Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1Ashenafi Molla................RU/1183/12
I
Table of
Contents Pages
CHAPTER ONE………………………………………………….....1
1.Introduction…………………………………………………...…...1
1.1.Background of The Study………………………………….......1
1.2.Descripition Of The Study……………………………………..3
1.3.Statement Of Problem…………………………………….........4
1.4.Objective Of The Study………………………………………..5
1.4.1.General Objective……………………………………….....5
1.4.2.Specific Objective………………………………………….5
1.5 Research Question ……………………………………………..5
1.6 Significance Of The Study…………………………………..…6
1.7 Scope Of The Study…………………………………………....6
CHAPTER THREE………………………………………………….7
3.RESEARTCH METHODOLOG…………… ………………….....7
3.1.Research Design……………………………………………...…8
3.2 Population,Sample And Sampling Techniques………………....8
3.2.1 Study Population……………………………………….........8
3.2.2 Sample Size And Sample Techniques…………………….....9
3.3.Data Source ,Data Gathering Tools And Data Analysis Techniques…9
3.3.1 Data source……..………………………………………………….9
3.3.2 Data Gathering Tools……………………………………………...10
3.3.3.Data Analyasis Technique…………………………………………10
Time budget………………………………………………………………..12
Reference……………………………………………………………………14
II
CHAPTER ONE
1. Introduction
1
transition is slow the absences of progressive parties and the lack of diffusion of power
may hinder the effective participation of women. Unless they have an independent voice
to articulate their concerns women’s participation will remain symbolic “Inclusion
without engendered equality yields only distractive participation” (Brocklehurst 2003).
In a context where local communities are empowered, women have a better chance of
enhance participation at local level. Such participation provides women with the
opportunity of gain experience build a social base and acquire real power over time
Women’s participation in political parties is critical for women’s access to politics and
elected offices. It is important for women to take on leadership roles in order to influence
the general policy of their party and to ensure the inclusion of gender friendly agendas.
On the other hand it only through the transformation of political parties that women lane
participates effectively in politics).
The best known women’s movement is that engaged in political efforts to change the role
and status of women in society. Such political movement by women on their own behalf
often referred to as feminist movement. They have jumped in turned on the lights and
galvanized other to join them in smaller corner of their lives or no center strategies
women change.
The block hole of political to what it showed is the methods man ever principles and
practices of public affairs. According to women’s political participation, women’s ability
to participate equally with men at all level in all aspects of Political life and decision
making women constitution slightly more than half of the world population their
contribution to social and economic development of societies is also more than half of
compared to that of men by virtue of their dual roles in the productive and reproductive
spheres (The world Book Encyclopedia).
Historically, women have played a relatively small role in politics as a global level, more
than have of a history of African; women were not even given the right to vote. However,
women today are as active as men in most electoral activities and generally turn out in
2
higher number to vote in election (, Daniel.V:2003). Many studies conclude and some
simply assume that women’s political behaviors are dominated by the men in their lives
in the first place wives are presumed to adopt the political views of their husbands.
Thus observing the similar in political outlook between spouses the almost perfect
agreement between husband and wife comes about as a result of male dominance in
political situation (Vllky Randal 1987). The question of women’s political participation is
also become up to agenda in the third world countries including Ethiopia.
So Ethiopian constitution granted the right of women to participation in political process
for instance Article 38(1) described the participation of women as equal with men by
stating that
Every Ethiopian nation without any discrimination based on color, race, nationality, sex
language, religion, political other opinion or other status has the right to take part conduct
of public affairs directly and through chosen representative (FDRE Constitution article
35). Even if the constitutions is granted this right still the problem have been persist and
need an urgent proper possible solution to enhance women political participation in Dubti
Town as well.
3
1.3. Statement of Problem
Women constitute almost half of Axum town’s population and contribute immensely,
economically and socially towards the socio economic development of the Axum
town.Unfortunately,their participation at all levels of decision making in Axum town is
very law(Own survey, 2008).
