THE STAR, TUESDAY 18 AUGUST 2020

POSTGRADUATE

Opening doors to endless possibilities

Universities all around Malaysia are offering new and
exciting programmes for graduates to increase their marketability.
2 Postgraduate
Is IR4.0 the new normal?
IN the past couple of months, I have
participated in a number of webinars and
panel discussions. The topics of interest are
often Covid-19 related and quickly turn to
looking at the “new normal” that we have
now entered. It does not take long before
the Fourth Industrial Revolution; so-called
IR4.0, is the centre of attention.
As somebody who has researched areas
such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine
learning and big data, publishing the
results in scientific journals and have
been the editor-in-chief of an AI journal,
I must admit to feeling my heart grow
a little heavier every time these topics
are mentioned.
The issue I have with IR4.0 is not the
general philosophy of the idea but the way
it is presented, discussed and lauded as the
next big thing. So, what exactly are the
issues that I have?
l What is IR4? – Ask 10 people what
IR4.0 is and you are likely to get 10
different answers. For me, it is the merging
of the physical, digital and biological
worlds. To others it is the Internet of
Things (IoT), where everything is
connected to the Internet and all these
devices can talk to each other. Others
will wax lyrical about AI, machine
learning and big data. And others will
talk about robotics, smart technologies
and automation.
The issue is that there is no agreed
definition of IR4.0, so anybody can decide
what it means to them. This is not
necessarily a bad thing, but it does mean
that we spend far too long talking about it
and not focusing on the more important
task of implementing it.
l How do we know it is here? – If you
look back at the other three industrial
revolutions, I suspect that we did not
ACCREDITATION of Prior Experiential
Learning (APEL) returns opportunities lost
to education put on hold, with flexible
learning at Management and Science
University (MSU). Knowledge is the
currency of the 21st century economy, and
meeting the ever-increasing need for
qualified, higher-skilled workers is APEL.
Introduced and approved by the
Malaysian Qualifications Agency, APEL
widens access to higher education for adult
learners who have rich work experience
yet lack academic qualifications. The APEL
C pathway provides credit transfer for
entry into diploma programmes right up
to PhD.
APEL C or Accreditation of Prior
Experiential Learning via Credit Transfer
allows assessment of credits against
matching modules in a programme of
study. Once an APEL C applicant’s
competency level is determined, those
credits can shorten his or her entire study
duration considerably, saving time and
money. An applicant presenting only an
SPM qualification for university entrance
application, for example, would usually
qualify for diploma studies only. With
APEL C, it’s possible to pursue a bachelor’s
degree directly.
MSU offers breakthrough ways for
working adults wishing to further their
studies. A wide range of programmes are
offered with the student’s convenience as
well as their educational and professional
backgrounds in mind. Lifelong learners
from all walks of life may access MSU’s
range of undergraduate as well as
postgraduate programmes, and choose
from a variety of study modes to fit their
situation best – whether they want to attend
classes on weekdays or weekends, or in the
evenings, or to opt for virtual learning that
runs via video conference supported by
online discussion.
Applied, enterprise and technology-
driven MSU is steeped in the cultures of
research, innovation and social
entrepreneurship. MSU comprises the
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Faculty
of Business Management and Professional
Studies, Faculty of Information Sciences and
The issue is that there is no
agreed definition of IR4.0,
so anybody can decide what
it means to them. This is
not necessarily a bad thing,
but it does mean that we
spend far too long talking
about it and not focusing on
the more important task of
implementing it.
realise that we had a revolution until we
were well past it, or at least until we were at
the beginning of the end. When steam/
water power impacted on manufacturing
processes, do we suppose that they started
talking about the First Industrial Revolution
in the 1760s, or closer to the mid-1800s
when that revolution ended?
IR4.0 was introduced by Charles Schwab
in December 2015 in an article in Foreign
Affairs. Given that this was less than five
years ago, can we say with confidence
whether we are nearing the end of IR4.0, or
even if we are at the end of the beginning?
Today’s tempo of change, compared to the
1700s, is much faster and IR4.0 is unlikely to
last 100 years, but is less than five years a
little too soon to be thinking that IR4.0 will
soon be a distant memory?
l What about IR5.0? – Some have even
started talking about IR5.0. At Davos 2019,
one of the sponsored events was entitled
Blockchain+AI+Human = Magic, with some
APEL entry for lifelong learners
Lifelong learners from all walks of life can choose from a variety of study modes to fit their
schedule - whether to attend weekday or weekend classes, evening classes, or opt for virtual
learning.
