= 198, Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics B98 8.5 Reference Frame For any motion analysis, we need to take a reference frame i.e an origin with a set of co-ordinate axes, for measurement of motion parameters. The reference frame could be fixed or moving, Newtonian frame of reference also known as Inertial reference frame is a set of co-ordinates axes fixed or moving With uniform velocity. Newton's laws are valid {or such a reference frame. For most of our engineering applications, the Newtonian reference frame is fixed at the earth, assuming it to be stationary. This assumption will not introduce ‘any significant error in the calculations, since earth’s angular velocity or angular ‘acceleration is very small as compared to the moving bodies on which we work, However for motion analysis of planets, satellites or rockets, we are required to fix the Newtonian reference frame on a fixed star like the Sun. Exercise 8.1 ‘Theory Questions Q.1_List any ten applications where knowledge of Dynamics would be essential Q.2 What are different branches of dynamics? Explain with suitable examples. 7 0 (UST Nov 09) Q.3 What is meant by motion analysis? Explain with an illustration, Q4 Explain kinematic and kinetics with suitable example. (WTI May 09) Q.5 When is the motion analysis referred to as Particle Dynamics and when as Rigid Body Dynamics. Q.6 Write a short note on “Newtonian reference frame" ke Chapter 9 Kinematics of Particles —————— 9.1 Introduction In this chapter we will do motion analysis of moving particles without ‘the motion. We shall study motion We shall study in detail the rectilinear motion and curvilinear particle 92 ‘Motion of a particle in a straight line is known. as. rectilinear motion..8 jn.avertical well, stone falling 92.1 Position, Displacement and Distance For a moving particle, the information of its position, at various instants,200 Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics Displacement is defined as a change in ‘quantity. Ifa particle occupies position x; ata time ty, then the displacement during the tim Ax = = ion of the particle. It is a vector Displacement is therefore a straight line vector connecting the initial position to the final position and has no relation with the actual distance traveled by the particle, For example [refer fig. 9.1 (c x = Sm, Let the particle move 2 m x=+T mat t= 3 sec, Let the particle now reverse its sense of motion and start ‘moving in the ~ ve direction. Let at t = 8 sec, its position be x =~ 6 m. Displacement of the particle during 8 sec of motion ‘would be, x= %5 - x0 =(-6)-()=-I m or displacement =11 m — le during Distance = 2+7+6= 15m Here we note that for rectilinear moving particles, distance and displacement stops momentarily and reverses its sense of motion during th ‘motion study. Velocity ‘How fast’ a particle moves is the velocity of the, particle in motion. small time hhas moved interval of At occupies nx + OK How fas during the time interval the average vel “= Displacement _ (x + 4x)=x Average velocity = PSPS = (9.2) Pig 92 bad inematics of Particles Now by definition, lim, es MPO at SI Unit of veloci particle Ts moving in the positive direction ie the position x increases with time, AA negative value of velocity indicates that the particle is moving in the negative direction ie the position x decreases with time. For example, if vertically upward direction is taken as positive and a is thrown vertically up, it will have + ve velocity during its upward motion he peak, while it will have ~ ve velocity during its return downwards, 9.2.3 Acceleration at every instant of its motion. ss, the rate of change of velocity wi particle Ia particle has a velo a certain instant and its velocity changes ime interval of At, the average acceleration of the particle ts velocity time is the acceleration of the ime interval is, Change in velocity __(v+avi-v Average acceleration, = “hange in velocity time ‘at av Sw Re {9.41 Jf the time interval at is made smaller and smaller, the average acceleration will become instantaneous acceleration. Instantaneous acceleration is usually referred to as the acceleration of the particle is and denoted as ‘. a = ling By definition, tim, SY isthe derivative of with respect ot soli ae202. Engineering Mechanies Statics and Dynamics ¥ « nematics of Particles = 203 ~ 1. 