ore of
aluminium), zinc, lead, gold, and silver. Among important non-metallic and nonfuel minerals are
limestone, dolomite, rock phosphate, building stones, ceramic clays, mica, gypsum, fluorspar,
magnesite, graphite, and diamonds.

 The country’s utilities, overwhelmingly in government hands, are barely able to keep pace with
the rapidly rising demand for various types of service. Electricity consumption, for example,
 P a g e | 33

increased 16-fold between 1951 and 1980 and more than quadrupled again in the next quarter
century. The bulk of all electricity generated is from widely dispersed coal-powered thermal
plants; most of the remainder is from hydroelectric plants, built mainly in mountainous regions
or along major escarpments; and only a tiny amount comes from a few nuclear installations.
Power outages and rationing are frequently necessary in periods of peak demand, since growing
demand often outstrips installed capacity in many locales. More than half of all electricity is
industrially used. Agricultural use, largely for raising irrigation water from deep wells, exceeds
domestic consumption. Rural electrification is increasing rapidly, and the great bulk of all
villages are now tied into some distribution grid.

 In Bahrain, oil production has always been small by Middle Eastern standards, and refining
crude oil imported from Saudi Arabia has been of much greater importance since vast oil fields
were discovered on the mainland. Bahrain’s only oil field, Al-Baḥrayn (also known as Awali), is
rapidly depleting. Several oil companies, however, have been granted exploration rights by the
government. The country’s offshore natural gas supplies are somewhat more substantial.
Petroleum and natural gas resources and production are nationalized, but in the 1990s the
government began encouraging foreign investment in the sector.

Technological

 India’s rail system, entirely government-owned, is one of the most extensive in the world, while
in terms of the distance travelled each year by passengers it is the world’s most heavily used
system. Although relatively few new rail routes have been built since independence, the length
and capacity of the road system and the volume of road traffic by truck, bus, and automobile
have all undergone phenomenal expansion. The length of hard-surfaced roads, for example, has
increased from only 66,000 to some 950,000 miles (106,000 to 1,530,000 km) since 1947, but
this still represented less than half of the national total of all roads. During the same period, the
increased volume of road traffic for both passengers and goods was even more dramatic,
increasing exponentially.
 P a g e | 34

A relatively small number of villages (almost entirely in tribal regions) are still situated more
than a few hours’ walk from the nearest bus transport. Bus service is largely owned and
controlled by state governments, which also build and maintain most hard-surfaced routes. The
grid of national highways connects virtually all Indian cities

 The telecommunications sector in India has traditionally been dominated by the state; even after
the liberalization of the 1990s, the government—through several state-owned or operated
companies and the Department of Telecommunications—has continued to control the industry.
Although telephone service is quite dense in some urban areas, throughout the country as a
whole there are relatively few main lines per capita. Many rural towns and villages have no
telephone service. Cellular telephone service is available in major urban centres through a
number of private vendors. The state dominates television and radio broadcasting through the
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The number of personal computers—though large in
raw numbers—is relatively small given the country’s population. Although many individuals
have Internet service subscriptions, cyber cafes located in most major urban areas provide access
for a great proportion of users.

 Bahrain Island has an excellent system of paved roads, and its causeway connections to Al-
Muḥarraq and Sitrah islands and to Saudi Arabia facilitate travel. There are no railroads, but the
principal towns and villages are well served by bus and taxi services; a large proportion of
residents also own motor vehicles. Bahrain International Airport on Al-Muḥarraq Island is one of
the busiest airports in the Middle East and is served by most major international airlines.
Manama is the headquarters of Gulf Air, owned by the governments of Bahrain, Oman, Qatar,
and the United Arab Emirates. Steamers run scheduled service from Bahrain to other gulf ports
and to Pakistan and India.