Engineering, International Medical School,
School of Pharmacy, School of Education and
Social Sciences, School of Hospitality and
Creative Arts, School of Graduate Studies and
Graduate School of Management.
As a top university in Malaysia, MSU
prioritises student development to enhance
graduate employability. Its highly qualified
academics and international visiting
professors support a holistic curricular
framework that delivers compelling
learning experiences.
Blending technical vocational education
and training with traditional academic
saying that IR5.0 will see machines and
humans dancing together. The danger of
IR5.0, without getting into philosophical
debates about the ethics of machines
demonstrating intelligence, is that as
many as there are now on the IR4.0
bandwagon, or trying to get on it, they
will soon feel left behind as the world
starts to move towards IR5.0.
What does all this mean for the higher
Should we focus on
defining what IR4.0
means, or should
we be looking
forward and getting
ahead of IR5.0?
curricula, MSU enhances competencies with
industry internships, community and
creative entrepreneurship, and global
exposure; empowering MSU graduates with
the well-roundedness desired and sought
after by employers. Extensive partnerships
and collaborations with institutions in more
than 40 countries worldwide provide
comprehensive mobility opportunities for
all MSU students, enhancing graduate
employability through global exposure via
studies and internships abroad.
Among the best in the region, the
university’s programmes of study are
THE STAR, TUESDAY 18 AUGUST 2020
education sector? As we (hopefully) see the
light at the end of the tunnel of Covid-19,
the new normal is being lauded
as the adoption of IR4.0. But this will take
some work, not least of all defining what
IR4.0 means within your own institution,
having a plan to implement it and
defining how you measure any return
on investment.
Or should you try and get ahead of the
curve and look towards IR5.0 as
your new normal?
n Prof Graham Kendall is
the chief executive
officer, provost and pro-
vice-chancellor of the
University of
Nottingham Malaysia.
Twitter: @Graham_
Kendall
Blending technical vocational
education and training
with traditional academic
curricula, MSU enhances
competencies with industry
internships, community and
creative entrepreneurship,
and global exposure;
empowering MSU graduates
with the well-roundedness
desired and sought after by
employers.
meticulously crafted to enhance graduate
potential, producing graduates that are a
popular pick among employers. With 98.7%
of its graduates successfully securing
employment within six months of
graduation, MSU is ranked by the Education
Ministry as No.1 in Malaysia for graduate
employability. MSU also made the Top 100
Leading Graduate Employers list and
received the GradMalaysia 2019 Award for
Most Popular Graduate Employer in the
Education Sector. MSU is also rated 5 Star:
Excellent in the Rating System for Higher
Education Institutions in Malaysia, and is
named the Most Entrepreneurial Private
University in Malaysia.
Lifelong learning is vital for everybody
and not just for the insatiably curious.
Make lifelong learning a part of yourself,
advance in your professional life and gain
immense personal fulfilment.
n For a full range and information on
flexible programmes offered at MSU, call
03-5521 6868, email enquiry@msu.edu.my
or visit www.msu.edu.my
THE STAR, TUESDAY 18 AUGUST 2020 3
4 THE STAR, TUESDAY 18 AUGUST 2020
THE STAR, TUESDAY 18 AUGUST 2020
Supporting learners’
emotional well-being
UNDERSTANDING adult learners is
necessary to provide them with quality
education. The adult learner market has
become the focus for many higher
institutions in recent years. Due to the
increasing number of adult learners who
juggle academic study, and family and
career responsibilities, institutions must
find ways to meet their complex needs.
As learners, working adults may face a
huge psychological pressure, especially as
they are often pressed for time to meet
deadlines, revise materials and conduct
research while attending to other
responsibilities at work and home.
In fact, becoming a learner again can be
difficult, especially for those who are not
tech-savvy as online learning requires them
to be adept at using computers and digital
applications. Having little experience with
such tools may create challenges, which
may then lead to stress and anxiety.
As Malaysia’s first open and distance
learning institution with 20 years’
experience providing undergraduate and
postgraduate programmes to working
adults, Open University Malaysia (OUM)
recognises the unique needs of adult
learners and provides well-rounded support
services to help them maintain their mental
and emotional well-being throughout their
educational journey.