93 Different Rectilinear Motions or = ut + Yat? — Uniform Acceleration Equation 2 19.7 (by) 7 Different types of rectilinear motions possible are rom Equation 9.7 a), we have > 3) Motion with Uniform Velocity oe 4) Motion with Uniform Acceleration . — ii) Motion with Variable Acceleration a ‘These are further explained in detail ‘Substituting in Equation 9.7 (b), we get 93.1. Uniform Velocity Motion eon For a particle whose velocity remains the same throughout the motion is . of) : said to undergo a uniform velocity motion. For example, motion of sound, a tain traveling during a certain interval at a constant speed, packages moving on a aun conveyor belt ete. perform uniform velocity motion. iS We know velocity or v#=u?42as Uniform Acceleration Equation 3 1-7 (6 rua GG ae ¢ be hhere xx, = Ax~ distance traveled s (since velocity is constant) and t,t, =t= time interval seve or v= Uniform Velocity Equation vse [9.6] Uniform Acceleration Motion A particle is said to perform uniform acceleration motion if its velocity changes at a uniform rate, If Uis the initial velocity of a particle, vis the final velocity and t is the time interval, then the acceleration a of the particle is, Uniform Acceleration Bquation 1 ..{9L7 (all ce traveled during this time interval velocity xt _ wut, 2 Bx9.1 Cars P and Q are travel Parallel lanes on a straight highway with a uniform velocity of 72 kmph, Car -ad of car Q by 200 m. At a certain inst P decelerates uniformly at 2.5 m/s?, whereas car Q accelerates uniformly at When and where will the car Q overtake car P. Solution: Refer figure. Let car P travel x metres and 80 car Q travels x + 200 metres as Q overtakes P, Motion of car Q Reciilinear Motion Uniform acceleration using s=ut+ 4a DOE H-2.5) ee) @) Solving (1) and (2) t= 9.428 see. x=7745 m0, “The sign — impos that ware ec in finding that particular parameter204 Engineering Mechanics Staties and Dynamics of 1.2 m/s? with a uniform veloc 30 sec after car had each other. 36 kmph, The scooter reaches the starting from there. Determine when and where the tw Solution: esting pot Refer figure. At t= 0, let the car be at position A and the scooter be at position 2. Let fo vehicles pass each other at M which is x metres from A, t sec later. 36 kemph | s+? = 10 m/s, t= 30 see 0-5 39> 300m the scooter was 300 m away from the | ear when the ear started its motion (Atom) (210m) uso v= 10 m/s veo 5 = (300~ x) metres sox tetsce a= L2m/s 8 tee using v= using s = ut + 2 x=07%x12« 10 = 300 x= 068 ¥ x= 300-1 Solving equations (1) and (2) 115.53 sec... AMS. xe14871m a Ans. ‘moving with uniform acceleration. In the 11% and joves through 7.2 m and 9.6 m respectively. fon with which it moves. in the nth second is given by s* suraxn-$ In the 11% sec it moves through 7.2 m 72=utaxii-% H A ay In the 15% sec it moves through 9.6 m sutaxis- 96 = 2) Solving equations (1) and (2) we get a=0.6 m/s Ans. and u=0.9 m/s Ans. 9.3.8 Motion Under Gravity (M.U.G) Th G therefore is Consider a ball thrown vertically up with an initial velocity v, from the top of a tower at A and of height h. The ball would travel vertically up performing rectilinear motion. rhe velocity keeps on reducing at of ‘9.81 m/s every becomes zero at jum height Ynax ball. The downward begins and the Fig. 9.3 ll have the same speed vo& 6 * Engineering Mechanics Staties and Dynamics For solving problems on M.U.G follow the guidelines listed below. 