Statistics

Is there a correlation between Females’ blood pressure and

their weights?

Surenjanath Singh
Surenjanath.singh@gmail.com
 Blood Pressure vs. Weight
Is there a correlation between Females’ blood
pressures and their weights?

Surenjanath Singh

Applied Mathematics IA

Presentation College, San Fernando

Mr. Rajkumar

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Contents
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 3
TITLE ................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Purpose Of study ........................................................................................................................................... 4
Variables ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
Method of Data Collection ........................................................................................................................ 5
Presentation of Data .................................................................................................................................... 6
TABLES .............................................................................................................................................................. 6
GRAPHS ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
Statistical Knowledge ................................................................................................................................. 18
Calculating Line of Regression: .............................................................................................................. 20
Chi - Square ( 𝝌𝟐 ) Testing ..................................................................................................................... 22
Discussion of Findings ............................................................................................................................... 25
Limitations ..................................................................................................................................................... 28
Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................... 29
Bibliography .................................................................................................................................................. 30
Glossary of Terms: ....................................................................................................................................... 31
APPENDIX ...................................................................................................................................................... 32

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 INTRODUCTION
According to research, Blood Pressure is the measurement of the force of blood pushing against a
blood vessel’s walls. It is when
the heart pumps blood into the
arteries, which carry the blood
throughout the body. High blood
pressure, also called
hypertension, is dangerous
because it makes the heart work
harder to pump blood around the
body and contributes to
hardening of the arteries, or
atherosclerosis, and to the
development of heart failure.
Hypertension is a leading risk
factor for illness and death
throughout the world.

Worldwide, over 30% of the

adult population has high blood
pressure, however, 1 in 3 persons
are not aware that they have the disease. Uncontrolled hypertension is the main cause for heart attacks and
stroke and it can also lead to blindness, and kidney failure among other health problems.
In Trinidad and Tobago heart disease is the #1 cause of death, and taken together heart disease, cancers,
diabetes and stroke account for over 60% of all deaths annually. According to the results of the Chronic
Risk Factor Survey (MOH, 2011), the prevalence of high blood pressure in Trinidad and Tobago is high,
with approximately twenty six percent of the population (29.8% males and 23.1% females), or 1 in 4
persons, living with high blood pressure.

As a result of the chronic disease epidemic being experienced worldwide and the contribution of high
blood pressure to the development several of these diseases. Many people’s aim is to wait till they feel ill
to go get a check. According to World Health Organization (WHO) Trinidad is the world’s 3rd fattest
country so basically there’s a high risk of blood pressure.
My IA is based on whether or not there’s a correlation with Females’ blood pressure and their weight.

A Blood Pressure Monitor will be used to test all the target sample personnel and a Weighing
Machine will also be used to measure their weights. There are many ways in which we can measure the
weight of someone, but we’ll use the Omron Digital Body weighing machine. A BPM will be also used.
We are taking the average of the both numbers from the BPM which is the Systolic Number and the
Diastolic Number.
The top number is called Systolic and the bottom number Diastolic; refer to the image shown in Figure 1.
Refer to Index for meaning of the word Diastolic and systolic

Statement of Task:
The aim of this IA is to find out whether or not there’s a correlation between Females’ blood
pressures and their weights.

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 TITLE

To investigate whether or not there’s a correlation between Females’ Blood Pressures and their Weights.

Purpose Of study
The purpose of doing this study is to help me, as the researcher, to gain more knowledge on
whether or not there is a correlation between the blood pressure and weight in females.

Variables
Controlled: Weight
Responding: Blood Pressure
Manipulated: Age/Amount of Household people

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 Method of Data Collection
Data was collected from Tabaquite which has a population of 150 residents.
This Location was chosen because it was close to my residential location.
The data was collected by observation and interview which followed the principle of a clustered
sampling technique and Systematic Random Sampling. The following describes the method by
which data was collected.
The Data collection was conducted within Tabaquite’s Health Center.

Instruments that were used in this Data collection were :

1. A Blood Pressure Monitor

2. Newton body scale

Criterias :

1. Females within a house of 3-7 people

2. All Females must be of the age 18 and over

Procedures were :

1. Every 2nd Female was interviewed and if satisfies the criteria will then be tested and
recorded.
2. The Two numbers in the BP machine were added and divided by 2 to find the
average Pressure of each females.
3. Tables were constructed to show the data collected for the females
The average was shown alone in table to avoid clustering of data.

The method of data collection was facilitated to be appropriate due to the fact that the questions
can be structured to gather only the information necessary for the investigation. There were no
flaws because the interview was given to systematically random chosen females so as to
prevent any biasness.
In addition, the questions were clearly stated to prevent confusion so that they could be easily
answered.
(The research was carried out on the February 16, 2015.)

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 Presentation of Data

TABLES
Table 1- This table shows the exact data collected from 60 Females in Tabaquite.
All Females that were tested were in Tabaquite area.