This can be attributed to the daunting challenges women have to face in their quest to
entre in to politics. Some of these challenges range from cultural stereotypes that
consider women to be better fit for the reproductive duties such as child birth and the
domestic care support for the proper growth of the family which in most case are never
antified(Ballington,2005).It cannot, however,be over emphasized that at all national level
needs the role of women in decision at all levels.
This has led to the proliferation of non-governmental organization s and feminist groups
who claim to be empowering the woman to take their rightful places in decision making
in all sphere of life (Hey wood;1995)
The FDRE constitution, Article 38(2) states or expresses the right of women in the
political process. However, the provision of such right under the constitution does not
mean is strongly or clearly protect them from challenges. This means that there are
barriers that limit the active participation of women at lower and high level of decision
making.
From these barriers some of them are religious, economic, societal attitude towards
women and cultural barriers. Even if the current government ratified several international
conventions, enact laws and political discourse such as Article 35(3), it expressed the
historical legacy of inequality and discrimination suffered women in Ethiopia.In order to
remedy plus to prove special attention have been given to women so as to enable them
complete and participate on the basis of equality with men in political social and
economic life as well as in public and private institution that aims to address the right of
women as well as to empower them to level of decision making at proportional rate with
4
men (FDRE constitution 1995). However the persistence of predominance of male over
women beliefs challenges women active political participation.
Even though, the study of Daniel and Hobby (2002) on the factors that affecting the
participation of women’s with special concern to women’s political participation. And
their work is unfulfilled to the practical situation of the contemporary world.The main
object of the researcher were mainly focused on works that women’s political
participation is an issue at the global and national level in general and in the study area
in particular. While there is no comprehensive study carried out on the assessing the role
of women’s political participation in the study area.There fore, the researcher is very
interested to that conduct this study, particularly on examining Factors Affecting
women’s political participation, by filling this gaps and other uncovered problems in the
study area.
The general objective of the study is to assess the Factor Affecting women political
participation in the case of Axum Town.
5
What are the challenges that hinder women’s association to enhance women’s
political participation in Axum town?
To what extent women’s are participate in the political affairs in Axum town?
What are the Role of women’s in every socio political affairs of the society in
Axum town?
CHAPTER THREE
6
3.RESEARCH METHODOLOG
The method employed for this study is mixed research approach. This approach,
according to Burke (2007), is the only method that fully combines methods of different
types (quantitative and qualitative) providing a more elaborated understanding of the
phenomenon of interest (including its context) and, as well gaining a greater confidence
in the conclusion generated by the evaluation of the study.
Patton(2000) also stated that mixed method is the type of research approach in which
researchers combine elements of quantitative and qualitative approaches (e.g., use of
quantitative and qualitative viewpoints, data collection, analysis, inference techniques)
for the purpose of breadth and depth of understanding and corroboration.
Mixed research approach minimizes some of the limitations of using single method
because quantitative or qualitative research methods are not sufficient to address the
complex social phenomena when they are treated separately. In other words, qualitative
methods suffer from the limitations of generalizing the results beyond the specific
research area and go through subjectivity during data collection and analysis. The
quantitative method on the other hand, always fails to capture an in-depth understanding
of issues (Tsegaye, 2012). Accordingly, for this study the researcherused quantitative
method to assess Factors Affecting women’s political participation in the study area. On
the other hand, qualitative method used to supplement the quantitative method.
7
The reason why the researcher mainly used qualitative method is because the quantitative
methods enable the researcher to put facts and human behaviors in numeric terms so that
there is an accurate measurement (Alan 1988).
As Beth and Lisa (2011) pointed out, in the explanatory research design the qualitative
data used to supplement, explain, triangulate, to enhance, and in some cases follow up the
qualitative findings. Therefore, for this study, the researcher used qualitative method to
assess the role of women’s association in enhancing women’s political participation and
the qualitative method also will be used to supplement the quantitative result. Finally, the
Researcher is triangulating the data obtaine from quantitative and qualitative data during
data analysis.