1) Take the starting point as the origin and take all directions either T+veor L +ve. 2) By directions, we mean the direction of displacement, velocity and acceleration, 3) With proper sign convention use the three equations of uniform accelerations viz., vsutat 8 sutemat? v? =u? +208 here, is the velocity at the start of M.U.G vis the final velocity is the displacement of the particle t interval 4 is the uniform acceleration due to gravity whose magnitude is 9.81 m/s? Ex. 9.4 A stone is thrown vertical how high does the stone go and upwards and returns to the ground in 6 sec. Find initial velocity of projection, (TU May 13) Solution: Let the stone be projected with an initial velocity vo from A. Let it travel Hux ‘metres, to the peak at B and return to ground at C. The stone's displacement is zero between A and C. Also the stone's velocity at the peak is zero Motion of stone Entire motion (A-C) Ground to peak (A~B) MU. T + ve M.U.G T +e u=w = 29.43 m/s ve = v=0 s-0 8 = Bw, a=~9.81 m/s? a= 9.81 m/s? t= 6 sec. te = Using s = ut+ Yat? O=wox6+% (-9.81) x62 v9 =29.43 m/s... Ans. Using v2 u2 + 2as 0=29.43? +2x(-9.81)xBinax lagna =44145 m0 on AMS. Kinematics of Particles Bx. 9.5 A ball is projected vertically upwards into the air at 30 m/s. After 2 sec another ball is projected vertically upwards and it crosses the first ball at 20 m from the ground. What is the velocity of projection of the second ball Solution: Refer figure Motion of frst ball (Ground to crossing point) MUG T + ve $= 20m a=-9.81 m/s? tt see. Using s=ut+ 4at? 20 = 30 + % (-9.81) 42 Wving the quadratic, we get two values 5.355 see and 1.99 sec Since the second ball was projected after 2 sec, the time ty = 1.99 sec is invalid taking ty = 5.355 sec, Ex. 9.6 Water drops drip from a leaking what is the vertical separation between drops has a velocity of 5 m/s Solution: Refer figure. Let A be the lower of the two consecutive drops A. and B. Since four drops are released in one sec, each drop comes out of the tap after = 0.25 see. stant if drop A is in sec, the drop B is in motion for (t) ~ 0.25) sec ‘stat Second ah Motion of second ball (Ground to crossing point) MUG 1 +ve = 20m a==9.81 m/s? tte (th 2) see form the motion analysis of first ball we find t1= 5.955 see t= 5355-2 t= 3.355 see. Using 9 = 20. tap at a rate of 4 drops per sec. At an instant ‘two consecutive drops if the lower of the two sh “booKinematics of Particles 208 208 Engineering Mechanics Staties and Dynarmies OE sed from top of a tower, during last second of its moti = Motion of dap re tower. Find the eight of the tower ALU. Dee 08) PoC Let the height of tower be h and t be the total time taken to reach the ground 1 peas Motion of stone M.U.G c Soha metres $= hy metres 62) Position 0 1 Reece) a= 981 m/s u=0 Poston) ee frees029 see a rye 1 Using v= utat By motion analysis of drop A es a < 5=0+9.8ixts We get 3298 4 1 = 0.5097 sec = 9.81m/s? eee | _ ey eee 1) hha 0+ 4 (9.81) (0.50977 Using s=urrda? Using s=u+da? ha- 1274 hip = 0.3308 m : 2 : 2 , 3,942 1 2 Vertical separation between drops A and B Snaordxs. n=0rdxaein? Ff = habe 2 2 = 1'z74*0.3308 h=6.54(2—21 h=4.908¢ = 0.9432 m so —_ ‘equations (1) and (2) we get. 7.464 sec al b= 273.26 m on Ex.9.7 A stone is dropped in a well and 6 seconds later the sound of splash is heard. At ‘what level isthe water surface from the top of the well. Take velocity of sound as 330, ms. Bx. 9.9 In a relief ope the ground, the second food packet is released and it takes 7 Determine the height from which the first packet is released and also the vel helicopter with which itis moving up. Mw Posten @ ¢ helicopter move s above ground. Let the second oy reaches the well top in (6 ~ t) seconds. PPP RAR OP AAA A ee bd Ie Motion of stone top Water surface) Ground Motion of second packet (Position (2) to ground) ion of helicopter = x metres a= 9.81 m/s* MUG! + te tsec | Using 5 a 1g equations (1) and (2), we get x= 150.8 m) Ans. OP nina baal bewt GCOKFOGORGHOKGHHHE wodO0d 