CH02 Aplicaciones Del Diodo

Chapter 2:
Diode Applications
Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Digital Electronics Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 1
Load Line
The Load Line plots all possible current (ID) conditions for all voltages applied to the
diode (VD) in a given circuit. E/R is the maximum ID and E is the maximum VD.
Where the Load Line and the Characteristic Curve intersect is the Q point, which specifies
a particular ID and VD for a given circuit.
Slide 2
Diode Approximations
In Forward Bias:
Silicon Diode: VD = .7V
Germanium Diode: VD = .3V
In Reverse Bias:
Both diodes act like opens VD = source voltage and ID =0A

Slide 3 Diode in DC Series Circuit: Forward Bias
The diode is forward biased.

• VD = .7V (or VD = E if E < .7V) [Formula 2.4]
• VR = E – VD [Formula 2.5]
• ID = IR = IT = VR /R [Formula 2.6]
Slide 4 Diode in DC Series Circuit: Reverse Bias
The diode is reverse biased.

• VD = E
• VR = 0V
• ID = IR = IT = 0A
Slide 5 Diode in any DC Circuit
Solve this circuit like any Series/Parallel circuit,

knowing VD = .7V (or up to .7V) in forward bias
and as an open in reverse bias.
VD1 = VD2 = Vo = .7V
VR = 9.3V
Diodes in parallel are used to limit current:
IR = E – VD = 10V - .7V = 28mA
R .33k
Robert Boylestad
Digital Electronics
ID1 = ID2 = 28mA/2 = 14mA Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Slide 6
Diodes in AC Circuits
The diode only conducts when it is in forward bias,

therefore only half of the AC cycle passes through the diode.
Slide 7 Half Wave Rectifier
Diodes convert AC to DC in a process called rectification.

The diode only conducts for one-half of the AC cycle. The remaining half is either all
positive or all negative. This is a crude AC to DC conversion.
The DC Voltage out of the diode :

VDC = 0.318Vm [Formula 2.7]
where Vm = the peak voltage

Slide 8
PIV (PRV)
Because the diode is only forward biased for one-half of the AC
cycle, it is then also off for one-half of the AC cycle. It is important
that the reverse breakdown voltage rating of the diode be high
enough to withstand the peak AC voltage.
PIV (PRV) > Vm [Formula 2.9]
PIV = Peak Inverse Voltage; PRV = Peak Reverse Voltage

Vm = Peak AC Voltage

Slide 9 Full Wave Rectification
The rectification process can be improved by using more diodes in a Full Wave
Rectifier circuit.
Full Wave rectification produces a greater DC output.

Slide 10
Full Wave Rectifier Circuits
There are two Full Wave Rectifier circuits:
• Bridge Rectifier
• Center –Taped Transformer Rectifier

Slide 11 Bridge Rectifier Circuit
Four diodes are required.
VDC = 0.636 Vm [Formula 2.10]

Slide 12 Operation of the Bridge Rectifier Circuit
For the positive half of the AC cycle:
For the negative half of the AC cycle:

Slide 13 Center–Tapped Transformer Rectifier Circuit
Two diodes and a center-tapped transformer are required.
VDC = 0.636(Vm)
Note that Vm here is the transformer secondary voltage to the tap.

Slide 14 Operation of the Center–Tapped Transformer
Rectifier Circuit
For the positive half of the AC cycle:
For the negative half of the AC cycle:

Slide 15
Rectifier Circuit Summary
Rectifier Ideal VDC Realistic VDC

Half Wave Rectifier VDC = 0.318Vm VDC = 0.318Vm - .7V
Bridge Rectifier VDC = 0.636(Vm) VDC = 0.636(Vm) – 2(.7V)
Center-Tapped Transformer VDC = 0.636(Vm) VDC = 0.636(Vm) - .7V
Rectifier
Note: Vm = peak of the AC voltage. Be careful, in the center tapped transformer rectifier
circuit the peak AC voltage is the transformer secondary voltage to the tap.

Slide 16 Clipper Diode Circuit
Diodes “clip” a portion of the AC wave.
The diode “clips” any voltage that does not put it in forward bias. That
would be a reverse biasing polarity and a voltage less than .7V for a
Robert Boylestad
silicon diode. Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 17 Variations of the Clipper Circuit
By adding a DC source to the circuit, the voltage required to forward bias the diode can be
changed.

Slide 18 Changing Output Perspective
By taking the output across the diode, the output is now the voltage when the diode is
not conducting.
A DC source can also be added to change the diode’s required forward bias voltage.
Slide 19 Clipper Circuits Summary

Slide 19 Clipper Circuits Summary

Slide 20 Clamper Diode Circuits
A diode in conjunction with a capacitor can be used to “clamp” an AC signal to a specific

DC level.