Raw Data

Age Blood Pressure Weight Age Blood Pressure Weight

1 25 120 112 31 23 143 154.25
2 22 132 165 32 54 154 189.76
3 32 128 172 33 24 134 173.25
4 18 131 120 34 45 151 154.54
5 24 150 184.25 35 24 145 154
6 19 129 110 36 51 142 160.25
7 42 154 218.5 37 25 150 184.75
8 26 137 186.25 38 42 169 200.5
9 25 133 191 39 25 112 184.25
10 21 112 154.25 40 46 152 182
11 43 136 205 41 26 139 210.25
12 63 155 167.5 42 23 131 140
13 25 131 133.25 43 27 142 181
14 74 151 167.25 44 40 139 150
15 22 108 195 45 30 153 176
16 18 119 170.75 46 22 164 209.25
17 18 123 140.5 47 32 142 191
18 30 123 178.25 48 19 123 133.25
19 50 135 160.5 49 28 151 198.25
20 51 142 150 50 22 110 148
21 69 149 159.75 51 33 134 186.25
22 50 134 200.5 52 70 163 131.5
23 46 115 216.25 53 31 143 216
24 54 142 184 54 32 120 123.67
25 22 119 172.75 55 32 147 180.5
26 19 112 223 56 28 143 211.75
27 36 123 168.25 57 34 143 205.25
28 30 133 208.75 58 40 132 179
29 29 127 194.75 59 31 143 187.75
30 45 140 166 60 22 123 123

Table 1.1

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SORTED TABLE FOR AGE

Sorted For AGE

Age ( Yr ) Blood Pressure Weight ( Lb ) Age ( Yr ) Blood Pressure Weight ( Lb )

1 18 131 120 31 30 133 208.75
2 18 119 170.75 32 30 153 176
3 18 123 140.5 33 31 143 216
4 19 129 110 34 31 143 187.75
5 19 112 223 35 32 128 172
6 19 123 133.25 36 32 142 191
7 21 112 154.25 37 32 120 123.67
8 22 132 165 38 32 147 180.5
9 22 108 195 39 33 134 186.25
10 22 119 172.75 40 34 143 205.25
11 22 164 209.25 41 36 123 168.25
12 22 110 148 42 40 139 150
13 22 123 123 43 40 132 179
14 23 143 154.25 44 42 154 218.5
15 23 131 140 45 42 169 200.5
16 24 150 184.25 46 43 136 205
17 24 134 173.25 47 45 140 166
18 24 145 154 48 45 151 154.54
19 25 120 112 49 46 115 216.25
20 25 133 191 50 46 152 182
21 25 131 133.25 51 50 135 160.5
22 25 150 184.75 52 50 134 200.5
23 25 112 184.25 53 51 142 150
24 26 137 186.25 54 51 142 160.25
25 26 139 210.25 55 54 142 184
26 27 142 181 56 54 154 189.76
27 28 151 198.25 57 63 155 167.5
28 28 143 211.75 58 69 149 159.75
29 29 127 194.75 59 70 163 131.5
30 30 123 178.25 60 74 151 167.25

Table 1.2

TABLE 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4 have been sorted according to Age, Blood pressure and Weight respectively to
get accurate readings.

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SORTED TABLE FOR BLOOD PRESSURE

Sorted For Blood Pressure

Age ( Yr ) Blood Pressure Weight ( Lb ) Age ( Yr ) Blood Pressure Weight ( Lb )

1 22 108 195 31 26 137 186.25
2 22 110 148 32 26 139 210.25
3 19 112 223 33 40 139 150
4 21 112 154.25 34 45 140 166
5 25 112 184.25 35 27 142 181
6 46 115 216.25 36 32 142 191
7 18 119 170.75 37 51 142 150
8 22 119 172.75 38 51 142 160.25
9 25 120 112 39 54 142 184
10 32 120 123.67 40 23 143 154.25
11 18 123 140.5 41 28 143 211.75
12 19 123 133.25 42 31 143 216
13 22 123 123 43 31 143 187.75
14 30 123 178.25 44 34 143 205.25
15 36 123 168.25 45 24 145 154
16 29 127 194.75 46 32 147 180.5
17 32 128 172 47 69 149 159.75
18 19 129 110 48 24 150 184.25
19 18 131 120 49 25 150 184.75
20 23 131 140 50 28 151 198.25
21 25 131 133.25 51 45 151 154.54
22 22 132 165 52 74 151 167.25
23 40 132 179 53 46 152 182
24 25 133 191 54 30 153 176
25 30 133 208.75 55 42 154 218.5
26 24 134 173.25 56 54 154 189.76
27 33 134 186.25 57 63 155 167.5
28 50 134 200.5 58 70 163 131.5
29 50 135 160.5 59 22 164 209.25
30 43 136 205 60 42 169 200.5
Total 3742 4982.42 Total 4438 5412.05
Grand Total 8180 10394.47
Blood Pressure Weight ( Lb )