210 Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics. Kinematics of Particles Ww a crn r — + Usings=ut+% a | Using s=ut+ %att P9. An automobile starts from rest and travels wtowe-d on a straight path at 2 m/s? for some ) = ww (2) + % (2.81ye(7p | Using v= > a time, Ater which it decelerates at 1 m/s til it comes te balk iris se rye oa0'88 0) pe) is 300 m, find the maximum velocity of the automobile to a halt. Ifthe distance covered ‘and the total time of travel Solving equations (1), (2) and (3) we get m= 16.82 m/s and H=38.55m Ans. PAS aeains A and B leave the same station on parallel lines. Train A starts with a aaeerrine eneiration of 0.3 m/s* and attains a speed of 36 kmph after sr oias ny tke Same velocity. Train B leaves 2 minutes later with a uniform seosles cao 1048 m/s? to attain a maximum speed of 90 kmph. When and where will ese Exercise 9.1-A PL, A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at 1.5 1/8? for 20 see rreintaine a constant speed for the next 10 sites after which it decelerate unformly / mdm]? and comes to a halt. Pid the total distance traveled, totale of travel and rere apeed ofthe car 2. A motorist is traveling at 90 kmph, when he observes a traffic signal 250 m ahead rs Ted. The trafic signal is tined to stay red for 12 sec. I the motorist wishes ust agit turms green. Determine) the required | ppg gy . A ball is thrown vertically upwards ‘The speed of motor as it passes the signal. Pa fs thrown vera (W.U. Dec 19) Teloty 9 ffs from the edge ofa Exercise 9.1-B PJ. A stone is thrown vertically up fom the tp ofthe tower 20 m high witha speed o 3S m/s: Bind (1) max. height reached by the stone above grow 2) oes ee the stone hits the ground.) total ine igh TR a aR Two elevators in adjoining wells are vertically 60 m apart start from rest atthe same reints tl eprom acs Ser ie ep seving Geeton tome ep eats cain |E Fe bet aa ls acceleration of 0.3 m/s, The down moving elevator travels down with an acceleration ot | With what velocity does i 0.15 m/s. When do the elevators cross each other? What is the distance traveled by P4, Cars A and B travel on a straight highway. At t = 0, car A travelling at 54 kmph decelerates at 0.5 m/s?, while car B, 50 m behind car A, travelling at 36 kmph accelerates at 0.8 m/s?. Find the distances and time taken by the two cars before B BO al res thrown vertically up from the top of the tower 40m high with a velocity of 60.5 ms fa a aaeegiginte, Seconds later another stone is thrown vertically up from the sree oi ee ee ‘meet from the foot of sometime. Thereafter it decelerates at a constant rate of 0.8 m/s? and comes to rest. If | the ome, the particle was in motion for 2 minutes, find the maximum velocity acquired by it. sree | Bite pre a te up sme en sir ty reece mote tnt ce | SoA el ip ete ie te reach the bottom of the plane. What is the time it takes to travel one se the distance stones reach the ground at the same time calculate P ” ae paeg cone 7. An athlete running a 100 m run starts from rest and reaches his maximum speed ‘the velocity ofthe stones when they reach the ground jn a distance of 15 m. He runs the remaining di the finish in 9.6 sec acquired by the athlete, (08. U. Dec 09) PS Per Second. The tap is 900 mm above the Ww far is the next drop above the basin, PS. Water drips from a tap at a rate ofS droy basin. When one drop strikes the basin, how 4078 mle, 6, Water leaks ftom a ce ‘P8, Track repairs are going on a 4 km length of See ray track. The maximum speed of distance between first anc the train is 108 kmph. The speed over the repair track is 30 kmph. If the tr ‘approaching the repair track decelerates uniformly from a full speed of 108 kmph 30 kmph in a distance of 1200 m and after covering the repair uniformly speed of 108 kmph in a distance of 1500 m, find the time lost due reduction of the speed in the repair track, is 16 m high, at the rate of 5 drops per second. Fi id second drop when the first drop has just touch 7. Drops of water leak from a tap 2 m above atop strikes the basin the fourth drop starts | drops 1 and 2, drop 2 and 3, drops 3 and 4 at thi basin at regular intervals. As the first fall. What is the spacing between the stant,Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics Answers a Excercise 7.2 PS. 644.2 mm 6. 