Acknowledging their challenges, we
provide counselling services and ensure
that the relevant staff are trained, well-
prepared and approachable for academic,
emotional and mental support.
Managed by the Centre for Learner
Affairs (CLA), the friendly e-Customer
Relationship Management system is
available for lodging enquiries, feedback,
suggestions and complaints. Learners can
access it via myINSPIRE, OUM’s learning
management system, and use it to reach the
university counsellor, who conducts
counselling sessions face-to-face or via
What is cryptocurrency?
IN 2017, Bitcoin was the fastest rising
currency in the world. The meteoric rise
and wide popularity of cryptocurrencies
in general surprised many, including
experienced economists and
financial analysts.
Fast forward three years later, the hype
over cryptocurrency may have died down
but this is not to say that cryptocurrency
has disappeared.
As recently as last month, Securities
Commission Malaysia added Binance – the
world’s largest cryptocurrency exchange
platform – on its Investor Alert List, which
lists out entities that do not comply with
the country’s securities law. Binance’s peer-
to-peer platform was reported to allow
users to buy cryptocurrencies including
Bitcoin, USD Tether and Ethereum using
Malaysian Ringgit.
In addition, the Securities Commission is
also planning a regulatory framework for
digital asset wallet providers to be built
into its existing cryptocurrency legislation.
These news prove that there is still
considerable interest in cryptocurrencies in
Malaysia. Yet, Bitcoin and other forms of
cryptocurrency is still a hard concept for
many people to grasp.
Recognising its growing acceptance
throughout the world, financial institutions
such as banks and accounting firms are
keeping a close eye on the developments of
cryptocurrency and how it will continue
affecting the market.
Here are a few things to know to help
you get up to speed with this online
phenomenon and its impact.
l Bitcoin is the most popular
cryptocurrency, introduced in 2009. Its
Postgraduate 5
By PROF
DATUK DR
MANSOR
FADZIL
To ensure a pleasant
and successful learning
experience, particularly
with regards to mental
and emotional health, CLA
also provides learners with
assistance in setting study
targets and goals as well
as relevant support should
they encounter learning
difficulties.
OUM strives to ensure its learners have a pleasant and successful learning experience by
setting up an e-Customer Relationship Management system for learners to lodge enquiries,
telephone or email. feedback, suggestions, complaints and seek counselling.
To ensure a pleasant and successful
learning experience, particularly with academic advice. caring institution, OUM pledges to do our
regards to mental and emotional health, Moreover, the Covid-19 pandemic has level best to guarantee that help is always at
CLA also provides learners with assistance reshaped our lives in ways that have hand anytime and anywhere.
in setting study targets and goals as well as compelled us to adapt to new rules and My advice to learners is, do not favour
relevant support should they encounter habits. During the Movement Control success over your health and well-being.
learning difficulties. Those with other Order, learners were house-bound while Both can always be achieved together.
issues, even personal ones, can also reach grappling with work, study and personal Learn to acknowledge if you have issues
out to the counsellor for advice. duties while worrying about the and do not be afraid to get help from the
Contrary to the commonly held uncertainties of the future. CLA or university staff. We care for you
assumption that adult learners have a firm Some reached out for help as they felt because your success is our pride.
grasp on their responsibilities and do not helpless and stressed while dealing with
need psychological aid, many learners do the difficult situation, while others reported n Prof Datuk Dr Mansor Fadzil is the
reach out to CLA for emotional support and panic attacks and feelings of anxiety. As a president and vice-chancellor of OUM.
As recently as last month,
Securities Commission
Malaysia added Binance
– the world’s largest
cryptocurrency exchange
platform – on its Investor
Alert List, which lists out
entities that do not comply
with the country’s securities
law. Binance’s peer-to-
peer platform was reported
to allow users to buy
cryptocurrencies including
Bitcoin, USD Tether and
Ethereum using Malaysian
Ringgit.
