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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

(3 spaces)
Introduction
The introduction in any research work provides a provides a preliminary

information about the topic being investigated. This should arouse the interest of

the reader and encourage them to continue reading the full paper. It should

discuss the salient ideas, arguments and reasons for conducting the study.

In writing the introduction , the researcher should be able to describe the

trends and issues of the problem in the global, national and local setting. This

can be strengthened by citing legal bases and can be supported by

authoritative statements from the experts and professionals. The contribution of

the study to socio-economic, cultural, scientific , political developments can be

cited to make the research more convincing and worth reading.

The last paragraph of the introduction gives a clinching statement that

will connect the introduction to the statement of the problem.

(3 spaces)

Statement of the Problem

The statement of the problem presents the general and specific objectives

of the study. The general problem must be based need and must reflect the

noteworthy contribution to the body of knowledge. It must be within the

experience, field of specialization and interest of the researcher. The study to be

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conducted should consider the availability of time, budget and data. It must also

present the interrelationships of the different variables used in the study. The

problem should be specific, measurable, attainable, reliable and time bound.

The specific problems are problems that help in finding the solution to

the general problem. Presentation of the specific problems should be arranged

from factual to analytical

(3 spaces)

Scope and Limitation

The scope and limitation of the study indicates the boundary where the

study is to be conducted in terms of geographical location, time frame, variables

to be tested, the population of study, the instruments used in data gathering, the

methodology and the statistical tools to be used in processing data.

(3 spaces)

Locale of the Study

The locale of the study describes the venue where the study is to be

conducted such as the geographical location, topography, the population, the

area, historical background of the area, current situation of the area and many

more which the researcher believes to have bearing in her study.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

(3 spaces)

Related Literature

Meaning of Related Literature. A literature review is an account of what

has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. In writing

the literature review, the purpose is to convey to the reader what knowledge and

ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and

weaknesses are. As a piece of writing, the literature review must be defined by a

guiding concept (e.g., your research objective, the problem or issue you are

discussing, or your argumentative thesis). It is not just a descriptive list of the

material available, or a set of summaries. (Taylor, 2010)

Development of the literature review. According to Allen (1996) the

literature review requires four stages and these are the problem formulation,

literature search, data evaluation and analysis and interpretation.

Writing the Literature Review. The BOR (2011) of the University of

Wisconsin suggests the the literature review must contain the introduction, the

body and the conclusion. It must define or identify the general topic, issue, or

area of concern, thus providing an appropriate context for reviewing the

literature. It should Point out overall trends in what has been published about the

topic; or conflicts in theory, methodology, evidence, and conclusions; or gaps in

research and scholarship; or a single problem or new perspective of immediate

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interest and establish the writer's reason (point of view) for reviewing the

literature; explain the criteria to be used in analyzing and comparing literature

and the organization of the review (sequence); and, when necessary, state why

certain literature is or is not included (scope). The body of the literature contains

the summary of the individual studies or articles with as much or as little detail

as each merits according to its comparative importance in the literature,

remembering that space (length) denotes significance. It provides the reader with

strong "umbrella" sentences at beginnings of paragraphs, "signposts" throughout,

and brief "so what" summary sentences at intermediate points in the review to

aid in understanding comparisons and analyses. For the conclusion , the major

contributions of significant studies and articles to the body of knowledge under

review, maintaining the focus established in the introduction is then the current

"state of the art is evaluated .

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Related Studies

First Subtopics. The subtopics presents concisely the different studies

related to research being undertaken. In the discussion, the objectives, and

the significant findings are included. Some researchers consider the

methodology, the research design and other things which they believe will

contribute in the conduct of the study.

Second Subtopics . The subtopics chosen are bold and only the first

letter of the words are capitalized. Related literature can foreign and local and

can be presented in one subtopic. If possible, the topics chosen are those from

the most recent publication. There can be as many subtopics as can be

provided that they are relevant to the current study and can be useful in the

discussion of the data gathered. Proper citation should be strictly observed to

avoid the issue on plagiarism .