Table 1.3

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SORTED TABLE FOR WEIGHT

Weight

Age ( Yr ) Blood Pressure Weight ( Lb ) Age (Yr ) Blood Pressure Weight ( Lb )

1 19 129 110 31 30 123 178.25
2 25 120 112 32 40 132 179
3 18 131 120 33 32 147 180.5
4 22 123 123 34 27 142 181
5 32 120 123.67 35 46 152 182
6 70 163 131.5 36 54 142 184
7 25 131 133.25 37 24 150 184.25
8 19 123 133.25 38 25 112 184.25
9 23 131 140 39 25 150 184.75
10 18 123 140.5 40 26 137 186.25
11 22 110 148 41 33 134 186.25
12 51 142 150 42 31 143 187.75
13 40 139 150 43 54 154 189.76
14 24 145 154 44 25 133 191
15 21 112 154.25 45 32 142 191
16 23 143 154.25 46 29 127 194.75
17 45 151 154.54 47 22 108 195
18 69 149 159.75 48 28 151 198.25
19 51 142 160.25 49 50 134 200.5
20 50 135 160.5 50 42 169 200.5
21 22 132 165 51 43 136 205
22 45 140 166 52 34 143 205.25
23 74 151 167.25 53 30 133 208.75
24 63 155 167.5 54 22 164 209.25
25 36 123 168.25 55 26 139 210.25
26 18 119 170.75 56 28 143 211.75
27 32 128 172 57 31 143 216
28 22 119 172.75 58 46 115 216.25
29 24 134 173.25 59 42 154 218.5
30 30 153 176 60 19 112 223
Total 4016 4511.46 Total 4164 5883.01
Grand Total 8180 10394.47
Blood Pressure Weight ( Lb )

Table 1.4

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TABLE FOR CONVERSION OF LBS - KGS

Conversion
Pounds ( Lb ) Kilograms ( Kg ) Pounds ( Lb ) Kilograms ( Kg )
120 54.43 208.75 94.69
170.75 77.45 176 79.83
140.5 63.73 216 97.98
110 49.90 187.75 85.16
223 101.15 172 78.02
133.25 60.44 191 86.64
154.25 69.97 123.67 56.10
165 74.84 180.5 81.87
195 88.45 186.25 84.48
172.75 78.36 205.25 93.10
209.25 94.91 168.25 76.32
148 67.13 150 68.04
123 55.79 179 81.19
154.25 69.97 218.5 99.11
140 63.50 200.5 90.95
184.25 83.57 205 92.99
173.25 78.58 166 75.30
154 69.85 154.54 70.10
112 50.80 216.25 98.09
191 86.64 182 82.55
133.25 60.44 160.5 72.80
184.75 83.80 200.5 90.95
184.25 83.57 150 68.04
186.25 84.48 160.25 72.69
210.25 95.37 184 83.46
181 82.10 189.76 86.07
198.25 89.92 167.5 75.98
211.75 96.05 159.75 72.46
194.75 88.34 131.5 59.65
178.25 80.85 167.25 75.86

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 TABLE FOR CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY

Table 2.0
Table displaying Blood Pressure recorded from Females.

Blood Pressure ( mmHg ) Frequency Cumulative Frequency

105 - 109 1 1
110 - 114 4 5
115 - 119 3 8
120 - 124 7 15
125 - 129 3 18
130 - 134 10 28
135 - 139 5 33
140 - 144 11 44
145 - 149 3 47
150 - 154 9 56
155 - 159 1 57
160 - 164 2 59
165 - 169 1 60

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Table for Cumulative Frequency

Table 3.0
Table displaying the weights recorded from females.

Weight ( Lbs ) Frequency Cumulative Frequency

110 - 114 2 2
115 -119 0 2
120 - 124 3 5
125 - 129 0 5
130 - 134 3 8
135 - 139 0 8
140 - 144 2 10
145 - 149 1 11
150 - 154 6 17
155 - 159 1 18
160 - 164 2 20
165 - 169 5 25
170 - 174 4 29
175 - 179 3 32
180 - 184 7 39
185 - 189 4 43
190 - 194 3 46
195 - 199 2 48
200 - 204 2 50
205 - 209 4 54
210 - 214 2 56
215 - 219 3 59
220 - 224 1 60

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Table For Standard Deviation

Table 2.1 Calculations for the Standard Deviation of Blood Pressure (mmHg):

Blood Pressure ( mmHg )

Midpoint
Frequency (f)(x) x - x̄ 𝑓(𝑥 − x̄ )2
(x)
105 - 109 107 1 107 -29.33 860.2489
110 - 114 112 4 448 -24.33 2367.7956
115 - 119 117 3 351 -19.33 1120.9467
120 - 124 122 7 854 -14.33 1437.4423
125 - 129 127 3 381 -9.33 261.1467
130 - 134 132 10 1320 -4.33 187.489
135 - 139 137 5 685 0.67 2.2445
140 - 144 142 11 1562 5.67 353.6379
145 - 149 147 3 441 10.67 341.5467
150 - 154 152 9 1368 15.67 2209.9401
155 - 159 157 1 157 20.67 427.2489
160 - 164 162 2 324 25.67 1317.8978
165 - 169 167 1 167 30.67 940.6489
mean ( x̄ ) mmHg = 136.33 60
∑ 𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑥̄ )2 = 11828.234