3.307 H=3571+6365+283% N, PR Ta S7ASKN, Tro = 61.22 KN PT, 1.111 m,0.666 m, 0.222 m PB. 8S sec MS =-1.44.1- 12.66 + 30.96 k Nm ee Po 225 m/s PIO. 24.22 m/s, 29.9 m PA. 100 KN, 75 kN Excercise 9.2 PL. a) 10m, 4 m/s, -2 m/s? P2, (26 m/s, 18 m/s? 6. B = 1.2694 + 10.364) 13.16 KN PB. Mo = 8.4321 + 29.46 & kNm R = 1004+ 141.42J+ 158.57 k N M = -6001 +200 e Nm P10. Excercise 7.3 Fac ~ 833 N, Fan ~ 167 N, Pa. Ra = 6691+ 336j-222.2 N Fag = 927 N Fao = 445.5 me=406N(Cl, PA. Tho = Too = 5411 N, Po. Ten = 9874 Tye = 1414 KN, Too = 1.424 KN, PB. Ra= 1.165 KN Toc = 187.7 KN, Tow = 43.891KN, PLO. Foo = 295.75 kN (C) TA=9N, To=40.5N,To= 4.58 R=-140j kN acts at (9.428, 0, 2}. = 109.6 1+ 484.25 + 447.7 N = 1103 4+ 2121 k Nm R ~~ 75.43 1- 14.285 +80 kN Mo= ~240§~ 42.84 k kNm R u Fan = 960.89 N (C), Fac = 447.28 Fan = 490 N (C) Fyo = Fac * 171.75 KN (C), Feo ~ 333.4 KN (C) 2102.6 N “Ten = 336.47 N, Tes = 336.47 N, P= 374.83N Ty = 302.45 N, Ta = 402.6 N, Te= 100.55 Excercise 9.1-A 18412.5 m, 627.5 sec, 29.34m/s PR. 0.694 m/s?, 16.67 m/s 1. 4.6.33 sec, 40m 7, 20md P4, —5,= 156.3 m, 85 = 206.3 m, t= 13.423 sec 22.5 m/s Ps, {/2:236 sec 4.78 m/s, 11.98 m/s PB, 397.75 sec 20 m/s, 30 see PIO, 235.18 sec, 2185.15 m # Excercise 9.1-B 31.47 m, 24.82 m/s, 4.06 sec 2, 19.13 m, 2.895 sec, 19.35 m/s 4.A16 sec, 32.65 m P4, 57.6 m,vi= 93.62 m/s, v= 19.61 m/s b) 3.66 m/s, 2.33 sec t= 1 sec, 5 sec; x= 25 m,-7 m; Pa, as~12'm/s?, +12 m/s? v=0.0365° +10 m/s, x=9.192x10 14 + Vag =10.29 m/s, xg = 44.15 m/s a)2.4 b) 1.942 m/s Pr. 0.2197 sec, 0.5108 m Ps. 74.33 m, 24.8 m/s. Pui. 22.63 m/s; 89.44 m Ps, 9.165 mm/s; 0, + Smm; PIs. 2.886mm; 9.81 mm/s 211.15 m/s, 144.5 m/s? Fe-itt a> 6i+48j+5km/s? (@) voi ™ “1. m/s, x= 5m (Gi) 0.423 see and 1.57 sec 90 m, $6 m/s? 10424 m, a) 4.5 ») 9.487 m/s ¢) 12.72 m/s 0.02485 sec, 0.05068 m 4) 1 sec b) 21 m/st, 15.5m, 19.5 m, 21.82 m 140 m, 67 m/s; 155 m 46.67 m, 47 m/s, 2 m/s*, 4.75 sec a)17.1 mb) 20.98 m P17. ~4.33 m/s, 84.01 m 3. 8.174 m/s, 270m. PI9. a=-0.147 m/s? Excercise 9.3 414k m, Ar=4i+16j+10k m, ¥=6i+32j+10k m/s, 4 =97.26 m/s*, v= 68.12 m/s, r= 36.45 m, Ar~ 38.57 m x=y-y-197 PS. 20 m/s, 28.28 m/s? PT. 49m/s 2.205m/s%, 1.301m/s,2.4 m/s? PLO. B= 61419 m/s; ag =2.4 m/s%a, =13.2 m ve = 2.308 m/s, vy = 5.538 m/s, Pia. 1.638 m/s? v2 1 m/s, v= 2t- m/s, ‘c= 0, ay = 2m/s2s y= (1 ¥P 4m 537.83 m/s? 0.655 m/s?, 48 sec p= 315.42 m, ay ~ 1.94 m/s?, a= 7.76 m/s? /32;p=10.417 m ve 3.578 m/s, vy = 7.185 m/s, a= 3.816 m/s?A ill 228 Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics P16. A car travels along a depression in a road, the equation of depression being x2 = 180y, The speed of the car is constant and equal to 54 km/hr. Find the acceleration when the car is at the deepest point in the depression. What is the radius of curvature of the depression? (WIT! May 06) P17. An airplane travels along a path such thal 4g = 101 + 6tj m/s®. Ifthe plane starts from rest from the a) speed of the airplane b) radius of curvature of the path ¢)- position of the airplane P18. A rocket follows a path such a=(4i+t)m/s*. At r=0,it 4) Speed of the rocket ’) Radius of curvature of its path, ‘) aq and a, components of acceleration.) Posi acceleration components = 8 sec and P20. A particle is moving in xy plane and its position is defined by Find radius of curvature when t = 2 sec (at.u. Dee 07) given by (at 4x) ay and a components of accelerat ») solve for the same condi (4.0. Dee 11) 9.5 Projectile Motion n any direction other than vertical, ferred to as a projectile mot ory and is parabe ineratics of Particles