(3 spaces)

Synthesis of the Art.

This should discuss the similarities and differences of the collected

related studies with the study being conducted.

(3 spaces)

Gap Bridged by the Study

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This should present how the study can contribute to the body of

knowledge. Specifically, it shows the expected outcomes of the study which has

not been generated yet.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework provides the discussion of the

interrelationships of the independent and dependent variables. This also include

discussion on the presence of intervening variables and how they were controlled

in the study. The conceptual framework also shows how the study is to be

investigating showing its major output or expected outcome.

The conceptual framework is supported by a conceptual model presented

in diagrams. Each variables or key words are represented by shapes and are

interconnected by arrows or lines. . The conceptual model should be presented

in one page .
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Variable
2

Variable 3

Figure 1. The conceptual framework showing the relationships of the different

variables under study.
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Definition of Terms

Term 1. The terms to be defined are the key words, variables and

concepts found in the conceptual framework.

Term 2. Terms can be defined operationally or conceptually. Operational

definition of terms are those terms that describes the usability of the term in the

study. Concpetual definition of terms are those taken from the dictionary..

Term 3. Terms to be defined are indented, bold , part of the paragraph

and ended by a period as shown in this example.

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CHAPTER III

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

(3 spaces)
Research Design

This determine the kind of research design used in the study. It can be

qualitative or quantitative . Specifically, if the study is qualitative, the research

design can be ethnographic, case study and documentary analysis . If the study

is quantitative , the study can be correlation, survey, The research design can

also be experimental, descriptive, or historical.

(3 spaces)

Sampling Techniques.

This describes the population of the study , how they were chosen

through an appropriate sampling method.

(3 spaces)

Data Gathering Instruments

In this topic , the instruments used in the study were identified. The use

of each instruments in the study presented. If the study used a survey

instrument, the researcher how it was prepared should explain how it was

prepared and validated.

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Data Gathering Procedure.

Procedure for Problem No. 1. Indented and part of the paragraph., Bold,

capitalize each word.

Procedure for Problem No. 2

Procedure for Problem No. 3

Statistical Treatments

Statistic Tool 1. Discuss the statistical treatments used and how this

will be applied in the study. Indicate the formula .

Statistic Tool 2.
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CHAPTER IV

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

3 spaces

Topic for Objective 1

Introduction or presentation of the topic.

Table 1
Title of the table in sentence form.

Profile Teaching Non Teaching

N % N %

First paragraph presents the narrative discussion of the data

Second paragraph shows the analysis of the data.

Third paragraph discusses the interpretation of the findings of the study.

3 spaces

Topic for Objective 2

Introduction or presentation of the topic.

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BS Bio
30%

BS Geo
50%

BSMAth
20%

Figure 2. The enrolment trend in the Science Programs of Partido State

University.

3 spaces

First paragraph presents the narrative discussion of the data

Second paragraph shows the analysis of the data.

Third paragraph discusses the interpretation of the findings of the study.

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CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

(3 spaces)

Summary.

Discuss the problem of the study and how the data in each problem were

generated

(3 spaces)

Problem No. 1. State problem number 1.

Findings. Discuss the significant findings for problem no. 1. It should

present relevant figures and data useful in answering the problem.

Conclusion: Give the conclusion based on the findings. It should answer

problem no. 1.

(3 spaces)

Problem No. 2. State problem number 2.

Findings. Discuss the significant findings for problem no. 2. It should

present relevant figures and data useful in answering the problem.

Conclusion: Give the conclusion based on the findings. It should answer

problem no. 2
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Problem No. 3. State problem number 3.

Findings. Discuss the significant findings for problem no. 3. It should

present relevant figures and data useful in answering the problem.

Conclusion: Give the conclusion based on the findings. It should answer

problem no. 3
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REFERENCES NOTES

Follow the APA style in citing the references