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Table 3.1 Calculations for the Standard Deviation of Weights (Lbs):

Midpoints
Weight ( Lbs ) Frequency (𝑓)(𝑥) (𝑥 − 𝑥̄ ) 𝑓(𝑥 − x̄ )2
(x)
110 - 114 112 2 224 -61.24 7500.6752
115 -119 117 0 0 -56.24 0
120 - 124 122 3 366 -51.24 7876.6128
125 - 129 127 0 0 -46.24 0
130 - 134 132 3 396 -41.24 5102.2128
135 - 139 137 0 0 -36.24 0
140 - 144 142 2 284 -31.24 1951.8752
145 - 149 147 1 147 -26.24 688.5376
150 - 154 152 6 912 -21.24 2706.8256
155 - 159 157 1 157 -16.24 263.7376
160 - 164 162 2 324 -11.24 252.6752
165 - 169 167 5 835 -6.24 194.688
170 - 174 172 4 688 -1.24 6.1504
175 - 179 177 3 531 3.76 42.4128
180 - 184 182 7 1274 8.76 537.1632
185 - 189 187 4 748 13.76 757.3504
190 - 194 192 3 576 18.76 1055.8128
195 - 199 197 2 394 23.76 1129.0752
200 - 204 202 2 404 28.76 1654.2752
205 - 209 207 4 828 33.76 4558.9504
210 - 214 212 2 424 38.76 3004.6752
215 - 219 217 3 651 43.76 5744.8128
220 - 224 222 1 222 48.76 2377.5376
mean ( μ ) Lbs = 173.24
∑ 𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑥̄ )2 = 47406.056

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GRAPHS

Scatter Plot

Figure 3:
This Scatter Plot shows the spread of data that was collected and as well as the line of regression. It also
includes the mean of the data set.

180

160
173.24, 136.33
140
y = 0.1063x + 117.92
Blood Pressure (mmHg)

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Weight ( lbs )

Legend

: Mean ( 𝑥̅ ) of data set; (173.24, 136.33)

: Each Female data

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Scatter Plot

Figure 3:
This Scatter Plot shows the spread of data that was collected and as well as the line of regression. It also
includes the mean of the data set.

BP vs Weight
180

160

140 y = 0.1807x + 122.14

120
BP ( mmHg )

100

80 Y-Values
Linear (Y-Values)
60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Weight ( Kg )

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Cumulative Frequency Graphs

Figure 4- A cumulative frequency graph showing Blood Pressure

using data from Table 2.0

Figure 5- A cumulative frequency graph showing Weights using data

from Table 3.0

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 Statistical Knowledge
Standard Deviation {Calculation}

CALCULATION 1.1 : TABLE 2.1 ON PAGE 12

2
∑ 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥̄ )
𝑆𝑛 = √
𝑛

11828.234
𝑆𝑛 = √
60

= ± 14.04 mmHg

CALCULATION 1.2 : TABLE 3.1 ON PAGE 13

√∑ 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥̄ )2
𝑆𝑛 =
𝑛

47406.056
𝑆𝑛 = √
60

𝑆𝑛 = 28.11 Lbs

CALCULATION 1.3 : COMPARING BOTH COEFFICIENT VARIATION VARIABLES OF THE SD

Blood Pressure of each individual The weight of each Individual

𝑠 𝑠
𝑣= ∗ 100% 𝑣= ∗ 100%
𝑥̄̄ 𝑥̄̄
14.04 28.11
𝑣= ∗ 100% 𝑣= ∗ 100%
136.33 173.24

𝑣 = 10.30 % 𝑣 = 16.22 %

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PEARSON’S CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

Previously it was calculated that the mean of Blood Pressure (ȳ) is 136.33 mm Hg and the average
Weight (x̄) is 44.35 Lbs.
With these numbers we then can plug it in to formulate an equation to find the covariance.
The calculation of ∑ 𝑥𝑦 was determined using of Microsoft Excel.

