I

A basic python program

i • 1
while i < 10:
• comments can be put after•••
More Basics for Python print etr(i) +" is my friend."
1 +• 1
L445/L515 When we run this, we get the following output:
The Computer and Natural Language
Autumn 2011 1 is my friend•
2 i11 my friend.
3 is my friend.

9 is my friend.

Control Structures
The if statement

For an if statement, a condition (e.g., x >4) is evaluated to either True (run the
• We can't really do a lot with our code yet. but we're going to want to: code) or False (don't run it, or move on to the else block)

if > 4:
X
o make choices (if)
print "x is greater than 4"
• do the same thing several times (while and for) elif X < 4:
print "x is less than 4"
• put a repeated part of the code in another part of the program (functions) else:
print "Why, x must equal 4"
We'll look very briefly at if and while statements today •
Note:

• 0 and"" (the empty string) evaluate to False

• Conditions (e .g., x < 4) can be put in parentheses, but do not need to be.

Tests The while loop

X •• y x equals y
X <y x is less than y
X >y x is greater than y · A while l_o~p does a similar condition check, but then runs a block of code as long as
>= y that cond1t1on evaluates to True.
X xis greater than or equal toy
X <• y x is less than or equal to y
X != y
i = 1
x is not equal to y
X lS y x is the same object as y while i < 10:
x is not y x 1s not the same object as y # comments can be put after '#'
X in y x 1s a member of y print str(i) +" is my friend."
x not in y x is not a member of y i += 1

° Caution: • and =• are different: , Run the block of indented code 10 times
= assigns a value
== compares values • Each time, the variable i has a new value
 Blocks of code
Loop output

. g that is indented as a block of code.

fi And again , here is the output we get from this code: Python treats everyth in

1 is my friend , __ h·s means that as long as the condition 1s true, th'! block or cod.,
• For -ahile 1..,.,,..•. l 1

2 11 my friend. is run
3 is my friend .
4 is my friend . In other WOf ds. •'--
u"'
s;im•- block of code is run multiple times
5 1a my friend .
•.. usually with some of tM variable values being different
6 is my friend .
7 is my friend .
8 is my friend. It helps to trace your code to see this, 1.e., observe what happens at every step
9 1a my friend.

The code within the loop was repeated 10 times, but because i's value was different
every time, the output changed.

Tracing a while loop Trace output

l • 1
while 1 <• 10: Starting value of i:
# this indented block of code will run from i • 1 to i s 10 1 1
Ending value of i : 2
print "Starting value of i: " + str(i)
Starting value of i: 2
squared • i .. 2 2 4
print i, Ending value of i: 3
print squared

# remember to increment (i.e . , avoid infinite loops) :

i C i + 1 Starting value of i: 10
10 100
print "Ending value of i : " + str(i) Ending value of i : 11
print

,.

Use #1: iteration Use #2: until

As we've just seen, while loops can be used to iterate over a sequence. Another. subtly different use is to perform the same actions until a certain condition
is reached.
• This is most commonly done by iterating over integers, because integers easily
count how many times you do something. user_ input :s 11 u
while len(user_input) < 10 :
user_input ~ raw_input (" Please enter a long string , ')
• You can change the way you iterate-e.g., i += 2 or i -= 1 or whatever
print "Thank you for entering a long enough string!•

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