Figure shows a ¥ 228 At the peak the vertical components of velocity vay ~ 0. The downward motion rd, now begins and it finally lands with a velocity ve at C on the grou Procedure to solve projectile problems [Refer Fig. 9.9] diagram showing ge, time of flight, vel displacement) given or asked in the problem. Step 2: Resolve the i landing velocity ve velocity vo d components vox ar Step 3: The curvilinear motion is. spli horizontal motion (HM) and Vertical motion (VM to ind voy. Resolve ile Motion (AC) Make a table with two columns as shown. The left column (HM) lists the kinematic terms like horizontal m fu, v, acceleration (a) and displacement ing upwards are + ve. Step 4: For HM use kinematic relation v = 2/! ;niform velocity. For horizontal motion Vox= Vax = Vex Step 5: For VM use like tetsee VMTave sch a=-9.81n nce horizontal motion is with problems.4 é OOUDHBHE @ Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamig 20 ginering Mechanics Statics and Dynamicy 2x, 9.22 From the tp ofa building 20 m high a bal is proected at 19 m/s at an ange of 30° upwards = a a of the bung of the buiding Let the ball each a eighty mete sbase Projectile motion (A~ By Horizontal Motion Vertical Motion 1 +ve u=15 sin 30= 7.5 m/s ‘Maximum height attained above ground = 2.867 + 20 = 22.867 m Projectile Motion (A — ® e hange in the x direction, v =21.18m/s | : £=2.924 see [ste v= at | Sq = 7.5 9.812.928 Voy = 21.18 m/s cos A. substituting t = 2.924 seo ob from vertical motion a 28 3801 mee Ana, Velocity oflanding at € Since velocity does nc Also m/s> ’ Kinematics of Particles velocity ve b) height b of the fence e 2 Solution: Projectile motion (A ~ B) Horizontal Motion Vertical Motion = 608 30 = 0.866 v5 u=v sin 30=0.5 s-4m a tateee nA 3=(h-0, Aap a=-981 ‘sing v= =U a ESTOS HHO. Xt Sotving equations 1 and (2 we 0 en OS =0.3)= (0.5 x 9.52)0.485 + (-9.81) (0.4857 = 1455 m ‘Ans. Horizontal Motion Vertical Motion = 0.5%" 4.76 m/s © =OS= 4761+ 4.905 4. solving we get 1 1.03 sec R=8491m oo Ans,Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics 3000 m vo ge) eye) Bliminating ¢ between (1) and (2) 3000 3000 1000 « 360sin0x--29°°-4908( 520005 0 eons 9 4+ ( oad) thrown. 1000 = 3000 tan 8 - 341 ors which the i Necoso Re 68m —— (ai. Dec 08) ‘Kinematics of Partles NN Pek 4.8P-1139=3.6 and 8.4P-346.19=0 Solving we get P = 1.749 and Q = 0.04247 Now tan0=P =1.749 :.0=60.24 Ans. 772 = 0.08207 3 WeFeos? 6028 vo = 9.776 m/s has.| — 234 Engineering Mechanics States and Dynamics Kinematics of Particles 239 26 Two guns A and B 28 m apart Solving equations (1) and (2. fre pointed at each other and fre with re Weloites va ~ 400 m/s and vp = 350 m/s er ST Locate the point P where the bullets hit oe ‘ans. each other also t= 0.03733 sec substituting t - 0.03733 sec in equation (2) Y= 257.1 (0.08733) - Yax9.81 (0.08733) y= 9.592 m Ans. Solution: Let the bullets strike each other Hote at equation (0) tecomer redundant, Dut can be wed 19 vey the answer at P located at a horizontal position x and obtaine a vertical position y from A han Derive t .27 Derive the equation of the path of a projectile and hence show that the path Uaioe ee De by a projectile is a parabolic curve. (M.U. Dec 09) (2145 — x) and a Solution: Consider a projectile projected from the origin A (0, 0) velocity ve at Horizontal Motion ¥= 400 cos 40= 906.4 m/s 18 = 400 sin 40 = 257.1 m/s ty a=t 981 myst o 7 trtsee ing v= @s7iyt- (981) e Feerin - oe . Using s = ut Wy 6080= Feel = Won 6) 7 Ay 75 ) Eleminating between equation (1) and (2) we Horizontal Motion ve fotion_L+ve iz exruation (1) ae =vosino 1 yg yf * v= 350 cos 40 = 268.1 m/s 11 = 350 sin 40 = 225 m/s yr vosin e088 28" |v, e088 be21a5-x ve tetsec s=18-y or |y=tanax-8 x3 Equation of path of a projectile a= 9.81 m/s? 2vg" cose * tetaee Using v== ‘The above equation between y and xis the path equation of the projectile, eee Itis of the ype y = Ax Bx? where A and B are