∑ 𝑥̄𝑦
𝑆𝑥̄𝑦 = −(𝑥∗ 𝑦)
𝑛

(1422158.98)
ȳ = 136.33 mmHg 𝑆𝑥̄𝑦 = − (173.24 ∗ 136.33 )
x̄ = 173.24 Lbs 60

𝑆𝑥̄𝑦 = 84.8405

With the calculation of the covariance, plugging it into Pearson’s correlation coefficient formula along
with the standard deviation of both Blood Pressure and Weight can help determine if the data has a linear
relationship.
𝑆𝑥̄𝑦
𝑟=
𝑆𝑥̄ 𝑆𝑦 A Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient with a
0.215 indicates that the relationship between the data is a
84.8405 positive correlation, but the relationship between my variables
𝑟= are weak, (the nearer the value is to zero, the weaker the
28.11 ∗ 14.04
relationship)
𝑟 = 0.215

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Calculating Line of Regression:

Regression Line: 𝑌 on 𝑋
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

Equations

∑ 𝑦 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑏  Equation 1

∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥 2 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥  Equation 2

Variables

∑ 𝑥 2 = 1848219.8631 ∑ 𝑥 = 10394.47 𝑛 = 60 ∑ 𝑦 = 8180 ∑ 𝑥𝑦 = 1422158.98

Using Formula:

8180 = 10394.47(𝑎) + 60(𝑏)  Equation 1

1422158.98 = 𝑎(1848219.8631) + 10394.47(𝑏)  Equation 2

By using the information from the calculator, we get:

8180−60(𝑏)
𝑎= into Eq 2
10394.47

8180−60(𝑏)
1422158.98 = ( )(1848219.8631) + 10394.47(𝑏)
10394.47

1422158.98 = (−10668.47966𝑏 + 1454469.394) + 10394.47(𝑏)

1422158.98 = −274.00966𝑏 + 1454469.394

1422158.98 − 1454469.394 = −274.00966𝑏

−32310.414 = −274.00966𝑏

−32310.414
=𝑏 𝑏 = 117.9171
−274.00966

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𝑏 = 117.9171

8180−60(117.9171)
Substituting 𝑏 = 117.9171 into 𝑎=
10394.47

8180−60(117.9171)
𝑎=
10394.47

𝑎 = 0.10630

Equation of the regression line: 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

Our regression line is 𝑦 = 0.10630𝑥 + 117.9171

This shows a faintly positive correlation between the Females Blood Pressure and their weight. This can
be predicted that there is an extrapolation of the data, meaning that there are predictions outside the range
of data used to derive the line of regression.

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Chi - Square ( 𝝌𝟐 ) Testing

Lastly, with the collected data, the Chi-Square Test is used to determine if there is a significant difference
between the observed frequencies and the expected frequencies. We will test if one affects the occurrence
of the other.
Is there a relationship between Females’ Blood Pressures and their weights that exist?
By using this test, we will be able to determine the answer.

Hypothesis: Females who are closer to the average BP will be likely to weigh more than those Females
who are further away than the average BP.

Ho null Hypothesis: Females’ BPs and their weights are independent.

HI alternative hypothesis: BP and Weight are dependent.
.

CHI - SQU ( 𝜒 2 ) CALCULATION:

Calculating the Test Statistic

( 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒−𝑒𝑥̄𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑)
𝜒2 = ∑
𝑒𝑥̄𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑛
(O𝑖 −𝐸𝑖 )2
χ2 = ∑
𝑖=1 𝐸𝑖

(5−2.4)2 (2−5.2)2 (1−0.4)2 (4−5.1)2 (13−11.05)2 (0−0.85)2

χ2 = + + +0+ + + +
2.4 5.2 0.4 5.1 11.05 0.85
(7−6.9)2 (16−14.95)2 (2−3.6)2 (8−7.8)2 (2−0.6)2
0+ + + + + +0
6.9 14.95 3.6 7.8 0.6

49 63 9 121 117 17 1 441 32 1 4

χ2 = 2 + 1 + +0+ + + + 0+ + + + +3 +
60 65 10 510 340 20 690 5980 45 195 15
0
= 11.1753710626

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Tables Below:

CONTINGENCY TABLE: OBSERVED VALUES OF BP VS. WEIGHT

Observed Data

Weight ( Lbs )

110 - 139

140 - 169

170 - 199

200 - 229

Total
Blood Pressure ( mmHg)

100 - 129 5 4 7 2 18

130 - 159 2 13 16 8 39

160 - 189 1 0 0 2 3

190 - 229 0 0 0 0 0
Total 8 17 23 12 60

Expected Data

Weight ( Lbs )
110 - 139

140 - 169

170 - 199

200 - 229

Total
Blood Pressure ( mmHg)

100 - 129 2.4 5.1 6.9 3.6 18

130 - 159 5.2 11.05 14.95 7.8 39

160 - 189 0.4 0.85 1.15 0.6 3

190 - 229 0 0 0 0 0
Total 8 17 23 12 60

This data was organized in such a manner so that we can easily find the Chi-Squared afterwards. A 4 x 4
contingency table was created to sort out the data into intervals of both the BP and the Weights of all of
the 60 Females.
Calculating degrees of freedom or 𝑣: 𝑑𝑓 = ( Row – 1 )( Column – 1 )
𝑑𝑓 = ( 3 )( 3 )
𝑑𝑓 = 9

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As observed, the calculations were calculated before the tables. To get the numbers used in the expected
values table, we had to use the values from the contingency table. An ‘Expected Values’ table was also
created to sort out the data from the contingency table. When comparing the values from the contingency
table to the expected values table, we can observe that the expected values are not the same as the values
from the contingency table. The values in the expected values table have either plus or a minus difference
from the contingency table. Since the values are not the same, it is possible that there could be an
influencing factor between the BP and the Weight of the Females.

