THE TRANSFORMATION OF (\ sTRATEGIES OF DISTINCTION ‘The Construction of Ethic Communities, 300-800 worm wy WALTER POHL HELMUT REIMITZ STRATEGIES OF DISTINCTION QNXOU 4 ae“Tonk pred nee per. teary of Conese Cataloging a-Pulcton Date “crantitsts Mmreat ct eat see ES ae ree tne ie Deetache Bion - CIs Steels of dination: be maroon ef tle communi, SSB eval in “Te Chr 198 iii Ye, Th ede conTENTS Tnvoductin: Seateges of diction ‘Water Phd Sins ond ies ‘eling the dierence: Sign of ethnic identity ‘Walker Pol ‘Archaeology, ethiy and the errr of ienifcaon: ‘The example ofthe Avan, Carananians and Moran in the igh centary Falko Daim Disappearing and eappeating tibet nnn 8 Pr Heather [Nomen et ges Poltcl and Hnguicampec of peronal ‘ames between the third and he eighth centay worn, MS ‘rg Jart isin anders Remarls about relaons betwen Viigo and “Hapano-Romans inthe seventh century coe WT Dietrich Claude (Citizen statu and Law in the Roman Empire and the Visigotie Kingdom on sees 1s ‘Wolf Liebe ‘The arrival of the Visigots in Hipaia: Population ‘robes and th proces of acculturation Gisela Ripa Lip ‘The appropriation of Roman law in barbarian hand: “Romar” marine in Vie a at Spain oe ee) Hagin SivanLegal practice and ele Wenity in Lombard Hay 205 Brite Poh Rel : eye Mars Le te Jat | ho se ‘Michel Kazama ‘ieee tong Soe seuinise cheng se SEIT tame ero ne ectoncay Egat de i dea ay 18 mewienrge semana ies ‘ventures excing and fl I sme ofthe spin of them encour op ear ad rem he ey mie ‘er is captured Inthe proentvohime, the cert oer fo the Com Pal hi ed prion mas ‘Suton tho scp mich me ip re of iene Saas Had z ang nn ne oy anon, aan Wood Peet Impel mreaton obras inion? The ip Haber an ta Cog eed ach hin oe he Creches fn ornare 21 England Span Lec nick rh Puerta Miche Ste dey pat 0 Heng Walon npn ne ase Stes re Te Oe nama de Msc myo ee Seg of co Py Popes has Gene ey Bayt ee ny oye pee Cian: Songer of {dhe hat ac Goong a eat fo in tiie ies My thn a oo he Euan See Fel Slctand mente crganios ralng he poet pul —— ee 308 to Max Sparco Vio apna, Greve Seg Jae = z Sat ae Fran th bpd ogi and oh Sorat Jor ae remem ‘Arce, Evangelos Chrysot and Ian Wood. — os — ae eed Waler PohINTRODUCTION: STRATEGIES OF DISTINCTION Water Poh er ears, mo inhabitants of he teranean wo and may inthe orn wd beyond swe be Roa at a te Ie Roman in ela eps Jc, wear, cnane, ‘mes, Mayle and held cpr ence w Roms Sry, een in he Frat wider fr ton te tes he Emi Romannin ca or the who ated hea wet Cancel regional and enc ete, But ily pened pode {SI come in which sering the putas Pee col et became 1 best Inginate fle oer» chide pa Only ‘rtarian sana ove fr power in he name of hos tmeno Ses and hy nem of he Roman oder Whey owas the end of the ft cory AD, the Roman fe o Baan org with he programa mae Cisse selon of Cas tnd Germans, he gew i handed ed. Alesse sebeon td aed, he Bans rene that yon maton the re Of the whole wel cudnt be sake of, ad hier ‘rte his deds inthe comet of impen power ply, aspen foe Vepuian and ago Viel” rom tbe ne rh cer onward, icy bg em tothe poner srg hin the Roa wo Ox te sre, Sigh scm that the enemies of Rome had finally pone thet Fla concep tht died adealy fn he Roman, inpera dion Soom, long bied Kags bell ore ol wha four coe {sre he Gali ales of Cs adele he prin Gain The oe ue of Gaul had the eo Param omning Be {yl ety ta the Roman ad en se syd of ray? {eth the nan thir rar ge: Buta deer lak he new "rc, Mi 439 ath po inp Gi 61 al 328-4 1h tm el et th