8
researcher use purposive (non probability) sampling technique to select 5 participants
from woreda administration office, women’s office andother concerned bodies .
For interviewee mentioned that, purposive sampling is a form of sampling in which the
selection of the sample is based on the judgment of the researcher as to which subjects
best fit the criteria of the study. In this case, interviewee and key informants will be
selected when they are believed to be a source of relevant data for the study. Due to this
fact, sampling in this study will be a process of activity seeking from those highly
informed persons for the aforementioned objectives of the study. The selected
participants and key informants will be people who are well informed about the issue to
provide the information (Roger, 2003).
3.3 Data Source, Data Gathering Tools and Data Analysis Techniques
9
researcher will use 2 types of data collecting instruments. i.e. Questionnaire and
interview.
3.3.2.1. Questionnaire
According to Marshal and Rossman (1995), the aim of administering a questionnaire is to
Gain knowledge about the quantitative distribution of characteristics, attitudes and
beliefs. Remenyi (1998) noted that, the use of questionnaire survey helps to get opinion
and Attitude information not easily observed or is not already available in written or
computerized form. Accordingly, for this study, the researcher will be used open and
close ended questionnaire to get valuable data on the Factor that Affect women’s
politicalparticipation. The research questionnaire will be prepared in Amharic. Because
of It’s carefully articulated to ensure clarity, to avoid bias, to avoid language ambiguity
and to get reliable data.
3.3.2.2. Interview
Interview will be conducted with the higher official of Axum women’s bureau office in
Axum Town.Interview is serving as important source for the researcher to collect
pertinent and relevant data about their participation in politics in Axum Town.
10
textually to substantiate the statistical results from the structured questionnaire. In
general, the collected data will be analyzed through narrations and description.
11
Time budget
Jun
No Activity Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar App May
1 Specifying the X
area of the study
2 Title selection X
3 Literature review X
4 Preparing the X
proposal
5 Data collection X X
6 Data editing X
7 Data analysis X
8 Conclusion of X
the finding
9 recommendation X
X
10 Submission and
presentation of
the study
12
No Task description Number of unit Unit of cost Total
1 Pen 4 8 32
2 Paper ½ packet 200 100
3 Binding 2 10 20
4 Transport 4 times in month 7 56
5 Flash 1 190 190
6 Print 51 1.5 76.5
Total 474.5
13
14
REFERENCE
Alan, B. . .(1988.) Quantity and Quality in Social Research. First published 1988 by Unwin
Barry,F(2005), Women’s political participation: Issue and challenges:Ghana:United Nation
Beth A. and Lisa, T.( 2011). Designing and conducting mixed method studies. workshop for
Burke, J. (2007). Toward a Definition of Mixed Methods Research. London: Sage Publication
Patton, M. (2000). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. London: Sage
Challenges and options :Acra:woeli publication, Countries, New York: John wiley and sons.Free
press. Hartford: Kumarian press
Hyman Ltd simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by
Karam,A(2010),Strengthening he role of women parliamentarians in the Arab Regions:
Laurel Rancherias on verta ToylonNacy whiten .(2001) feminist frontiers ed gender and the law.
Mugo, Micere (1975)” The Role of Women in the Struggle for freedom” New York; The
Ndegwa Stephan (1996) The two faces of Civil Society ;NGO and politics in Africa West
presented at a workshop in Nairobi pressPublication.
Ramazanoglu, Caroline(1989) Feminism and the contradictions of Oppression, London
Randall V.(1997) Women and politics: An International perspective, London: Macmillan
Rutledge press. Rutledge.
Smoke Chapman A. and Janet Zollinger(1997) Women: Roles and Status in Eight the society
for social work and research annual meeting. and Lisa
The world book encyclopedia volumeII. Vicky Randall, 1987, women and politics of
international perspective. 2nd university of Chicago press.
Wonjohi Nick(2000) “Financing of political parties; Problems and Challenges”, A paper
15