Degrees of freedom = 9

Critical Region at 5 % level of significance 2 (9)

𝜒𝛼%

𝛼 = 5%

𝜒 2 = 16.919

𝜒 2 = 11.175

At a 5% significance level, the critical value is 16.919

Since the calculations of 11.175 are less than the critical value of 16.919,
We must accept null hypothesis and reject the alternate hypothesis that the BPs of the Females are
independent on their weights.
With the results, there is a relationship, the classifications are therefore independent.

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 Discussion of Findings

This research was done to determine whether or not there’s a correlation between the Blood
Pressure of Females’ and their weights. It was put into action in Tabaquite..

The data on table 1.1 is the raw data that was collected from the research data collection.
I entered the data as is but only entered the average of the blood pressure and afterwards sorted it
according to AGE, WEIGHT and Blood Pressure using excel. In table 1.2 – 1.4
Table 1.2 was sorted for age. Table 1.3 for Blood Pressure and Table 1.4 for Weight. The grand total and
total for each table was calculated and was put at the bottom of the datasheet.
Next, all of the data was placed into a scatter plot to visually see the spread of the data as well as the line
of regression. When the data is placed into a scatter plot it is easier to see if there are any outliers.
Looking at the x axis (weight) in Figure 3, shows an outlier whose weight is lower than the other females
but the outliers’ BP is higher than a few (110,129). Whilst looking at the y axis (BP) there is another
outlier with the lowest BP of which is relatively higher in terms of weight against the other Females.
(108,195).
Two scatter plots were made to check whether there’s a difference using lbs and kg.
There’s a slight difference though which can cause a bit flaw to the research.

Refer to page 15 fig 3

After all the data was grouped, it was placed into a cumulative frequency table and graph for both Blood
Pressure and Weight. The findings from doing a cumulative frequency graph were similar. Both the
weight and BP have a similar graph.
Each variables, the column with the Blood Pressure, for each females was put into a cumulative
frequency table. Furthermore, the weight of the females was also placed into a separate cumulative
frequency tables by using the exact data that was collected.

By placing the data for BP onto a cumulative frequency graph, it tells us the number of data items that are
under a certain value. In this case, the median is marked as 136.5 mm Hg and from this, it is observed that
around 33 females had a lower Blood Pressure than those above 136.5 mm Hg.
These 33 females have a lower Blood Pressure so we can assume that they have a good BP reading. The
upper quartile, which is 147 mm Hg, tells us that 13 females had a very high blood pressure reading than
the 75th percentile. And for the lower quartile, having a lower BP of 123 mm Hg, tells us that only 15
Females have a good BP reading so they must have taking good care of their health than the rest of 75 %
of the sample. From knowing this, we can see the readings of the blood pressure of all the Females that
participated in this experiment. Refer to PAGE 15 FIG 4 Table 2.0

After, placing the cumulative frequency data for weight measured onto a graph, we can see more clearly
the weight that is lowest with 110 Lbs. The median for this graph is approximately 177.125 Lbs., which
declares that 32 of the Females that were tested had a weight less than 177.125 Lbs. The upper quartile is
about 194.75 Lbs., so this tells us that more than 12 Females had a weight more than 194.75 Lbs. In
addition, the lower quartile, displayed approximately 154.25 Lbs., which tells us that approximately 42
Females had a weight more than 154.25 Lbs., but 18 Females had a weight less than 154.25 Lbs.
Refer to PAGE 16 FIG 5 Table 3.0

After doing the cumulative frequency. The standard deviation was calculated to find the dispersion of the
data. In table 2.1 and 2.2 the calculations were calculated for Blood Pressure and for Weight respectively.

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A standard deviation close to 0 indicates that the data points tend to be very close to the mean of the set,
while a high standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a wider range of values.
Both the BP and Weight have a high standard deviation which means that the data set is spread over
widely. S.D for BP = 14.04mmHg and S.D for Weights = 28.11lb.

Microsoft excel was used to determine the values and the calculation of all the sums, squares etc using
formulas eg =sum(cell range)

Refer to Calculation 1.1 on page 20

The data collection for the Blood Pressure of each Females can be expressed in a range as follows;
105 mmHg ≤ Blood Pressure ≤ 169 mmHg. The standard deviation that was calculated can tell us that the
spread of the distance data is ± 14.04 mmHg away from the 𝑥̄ , therefore it is a wide range. These values
tells us that for the Blood Pressure, there is a wide range of data away from the mean. Also, it indicates
how far off the data is from the mean.
Refer to Calculation 1.2 on page 20

The figure from the numerator in the equation was obtained from the sum of all the numbers that were in
the column using the equation 𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑥̄ )2 from Table 3.1. The denominator (n) is the total number
of students that participated in this assessment. The data collection for the time taken for each student can
be expressed in a range as follows; 110 Lbs. ≤ Weight ≤ 224 Lbs. The standard deviation that was
calculated indicates that the spread of the time data is ± 28.11 Lbs. away from the 𝑥̄ , which is a wide
range. These values tells us that for the Blood Pressure of each Females, there is a wide range of data
away from the mean, and how far off the data is from the mean.