Slide 20 Clamper Diode Circuits
A diode in conjunction with a capacitor can be used to “clamp” an AC signal to a specific
DC level.

Slide 21 Variations of Clamper Circuits
The input signal can be any type of waveform: sine, square, triangle wave, etc.
You can adjust the DC camping level with a DC source.

Slide 22 Summary of Clamper Circuits

Slide 23 Zener Diode
The Zener is a diode operated in reverse bias at the Zener Voltage (V z).
Slide 24
Zener Calculations
Determine the state of the Zener:

if Vi  Vz, then the Zener is biased “on” ; the Zener is at Vz
if Vi < Vz, then the diode is biases “off” ; Vz = Vi
For Vi  Vz:
The Zener voltage
[Formula 2.16]
The Zener current IZ = I R - IL [Formula

2.18]
The Zener Power PZ = VZ IZ [Formula 2.19]
For Vi < Vz:

The Zener acts like an open.
Slide 24 Zener Calculations

Slide 25
Load Resistance in a Zener Circuit

The size of the load resistor affects the current in the Zener.
•RL is too large
Not enough current through the Zener and it is biased “off”.
The minimum current for a Zener is given as IZK in the data sheets.
ILmin  IR - IZM [Formula 2.25]

VZ
RLmax  [Formula 2.26]
ILmin
•RL is too small
Too much current in the Zener and it avalanches and is quickly destroyed.
The maximum current for a Zener is given as IZM in the data sheets.
VL VZ
ILmax   [Formula 2.21]
RL RLMIN
RV Z
RLMIN  [Formula 2.20]
Vi  VZ
Slide 26
Voltage Multiplier Circuits
Voltage multiplier circuits use a combination of diodes and

capacitors to step up the output voltage of rectifier circuits.
•Voltage Doubler
•Voltage Tripler
•Voltage Quadrupler

Slide 27 Voltage Doubler
This half-wave voltage doubler’s output can be calculated as
Vout = VC2 = 2Vm
Vm = peak secondary voltage of the transformer.

Slide 28 Operation of a Voltage Doubler Circuit
The 1st capacitor charges up to Vm during the positive half of the cycle,
then the 2nd capacitor charges up to Vm in the same polarity as the 1st capacitor,
finally the output is the sum of the voltages across both capacitors:
Vout = 2Vm

Slide 29 Voltage Tripler and Quadrupler Circuits
By adding more diode-capacitor networks the voltage can be increased.

Slide 30
Practical Applications of Diode Circuits
Rectifier Circuits
Conversions of AC to DC for DC operated circuits
Battery Charging Circuits
Simple Diode Circuits

Protective Circuits against
Overcurrent
Polarity Reversal
Currents caused by an inductive kick in a relay circuit
Zener Circuits
Overvoltage Protection
Setting Reference Voltages


CH02 Aplicaciones Del Diodo

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH02 Aplicaciones Del Diodo

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2:

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The diode is forward biased.

The diode is reverse biased.

Solve this circuit like any Series/Parallel circuit,

The diode only conducts when it is in forward bias,

Diodes convert AC to DC in a process called rectification.

The DC Voltage out of the diode :

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

PIV (PRV) > Vm [Formula 2.9]

PIV = Peak Inverse Voltage; PRV = Peak Reverse Voltage

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Full Wave rectification produces a greater DC output.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Full Wave Rectifier Circuits

There are two Full Wave Rectifier circuits:

• Center –Taped Transformer Rectifier

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Four diodes are required.

VDC = 0.636 Vm [Formula 2.10]

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

For the negative half of the AC cycle:

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Two diodes and a center-tapped transformer are required.

Note that Vm here is the transformer secondary voltage to the tap.

For the negative half of the AC cycle:

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Rectifier Circuit Summary

Rectifier Ideal VDC Realistic VDC

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

A diode in conjunction with a capacitor can be used to “clamp” an AC signal to a specific

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Determine the state of the Zener:

The Zener current IZ = I R - IL [Formula

For Vi < Vz:

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Load Resistance in a Zener Circuit

ILmin  IR - IZM [Formula 2.25]

Voltage Multiplier Circuits

Voltage multiplier circuits use a combination of diodes and

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

This half-wave voltage doubler’s output can be calculated as

Vout = VC2 = 2Vm

Vm = peak secondary voltage of the transformer.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

By adding more diode-capacitor networks the voltage can be increased.

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Practical Applications of Diode Circuits

Simple Diode Circuits

Robert Boylestad Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.

You might also like