constants 268.1 =2145-% = 18 y #225 0+ 4 (9.81) 2.44) Since it is a second degree equation in x we prove that the path traced by a projectile is, t ‘parabolic curve S , a ~(lg-y)= §-y) (DES (PD2> Vee nease236 Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics tance traveled on horizontal surface by a projectile fired with velocity of v/s at_an angle of 40". Derive expression for maximum height and maximum distance on horizontal surface and verify your answers (0) Derive the formula for range of a projectile oi (a) Determine using fundamentals, the maximum height reached and the (fu Dec 07) (WITT Nov 09) Solution: Rae ———*° Projectile Motion (A= C) Vertical motion T +ve v= vocos 0 u = wosin® 8 = Ram ve t= teee a7 0 a -gm/st tat s lye using v= = using s=ut+ Lat ae 2 e Eliminating ‘t' we get vp sing = £* Rams Dvp cos expression for maximum range. Projectile Motion (A= B) Horizontal motion Vertical motion T +ve u = vosin ® an) 37 Yam a > -gm/st fc using v? =u? +2as = (up sin8}* + 2-89 as expression for maximum height Kinematics of Particles 297 In the problem itis given 8 = 40" and w = 25 m/s Bg NAD 25H 6p = 381 - vo'sin?@ _ 25? xsin?(40) oe 2252x8000) 39.16 m . Mw | 2g 2x9.81 Ans oa 6/5/29 A fceman is trying to extinguish oo five ina building, The intial elosty of the water jet is 15 m/s. Standing at 10 m oo oo fa ean strike. the bu ‘corresponding angle a at which the ao freman should hold the hose pipe: aost 8 trinece ee Using s = ut + % at? iS sing) t+ % (9.8 1Scone= 22... Y oe t ing t between equations (1) and (2), we get 10 y Ssinax_ 14,9053 Yorsninon aaa *°(isaaa) ye Otana=2.18 (1+ tan? a) nn (8) ‘The above equation is y ay To maximize value ofy, perform 2-9 ys perform $F dy = 10 sect a 2.18 (2 tan a.sec? a) = 0 da J 10=436tane or a= 66.44" ans. Substituting value of ‘a in equation (3) we get, y= 9.288 Iinae=y + 1.2 tiger = 10.488 m Ans. as 2 Dress Dons Dea Pinal Donel Reed hand ea eas if f > iD PEngineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics of 100 m/s, 50° upwards from the top of a ‘misses its {arget and finally lands on the 1 reached by the bullet above the ground and strikes the PQ. A ball is projected upwards from the top of a tower 30 m high and stri ‘ground after 8 sec at a point 300 m from the foot ofthe tower. Determine the velocity of projection and also the maximum height attained by the ball above the ground. speed ‘which should be provided, (7571 May 09) B and the angle @ of ramp x a P6. A ball is pi cted from the top of a 20 m high building with a velocity of 10 m/s at 30° upward with the horizontal. The ball lands on a sloping ground, Find the range R and the time of flight ofthe ball, P8. A helicopter moving horizontally at an altitude of 100 m drops a packet. T fod 2m Ino} | foo landed on the ground 250 m away of drop. What is the velocity ofthe hel PS. A ball dropped vertically on an jnclined plane at A rebounds with a velocity ve perpendicular to the plane land lands again on the plane at B. Knowing v= 15 m/s, determine the range R. oe P7. An object is projected so that it just clears two obstacles each 7.5 m high which are situated 50m from each other. I the time of passing between two obstacles is 2.5 seconds, calculate the ‘complete range of projection and initial velocity of projection. (1.0 May 08, VITT Dec 13) ‘point on the ground directly below the point Vv Kinematies of Particles gun can fire a shell with a vel locity of 260 m/s. How much maxim to the enemy's territory as it “6 vt . a targets the enemy from the border. PIO. A ball thrown with speed of 12 m./s at an angle of 60" with a building strikes the ground 11.3 m horizontally from the lding as shown, Determine eect of a tower 110 m height with the to the horizontal. Neglecting the air resistance, find will rise from the ground. (2) The horizontal distance ground. (3) The velocity with which it strikes th P11. A ball is projected from the toy 100 