Tat ta tay Wein Sailing Vaan 2 enim St iin thr 08 “idan Aas op SEedi Kingdom ofthe Frank, Gots or Lombards had grown, and ould nly grow on Roman tenitoy. They were not “wandering State” howe len frm of organ were taraplaned to impes al tertory, but rather, as Paik Geary has put it "the most sue Cail creation ofthe plcal-mitary genio of Rome” The new ferme of negation that en communis ofred, especialy among, the military, wee shaped within the Roman wad The “hight com pertmented sacar af the late Roman sate fvouted the growth UF ec lyaies within the armed force, whose ethic units could Serve aa focus fr the agregaon of larger armies under ethic eigoton, son to act separately under ther own Kinga! Baba ‘dacourne and Latin politi termialgy shaped forms of royal rep- revefation in which ditant emolaon of the emperor and dose cquantance walk what was expected from the highest oils of the Empire merged with barbarian code of honout. "nay respect, the new military ete ofthe ih and sh cen tures eembled the old one, or atleast wed to ds, But they id fot become jst another group of barbarian ofcers who (rat east ‘whore clr) eventually Beame good Romans. They kept ase Ing thei diference, not ony from the Romans, but avo fom other ‘barbarian gs, Etnie dicoure became the key to plsel power Name, narrates and law aflomed the separate exitence of a ‘nic group with an exclave claim to power over certain parte of ‘he ancient re pla Tn erenpect, tay seem natural hat Pra, (Goths or Lombards “apportioned the Roman Empire among them. see? Medieval and moder htorapy has taken it for granted ‘hat aden commas formed the bai of the ates hat cared ‘heir names But what acy accounted for thee diversi, apart from ther competion for comparable privileges in sab-Roman 1- ieGed! What, for instance, wat the dlference between Visigthic, Burgindian, Onrogothic and Frankish warriors in Souther’ Gas and what st them spar fom the armed retinue of any Calle arto: erat? And what were the ensequences ofthe frequent shits in thee rule inthe ath century? For long tne, sclas have sen it as ar fa ep. 1 Wd Meng gp. 6-7 ‘Seo, fe Rig Wear Ching 08" Ten eh Ra, Tin a Sl ie a, apne ieee A [oDuCTON: eraraoRs OF bare : oo SIS ete se mie Roe ee reo pioetictene aera oe Sebi reece cee i pein nee as ries Gee na a The cobcten of hrbaran amity elses tote toes, sare ee oe tn as Sethe ee oe es On oti Sie oe tore Re ic ce se Co Fra ei He eit arn a enn tee Sone oe ao mo cee ee ates eee i ma ec ar a See an Se ties Se eee eee Bi fear ae wee ete ps os a ne pied opin Se erate nts poset Perf etre freid ser ly en ene me ose .coa ce Be mf eg cme aaa pict pee ahd ee oe i leprae te rire tee beacon meee tate el hee cot Sores ae Suse Seat specaettee a tril en See Sem creer cree ee teeco a a eee ome gr eed eg eee ae ee * Fore domino Wel, Ded Ga 1‘ acres rom sncent it was par of he Bia word-vew, and both (thee tans were fined and tamed ito an infantil system by Tore of Seve, It is que Bkely that such views eoreponded tridepread feng of entity among barbarian. But these felis ‘were monly rooted in wal, fceortace groupe. What we have to Udertand i tat the large etinie cmuniies that late Romane ‘led Trans, or Goth, ate inno way natal fc They are highly Shoat, culuralycontrocied way of categorising prope who might (Er lov among each othe, and might ot be So dileent stall {fom people who do not fll nto that category. To achieve sch a enact in teary i emartaleachievement in elf and wo bald pola