These two S.D shows that the data is spread out to a wide range as we can see in the scatter plot but this
cannot tell us about the spread between both variables hence we compare both coefficient variation
variables of the S.D
Refer to page 20 ; Calculation 1.3

By calculating the standard deviation of both variables, using the Blood Pressure of each Females and
their weight, we can now compare them by using the coefficient variation to make a comparison between
the variables.

The results show that the Weight of each individual has a greater relative dispersal than their
corresponding Blood Pressure. Since 16.22% is a greater percentage than 10.30 % it is conclusive to say
that the weight of each Females have a greater dispersion.
Now the Pearson's correlation coefficient between the two variables was calculated and was found to be
0.215. This means that the relationship between the data is a positive correlation but it’s very much weak.
At least there’s a relationship but barely.
The regression line was found as follows in page 20 and 21.
The line has a gradient that is relative barely a horizontal line which means that it also has a very faint
correlation. It was found to be 𝑦 = 0.106𝑥 + 117.92

Another test was done to determine whether or not there is a correlation between the two
variables. It is the chi – square test. This test tells us that whether the variables are independent or
dependent on each other and the results were that they are independent according to the test on page 22 –
24.
For this to be done the data was put into a contingency table. It was also done at a 5 % level of
significance.

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 The degree of freedom was determine from the contingency table. The critical region was found
to be 16.919. The calculated value was found to be 11.175 which is lower than the critical value so the
null hypothesis is valid. All the test shows basically that there is a correlation between blood pressures
and the weights of females. It has a faintly weak correlation from the standard deviation test and it is
independent according to the chi – square test. This result was shocking to me, the researcher. I was
expecting it to be dependent because weight is a factor of blood pressure. This result shows that people in
the rural areas are healthier in terms of weight and blood pressure than those in the urban.

Okay After doing all these different mathematical tests, it can be concluded that both the Blood Pressure
of a female and their weight are entirely independent of each other. I went into this investigation with the
idea that these variables are dependent of each other but according to the standard deviation test. There
were a faintly weak correlation. Why was this? I asked.
As I was collecting data I noticed that some of the older Females had a lower BP and Weight than some
of the younger females. The highest BP was recorded to be 169 mmHg with a weight 200.5 Lbs whereas
a female that has a BP of 129 mmHg had the lowest recorded weight of 129 Lbs.
Even a female with a BP of 112 mmHg had the highest weight of 223 Lbs,
And shockingly that female is slimmer than the female who had the lowest weight.
So I can say that the data is faintly correlated for the standard deviation test and is independent for the chi
square test is because of the lifestyle of the females. It can be that they are healthy in mind and body.
They probably have a good diet.
Those who work out will have a good reading of stress level which can all be factors to manipulate the
result.
There are some Females who have high BP and are slightly over-weight even though they do not
show it physically but according to other hospital - like records.
Refer to index; The BMI and the BP chart.
Now lastly we can say that there were enough evidence to show that there is a correlation but it is not
accurate enough to conclude for all the females in the entire country using the Pearson’s correltation
coefficient, the standard deviation and the chi square test.
The correlation was faintly weak relationship but it was positive when calculated using the
Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient which was found to be 0.215 which is close to zero but is positive.
The chi – square test was done also but the result was found to be independent.
The standard deviation however showed a great dispersion between the BP and weight of the
Females.
In conclusion and contrary to my initial hypothesis which I’ve thought that
Blood pressure and weight had no connection between each other, but according to my research it
was found that they do have a faint connection but the chi square test agreed with me though. So basically
I can assume that the residents in my village are healthy and have a good lifestyle.
.

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 Limitations

Throughout the investigation between the correlation of a Females’ Blood Pressure and
their Weights, various limitations may have affected the outcome of the results.

• One limitation of the data collected could be that it only reflects on the females
who came with a high blood pressure because of some sort of problems in their
everyday life. There is no evidence that the data reflects everyone who has an
average normal BP as there may be people who are in different situations.
• Another limitation could be that not every female in the village decides to take the
BP and weight examine, those who cannot make it due to some form of problems
are being neglected. Also the data does not confirm of how many Females are
being considered. The data can be proved insufficient and inaccurate for those
reasons.
• Some females may be from the city and have eaten lot of fast food which caused
their BP and Weight to be high.
• There is also a limitation in the data as it has no limitation on the data set of age.
That could mean that the data goes on females who are over 18 to ∞ if any.
Due to this however, that piece of data was left out in the calculations.
• Continuing, there might be a limitation to the recording of the data itself in both
Hypertension and Weight. This might cause a problem as many Females, mostly
younger ones, do not know the actual factors of Hypertension so therefore, they’ll
eat a lot of ‘garbage food’ which can affect both hypertension level and weight.
Even for the older folks who smokes etc. This can be a major limitation to this
experiment.
• Another limitation is some females can be very healthy which can give outliers to
the data.
• Lastly, there may be many other factors taking place when considering the
correlation between Blood Pressure and Weight such as having a good diet and
exercise.