Many cryptocurrencies are decentralised networks based on block chain technology.
with high processing capabilities. started accepting cryptocurrency include
creation is attributed to Satoshi Nakamoto, Programmers have set a production/mining KFC Canada, Expedia,com, Subway, Tesla,
but the name is largely accepted as merely a cap at 21 million bitcoins. PayPal, Spotify and Rakuten.
pseudonym for an individual or, possibly, a l Cryptocurrency is fully online and its l Vendors, businesses, websites and apps
group of people. popularity rose due to its secure, dual-sided that accept cryptocurrency need to
l Cryptocurrency is decentralised, cryptographic system that protects incorporate a real-time rate converter
meaning it is not controlled by a centralised anonymity. The bad news is that this same (sometimes every minute) so as to always
bank or economic system. For this reason, its anonymous feature makes it a suitable have the most precise prices to charge for
price is highly volatile and subject to change platform for illegal activities. their products and services.
every minute. l Microsoft in 2014 was one of the first l The value of a single bitcoin never rose
l Though not controlled, new bitcoins can companies to accept Bitcoin as payment.
be “mined” using high-power computers Since then, other large corporations to have > TURN TO PAGE 6
6 Postgraduate
Hands-on training in ECE
IN early childhood education (ECE), the
quality of teachers is often seen as key for
educational excellence. Be it standalone
preschools, education groups or franchises,
all ECE institutions have become committed
in investing in their teaching staff. In
addition, this industry is a growing one, with
high demand and excellent career prospects,
thus making ECE programmes a popular
option for budding childcare professionals.
At Open University Malaysia (OUM), ECE
is offered at three levels: diploma, bachelor’s
and master’s. These programmes are
specially designed for principals,
administrators, teachers, caretakers,
childminders and those involved with young
learners. All three programmes ensure that
ECE practitioners have the necessary
knowledge, skills and attitudes involved
in child development and assessment,
curricular content, arts and music, learning
and pedagogy, health and safety, and
administrative and management skills.
In addition to a well-rounded curriculum,
one of the best advantages of the ECE
programmes at OUM is the simulation lab.
Equipped with up-to-date facilities for both
learners and educators, simulation labs
are a requirement set by the Malaysian
Qualifications Agency (MQA) for all private
institutions offering ECE programmes.
According to Mahani Abdul Malik,
programme director for the Diploma in ECE
(DECE) programme, these labs are meant to
replicate aspects of the real world in an
interactive and immersive manner. The labs
also offer several hands-on opportunities to
promote the knowledge and skills of ECE
learners who work with young children
from birth up to the age of six.
“Assisted and observed by experts, the
labs serve as a physical environment to
At Open University Malaysia
(OUM), ECE is offered
at three levels: diploma,
bachelor’s and master’s.
These programmes are
specially designed for
principals, administrators,
teachers, caretakers,
childminders and those
involved with young
learners.
expose learners and provide them with a
real experience with regards to the handling
of children,” she explains.
Mahani is also involved in observing and
supervising lab sessions. With 26 years in
this field, she has taught ECE locally and was
Early childhood education simulation labs in the university are set up to replicate aspects of the
real world in an interactive and immersive manner.
Fluctuating value
> FROM PAGE 5
above US$1 in 2010 with the highest price
recorded at US$0.39 (RM1.64). The value of
Bitcoin spiked in 2017 and peaked at around
US$19,783 (RM83,030) per bitcoin.
l On May 22, 2010, Laszlo Hanyecz made
the first real-world transaction by buying
two pizzas for 10,000 bitcoins.
l Though not controlled by banks, the
stand of central banks towards
cryptocurrency has influenced the value of
Bitcoin. Central banks around the world are
issuing warnings of a financial bubble and
even banning cryptocurrency trade, causing
many people to sell what they have, in turn
lowering the value.
l Bank Negara does not recognise
Though not controlled by banks,
the stand of Central banks towards
cryptocurrencies has influenced its
value.
THE STAR, TUESDAY 18 AUGUST 2020
involved in an early childhood project
with University of Southern Queensland,
Australia, and has experience teaching
children between the ages of two and 12.
“At OUM, we have set up simulation labs
at 10 different learning centres throughout
the country, including Shah Alam, Kota
Baru, Alor Setar, Johor Baru, Kuching and
Kota Kinabalu. All 10 labs are fully
equipped with preschool equipment such
as tables, baby cots, learning equipment,
Baby Anne CPR training manikins, and
others.