 Bahrain Telecommunications Company (Batelco), established in 1981, serves the country’s

telephone, wireless telephone, data communications, and Internet needs, either directly or
through its subsidiaries. Through Batelco, Bahrain has promoted itself as a regional
telecommunications centre, connecting the countries of the gulf region with the broader world. In
 P a g e | 35

1998 Batelco opened an underwater fibre-optic cable network linking Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar,
and the United Arab Emirates.

Finance and Trade

 India’s government-regulated and largely government-owned banking system is well developed.

Its principal institution is the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) (founded 1935), which regulates the
circulation of banknotes, manages the country’s reserves of foreign exchange, and operates the
currency and credit system. With the nationalization of the country’s 14 largest commercial
banks in 1969 and further nationalizations in 1980, most commercial banking passed into
the public sector. In 1975 the government instituted a system of regional rural banks, the
principal purpose of which was to meet the credit needs of small farmers and tenants. This has
gone a long way toward lessening the strength of rapacious village moneylenders, whose rates of
interest were typically so exorbitant that their borrowers were left interminably in their debt.
Other banks have been established by the central government to provide credits promoting
various types of industry and foreign trade. Many foreign banks maintain branch offices in India,
and Indian banks maintain offices in numerous foreign countries.

 The volume of India’s foreign trade, given the diversity of its economic base, is low. There is,
moreover, a chronic and large foreign trade deficit, which is aggravated by substantial imports of
smuggled goods, mostly luxuries. Among the wide range of exports, no single type of
commodity occupies a dominant position. In terms of value, gems and jewellery (particularly for
the Middle Eastern market) long held the leading position, followed by ready-made garments
(reflecting India’s large pool of cheap labour) and leather and leather products (owing to both
cheap labour and the country’s large number of cattle). However, since the turn of the 21st
century, engineering products have become the leading export, and chemicals and chemical
products and food and agricultural products have slipped in behind gems and jewellery.
 P a g e | 36

 The Bahrain government has encouraged the growth of banking, insurance, and other financial
services, and consequently Bahrain has become an important financial centre, notably of offshore
banking. These activities have increasingly contributed to the country’s balance of payments.
Bahrain has also been able to benefit from its long tradition as a commercial centre. The
country’s central bank is the Bahrain Monetary Agency, which also issues the Bahraini dinar, the
national currency. In addition to offshore banking units, there are local and foreign commercial
banks, as well as investment banks. The Bahrain Stock Exchange opened in 1989.

 Bahrain’s main import is the crude petroleum brought in by underwater pipeline from Saudi
Arabia to be refined. Other major imports are machinery, food, and chemicals. The primary
 P a g e | 37

exports are refined petroleum products and aluminium goods. Saudi Arabia is the principal
trading partner, and the United States and Japan are also important.

Labour and Taxation

 In India, much of the organized sector is unionized, and strikes are frequent and often protracted.
Many of the unions are affiliated with one of a number of government-recognized and regulated
all-India “central” trade union organizations, several of which have membership in the millions.
The more important of these are affiliated with national political parties.

 Taxes are levied in India at the federal, state, and local levels. At the national level, the Union
government collects income tax, customs duties, and tariffs and assesses value-added taxes such
 P a g e | 38

as sales tax. The states raise much of their revenue through the collection of stamp taxes (for the
issuance of various licenses) and through the collection of agricultural tax. Local governments
collect income in the form of property taxes and fees for services.

 In Bahrain, the majority of the workforce is men, with women constituting about one-fifth of the
total. Women, however, are encouraged to work by the government, especially as a means of
increasing native employment. Beginning in the 1970s, non-Bahrainis have comprised a large
portion of the country’s workforce; by the end of the 20th century, two-thirds of those working
were foreigners. There are no unions in Bahrain, which, although legal, are discouraged by the
government. The standard work week is Saturday through Wednesday.

 Bahrain has no individual income tax, and its only corporate tax is levied on oil, petroleum, and
gas companies. Taxes account for less than one-third of the country’s revenue.