Those are the possible Limitations that can affect the outcome of the result and the validity of
the experiment.

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 Recommendations
In this Research. It is recommended that

1. People should exercise more offend to avoid getting high Blood Pressure and from
getting obese.
2. This Research to be done in a larger census to get more confident answers.
3. The research can be broaden in terms of sex. It could be opened to male and females
4. Eating a good diet and having a good lifestyle can prevent hypertension and obesity
5. The research can also be conducted in urban areas and then be distinguished with the
rural to check whether or not there’s a significant difference.

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 Bibliography

INTERNET

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi-squared_distribution
• http://www.mathwarehouse.com/charts/box-and-whisker-plot-
maker.php#boxwhiskergraph
• http://passyworldofmathematics.com/online-graph-makers/
• http://www.chartgo.com/
• http://ww.chartgo.com/
• http://www.calculator.net/
• https://www.easycalculation.com/statistics/standard-deviation.php
• http://www.mathportal.org/calculators/statistics-calculator/correlation-and-regression-
calculator.php
• http://www.socscistatistics.com/tests/pearson/Default2.aspx
• http://www.google.com

BOOKS

• INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS PREM S. MANN

• NOTES FROM CLASS

CONTRIBUTORS

• CATHERINA CHANAI
• BINEETA SINGH
• PAUL KAPENGA

IA USED AS REFERENCE

• HEIGHT VS. FLEXIBILITY OF A DANCER BY MELANIE BUNKER

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 Glossary of Terms:

1. Hypertension: Hypertension (HTN) or high blood pressure, sometimes called arterial

hypertension, is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is
elevated.

2. Atherosclerosis: Atherosclerosis (also known as arteriosclerotic vascular disease or ASVD) is a

specific form of arteriosclerosis in which an artery wall thickens as a result of invasion and
accumulation of white blood cells (WBCs).

3. Population: A population is any entire collection of people, animals, plants or things from which
we may collect data. It is the entire group we are interested in, which we wish to describe or draw
conclusions about.

4. Regression Line: linear regression is an approach for modeling the relationship between a scalar
dependent variable y and one or more explanatory variables (or independent variable) denoted X

5. World Health Organization (WHO): The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized
agency of the United Nations (UN) that is concerned with international public health

6. Omron Digital Body weighing machine: is a small handheld device that tests one’s Blood
Pressure

7. Systolic: it is the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart.

8. Diastolic: The diastolic pressure is specifically the minimum arterial pressure during relaxation
and dilatation of the ventricles of the heart when the ventricles fill with blood.

9. BP : short for Blood Pressure

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 APPENDIX

Extract from Google

BP CHART

What blood pressure readings mean

As you can see from the blood pressure chart, only one of the numbers has to be higher or
lower than it should be to count as either high blood pressure or low blood pressure:

90 over 60 (90/60) or less: You may have low blood pressure. More on the side of low blood
pressure.
More than 90 over 60 (90/60) and less than 120 over 80 (120/80): Your blood pressure reading
is ideal and healthy. Follow a healthy lifestyle to keep it at this level.

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More than 120 over 80 and less than 140 over 90 (120/80-140/90): You have a normal blood
pressure reading but it is a little higher than it should be, and you should try to lower it. Make
healthy changes to your lifestyle.
140 over 90 (140/90) or higher (over a number of weeks): You may have high blood pressure
(hypertension). Change your lifestyle - see your doctor or nurse and take any medicines they
may prescribe. More on the side of high blood pressure.

Thus:

If your systolic (top figure) is 140 or more - then you may have high blood pressure, regardless
of your bottom number.
If your diastolic (bottom figure) is 90 or more - then you may have high blood pressure,
regardless your top number.
if your systolic (top figure) is 90 or less - then you may have low blood pressure, regardless of
your bottom number.
if your diastolic (bottom figure) is 60 or less - then you may have low blood pressure, regardless
of your top number.

TABLE 5: COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION TABLE

value Strength of correlation

𝑟2 = 0 No correlation
0  r 2  .25 Very weak correlation
.25  r 2  .50 Weak correlation
.50  r 2  .75 Moderate correlation
.75  r 2  .90 Strong correlation
.90  r 2  1 Very strong correlation
𝑟2 = 1 Perfect correlation

Table 5: This table shoes the correlation of determintaion in order to find the strength of
the data that was collected and put on the scatter plot.

Interviewed Questions

1. How many family members are in your household?

2. What is your age ?

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