“They are meant to give learners the
opportunity to practise teaching in a
simulated classroom setting before they
begin practising in real life. This is
especially important for those who have not
had any experience or training in teaching,”
says Mahani, who is also a member of the
Early Childhood Care and Education
Council Malaysia and MQA board of panels.
n To find out more about DECE and other
programmes, call 03-7801 2000, WhatsApp
012-303 9935/019-357 9074, email enquiries
@oum.edu.my or visit www.oum.edu.my
cryptocurrency to be a legal payment
method and has initiated a policy that
requires digital currency exchange
operators to report their activities under
the Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-
Terrorism Financing and Proceeds of
Unlawful Activities Act 2001. This means
users of digital currencies will not be
covered under established disputed
resolution arrangements in the event of
any dispute or loss.
l Between December 2018 and July this
year, the value of Bitcoin rose from
US$3,300 (RM13,850) to US$10,944
(RM45,932). It is near impossible to predict
how cryptocurrency will continue to fare
but one thing is for sure – there will be
surprises along the way.
THE STAR, TUESDAY 18 AUGUST 2020
Careers redefined
THE Faculty of Humanities at Curtin
University Malaysia (Curtin Malaysia) offers
postgraduate coursework degrees in policy
sciences and project management, including
graduate certificate and diploma courses
leading to the full degree, in the case of the
Master of Science in Project Management.
The Master of Policy Sciences, which is
offered in both full- and part-time modes
with options for face-to-face or online
teaching, helps students develop a
foundation in the core areas of policy
analysis and management in the public
sector. This factor convinced the Sarawak
state government to sponsor cohorts of
senior officers to pursue the Master of
Policy Sciences, with lectures and labs
conducted both at the Curtin Malaysia
campus in Miri and the state
government’s public administration
training centre in Kuching.
Meanwhile, the Master of Science in
Project Management course, which is
identical in all respects to the one offered
at the Perth campus, helps students gain
the understanding, knowledge and skills
necessary for becoming effective
project managers.
In the Graduate Certificate in Project
Management course, students examine
project management and its processes,
including history, definitions, attributes,
objectives and success. They also explore
the characteristics and activities of the
project life cycle, along with the functions of
planning, organisation and control, as well
as consider cost and value management
processes within a project environment.
Besides that, the Graduate Diploma in
Project Management course builds on the
curriculum of the graduate certificate to
include topics in project quality, risk and
procurement management and
managerial effectiveness.
The Master of Science in Project
Management builds on the curriculum of
the graduate diploma to incorporate studies
in strategic planning, stakeholder
management, communication management
and project management information
systems. Students will prepare and develop
an individual research project report under
the guidance of experienced academic staff.
The postgraduate programmes at Curtin
Malaysia are growing rapidly as the campus
gains wider recognition as a leading
provider of postgraduate education in the
region. In addition to policy sciences and
project management, it offers a range of
other coursework master’s programmes in
engineering and business, as well as Master
of Philosophy and Doctor of Philosophy
programmes by research.
n More information on Curtin Malaysia
can be found at curtin.edu.my, or on its
Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and
LinkedIn pages.
Postgraduate 7
Psychology and
its applications
ZARIV Chew Long Kwan, Bachelor of Social as he has an excellent understanding
Science (Hons) in Psychology graduate who regarding the direction of my research.”
was also a Book Prize winner, shares what
he has learnt during his studies at TAR UC. n To find out more about the psychology
“During the first year of study, the focus was programmes offered by TAR UC, visit www.
on the fundamentals of psychology. In tarc.edu.my or visit the Info Day from Sept
Introduction to Psychology, the method of 11-13 at all campuses nationwide. More
using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual information about the Info Day will soon be
of Mental Disorders was introduced. made available on TAR UC’s official website
“The subject of Industrial and and Facebook page. Application for TAR UC’s
Organisational Psychology mostly focus on September/October 2020 and January 2021
an organisation’s perspective on human intakes is now in progress. Students can
behavior. For example, types of leadership submit their applications online at www.tarc.
style, employee behaviour and motivational edu.my. Attractive scholarships are available
theories,” he says. at TAR UC on the basis of academic merit
“During the second year of study, focus and sibling discount for eligible students.
was on the specific areas of psychology. In
Abnormal Psychology, understanding
mental disorders was the main theme of the
subject. During the third year of study, the
focus was on the research aspect of
psychology, and students must complete the
Final Year Project.”