m/s at an angle of 25° ‘maximum height the ball travel before it strikes the P12. A ball bearing slides down a 30° plane and leaves the plane with a certain velocity v. Find for what range of value of ve, the ball bearing an pass through a 0.8 m wide slot P13. A gardener holds a water hose at A causing the water to fall on the ts at B. find el (a) the discharge velocity vy of water (b) velocity of the water as it falls on the plants at B- 240 Engineering Mechanics Staties and Dynamics Kinematics of Particles fal direction of 2200m, the ground, strikes the ‘the distance AB {ignore fir resistance). Also find velocity at B and time taken to reach B. (.U Dec 10) P23. A gunman standing on the ground fires his gun to hit a bird flying at an alt 20 m from the ground. The angle of projection being 60° upwards with horizont ht o Neglect the heig P24. A ball is projected on an incline from P16. A missile M is fied from a certain pos ea ape € the maximum height covered above A is © 22 m find v, and @. 5 ¢ ‘P25. A ball rebounds at A and strikes the € Incline pase at point ta dita Yon as shown in figure ¢ ‘ > ©) the velocity vs of the helicopter, P18. Water being discharged from a horizontal pipe fixed at a height of 3 m from the ity vo to é round, fals ata horizontal distance of 4.5 m from the point of discharge. What is the | "ough a gap of 60 mm. al ‘elocity of water discharge from the pipe. of . ‘ 1 top of a 50m high building hits the horizontal i 4. sf ing, What is the initial velocity of the ball? ie 60mm. ¢ rITT May 08) ae P27. A ball is thrown upward from @ high & P20. Find the initial velocity and the corresponding angle of projection of a projectile elif as shown, wi such that when projected from the ground 's the inclined ground at horizontal distance of 6 m and finally lands on the ground at a distance of 35 m beyond inclination of ground is 30° the wall , determine fer which the ball strikes the » pT Oe oF ae ee eee ? ball of mass 6 kg was thrown from an * with the horizontal. The horizontal distance covered on the ground was measured to be 21.64 m. Find a) the velocity of projection. ') The time of flight of the ball) The kinetic energy of the ball at the instant of projection and also touches the ground. ‘which it strikes the ground. y) of a point of strike w.t, point of projection. rater discharging from a nozale hits a vertical sereen placed nozzle at a height of 3m. When the screen is shifted by he jet hits the sereen again at the same point. Find the angle of projection ‘Projection of the jet at the nozzle (VITE May 06) from the ground with a veloc range. che percentage increase in the maximum horizontal range, Increased by 20%, | of 25 m/s. Find Vist peer51.63 m/s 6 = 43.42" 94.196 m 7.18 m/s, 10.96 m/s, 55.45° PS. 306m 30.01m, 3.14 sec Pr. R ‘ PB. 55.37 m/s Po. 6k P10. 7 a am, ru a P12. 6.127 m/s < ve < 8.756m/s PIS. 7.25 m/s,12.27 m/sa~ S7.6°% ¢ P14. 1736, q PIS. 3176.8 m; 256.2 m/s a=54.17" W; 21.178 sec P16. 7.045 sec; 404.1 m, 333.59 m P17. 706.3 m, 815.6 m, 67.96 m/s ‘ P18. 5.75 m/s PIs, a P20. 20.1 m/s, 0= 41.3" Pai. ‘ P22. 63.71 m; 44% P23. P24. 94.1 m/s, 59.55" P25. « P26. 0.639 m/s < vo < 1.023m/s P27. (08.76 m/s ™% 60", (662.67, -419.35) m 32°, 14.77 m/s P29, 47.41", 69.91" Excercise 9.5 X4= - 36m, x10= 0, xis = 30 m; 2, 0.3 m/s, 0,-0.6 m/s, ‘m/s -0.6 m/s? 60 m, 180 m, 210 m, P4. 70m, 180 m 20 mj m, 685 m; 40 m/s, 62.5 m/s >>>? 4 396 Engineering Mechanics Statics and Dynamics Answers 397 ¢ PLS. (a) 0.967 m/s? (b) ve~ 0.91 m/s, v= 4.916 m/s (c} 6.25 sec. PS. 40:m/s,56m % P16. 2.5 m/s, 90m PL7. 62.48 m/s, 508.14 m, . 5 F = 80i+64jm ‘ PLB. 64.03 m/s; 1312.6 m; ay =3.123 m/s; a =10.307 m/s*; 260.34 m PAS. 1273 m; 1.184 m/s?, 5.248 m/s? P20. 41.67 m ¢ P21. a) p = 6.289 m, aq = 7.155 m/s*, ar = 3.578 m/s? ‘ b) p= 6.94 m, ap ~ 3.655 m/s2, a= 4.8 m/s? 5 Excercise 9.4 ¢ PI. 590,06 m, 18.86 sec, 1212.3 m, P2, 20.98 m/s 8, Z 126.03 m/s 6 = 59.33%