Health and Welfare

 India’s medical and public health services have improved dramatically since independence. As a
result, average life expectancy at birth has risen by more than 25 years since World War II,
although it still lags behind expectancies in the world’s more affluent societies.

While death from starvation has become rare, malnutrition has remained widespread. Much of
the population lacks access to safe drinking water, seasonally if not year-round. Dysentery and
other diseases caused by waterborne organisms are major killers, especially of children. Poorly
treated and improperly disposed sewage pose serious health problems. Most diseases endemic to
tropical regions are significant causes of morbidity in India. The rate of tuberculosis is high, and
the incidence of blindness, mainly caused by trachoma, is even higher. Great strides, however,
have been made in combating certain diseases.
 P a g e | 39

This led to renewed public health efforts and, subsequently, to a slow but steady decline in the
number of affected individuals. AIDS and HIV infection have increased; although the overall
proportion of the population affected is quite tiny, the number of people infected is one of the
highest for any country in the world.

There has been a considerable expansion in the number of union- and state-maintained hospitals
and rural primary health centres. The latter generally are staffed by minimally
trained paramedical personnel and are poorly equipped. Many are visited each week by a trained
government doctor. Supplementing these government services are private medical practitioners,
a great many of whom follow a variety of traditional medical systems. Of these, the
ancient Ayurvedic system is by far the most widespread. 

The government uses its network of hospitals and clinics for immunizing children against
various diseases and for promoting family planning. Family planning efforts, including the
encouragement of voluntary sterilization of both males and females, have met with mixed
success.

 Welfare services have proliferated in number and type since independence. Many programs
target specific sections of the population, such as Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, nomadic
populations, women, children, and the disabled. The resources for such services, however, are
inadequate, and a large proportion of the budgets for specific programs goes toward maintaining
the service staff and their generally meagre facilities. Pension plans for retirees exist only for
government workers and a portion of the organized sector of the economy.

 In Bahrain, medical care is extensive and free, and there is provision for most forms of social
security: pensions, sick pay, compensation for industrial injury, unemployment benefits, and
maternity and family allowance payments. The government also sponsors public
housing projects that are partially funded by its gulf neighbours.

Education
 P a g e | 40

 INDIA
The provision of free and compulsory education for all children up to age 14 is among the
directive principles of the Indian constitution. The overall rate of literacy has increased markedly
since the late 20th century, but a noticeable disparity has remained between males and females
(roughly three-fourths and about half, respectively). There is also a considerable disparity in
literacy rates between the states. The state of Kerala has the highest rate, where nearly all are
literate, in contrast to Bihar, where the proportion is about half.

The union government has subsequently played a larger role in promoting the education
of girls and other socially disadvantaged groups, largely through fiscal grants for the support of
particular programs.

A disproportionate share of India’s total educational budget goes toward higher education. The
number of universities and equivalent institutions increased more than sevenfold in the first four
decades after independence, while the number of students enrolled increased more than 15 times
during the same period. Each of those numbers has continued to grow dramatically since then. At
the same time, funding for libraries, laboratories, and other facilities has been a constant and
serious problem. Critics of the unabated growth of higher education have asserted that the quality
of university education has steadily declined and have noted the increasingly large proportion of
graduates who are unable to find employment, especially among those with liberal arts degrees.

 BAHRAIN

Bahrain’s public education system, founded in 1932, is the oldest in the Arabian Peninsula.
Public education is free for both boys and girls at the primary, intermediate, and secondary levels
and is mandatory for all children aged 6 to 14. Private and religious schools are available as well.
The University of Bahrain, Arabian Gulf University, and the College of Health Sciences are
institutions of higher learning. The vast majority of the population is literate, and Bahrain has the
highest female literacy rate in the Persian Gulf.
 P a g e | 41

BIBLOGRAPHY

 britannica.com
 worldpopulationreview.com
 slidshare.net
 oced.org
 practicallaw.com
 academia.eu
 ibef.org
 countryeconomy.com