Chew shares that he enjoys the learning
process in his current Master’s in
Psychology programme. “Being able to
pursue a topic that I take great interest in,
which is Industry 4.0, and obtaining support
to do research on that topic, is my ultimate
dream. I am currently still in my first
semester, but I have already learned a lot
from my lecturers.
“Prof Ananda Kumar Palaniappan is my
current supervisor and lecturer. It is a great
honour to be studying under such a
knowledgeable individual who has
contributed so much to the educational
psychology field with his research focusing
on creativity. Since I will also be focusing on
the educational aspect of implementing Chew in the
Industry 4.0 in Malaysia, any comment and psychology
input from Prof Ananda will be invaluable laboratory.
8 Postgraduate
When East meets West
ACUPUNCTURE originates from traditional
Chinese medicine (TCM) and is one of the
most popular complementary therapies in
the western world. The insertion and
manipulation of needles along specific body
points often used for a range of health
problems is a traditional Chinese treatment.
However, a therapeutic adaptation of the
traditional treatment, which is commonly
associated with western medical
acupuncture, is nebulously confusing to the
public. To add more confusion into the mix,
there is now something called dry needling,
which seems suspiciously like acupuncture,
despite its name.
The difference between western and
eastern acupuncture is clearly manifested.
Conceptually, the western model uses
anatomy, physiology and western medical
principles, while eastern is philosophy-
based. On the other side of the coin, medical
acupuncture, performed by medical doctors,
focuses on treatment strategies on points
within the body that lend themselves to
pain and tension relief, and is largely
associated with soft tissue repair and
pain management.
Dry needling, often used by physical
therapists and chiropractors to release
muscle knots and trigger points, is
commonly used for treating musculoskeletal
conditions. Obviously, the outcomes for
medical acupuncture and dry needling are
chiefly symptom-centric, drawing
distinctions from TCM acupuncture, which
is grounded in holism, that is, treating the
whole body rather than targeting the
problem alone.
Chinese medicine practitioner-cum-
postgraduate student Amelia Ang is a
graduate of the pioneer cohort of the IMU
Bachelor of Chinese Medicine programme
to receive a degree from RMIT University,
Australia, via the credit transfer
collaboration between the two universities.
The demand for traditional and complementary medicine services is growing and quickly
becoming all the more common in mainstream healthcare.
She has since graduated and joined
IMU Healthcare to work as a Chinese
medicine practitioner.
After a few years of practising at IMU
Healthcare, she realised that there is an
increasing demand for traditional and
complementary medicine services,
especially evidenced-based acupuncture.
She is enthusiastic towards the new hybrid
treatment – an integration of modern
medicine and Chinese medicine – in
mainstream healthcare, and is looking
forward to the inter-professional learning
from the IMU Master of Science in
Acupuncture, together with western
medicine professionals.
In a nutshell, acupuncture is widely
considered a safe treatment when conducted
by a qualified practitioner. Remarkably, it is
the difference in education that can vary
widely in clinical competencies. Acupuncture
modality consistently demands rigorous
clinical hours training based on Chinese
medicine theory. Importantly, the
controversy behind these therapies is that
many professionals believe that its dubious
term is coined so the people performing it
can bypass any kind of meaningful training.
Acupuncture is being performed in
hospital emergency rooms today. Patients
THE STAR, TUESDAY 18 AUGUST 2020
Acupuncture is widely
considered a safe treatment
when conducted by a
qualified practitioner.
Remarkably, it is the
difference in education that
can vary widely in
clinical competencies.
are learning that this medicine is growing in
popularity. A patient’s awareness of various
needling terms needs to be clarified. Because
of the wide disparity in training, before any
practitioner places needles in the patient’s
body, it would be a good practice for patients
to ask these practitioners if they are trained
to do so. Most importantly, the notion of
acupuncture practice acknowledges the
importance of living in tune with the
surroundings to balance health, both in
body and in mind. It is a mindful practice
with a variety of benefits for those in the
right education setting and clinical
competency trainings.
If you have a degree in TCM, medicine, or
equivalent, consider enrolling in the 2.5-year
Master of Science in Acupuncture at IMU.
The uniquely designed programme structure
encompasses both traditional knowledge as
well as scientific research endeavours.
Enrolment is in September, and intake for
this programme is once a year.
n For more information about this or
other postgraduate programmes, call 03-2731
7272, email postgraduate@imu.edu.my or
visit www.imu.edu.my