instants, he argu Fane, oni ven moe 20. The ‘bss for nich an instadon ally more oF lest in a facet face ‘roup the whom our texts eall Pun or Gt in the fal ese, ed tio come together regularly for war and pola! business One may debate whether, and i what cae, “Cothicness” or "Fankihnes” twat amutter of Tdtinlon of few doen, 2 fo hundred, or of I army of rome thouand men.” But any schematic answer would tins the pont. One wat a Goth, Frank in the al ence a Log 2 one maintained diectpartcipaton in the ais of the go Tn thir seme, for intnce, mus Pron can come together to dicate pola mater, sat mos Foun er the wwe mali gs ‘Fone departs on a matey expedion "Tey cer that “all the Frans” in hs ene «notional entement and not a clear deiniton, We may lypotbese a theoretical boundary berseen hove whose paricpation would have been accepted, and thse who would not fave been considered as Franks even they ad been there. Bat fr ail practical porposes, oly those who took part realy counted. And that wat a ater Seale entero and depended on the relative strength of the forces of integration. Osrogatic aly, unlike the Frankish Kingdom in the eghth century, could rely on a' mach more ‘dahorate administration to encourage, facitate or even enforce pat~ ‘Sdpaton in war and peace. Other ethic unite had) much lower serctres ik the early Sls; unfortunately, we know next to note ing about thie sense of deny, bt it seme that was ongy rooted in local or regional communities Peer Heather’ cotiba- ° Se Heater, Te Gt, 1258 ch comin i i ros 5 he ama Pare $4 Woo, Dey x Fan a "ae ‘ese ech Unenchngen tes Rong! ‘memooueTOG emaraoms oF purmeON ’ Son inthis vom procaine oup tin rule. "Tey fen precede Wey etn ek Reias in Oxognhic lay or Gepds under Aarne were apn rather small rope wih mong common mere to prone et ‘ay of ein rcignemitoment) and wou he dans wc hange that tvesened more cea pa Amy thay af ey tmetival ethic hast tke hi wide tng of hi enomer int account. But the frm in which ety Became frat fot open ian Et cn eat omer and ky to peg, and force of ineraon tn ew orieaa legis oe ay medica etic, here, had ste ono neg ion ad of cision. Ti paras may expan oe Oe Conte ‘eri debts modem cholnhip. Car, icy abot beg (erent The point of being + Gath ora Frank wa being ate from everbody ee, and beg pod 0 Bt how wan i ag diferent pereved, and exrened? That dear ee diferences languoge, Ine, comme, weapons and estos exited at ay ‘een taken for grated: But sever fhe contr in heme suggest hat ines wee not Hoked witha dear vt of outa Sig in any syemaic way A Frank who ved i village along. ‘he Mass may have reaped a man rom the southern Gal at 3 ranger. But would he have ben able tel em his appearance sicher he wars Frank = Goth,» Bugunan or Rottan? Oxr Tain autor could ot oer dear rte about the Aino he Darbariansy and i unely Dat they were he only oes Tn any ‘se the writen evidence to relay Ue abot how mem ‘eno erent etn communtiy could scaly be dsingued (ee my contribution, below Bat ges a tof ees abot how i notion was sed totum 1 conising made of erent way of Ue so an dey univene of sand hem, of Kings adnan. ‘Thus etn Kener were reshaped a bass of ge poll o> se ke he Frat or the Gnhe Engr. T have elle te tions Sage of Disintn in he ie ofthis bok. Connoiseus of the wok of este Boudiea maybe supied aboot he we of he ter In his wew, dn was away in which actor in social fed strove cost themes apart verily from oben He does ‘ot ue to deeb the dino between erent groupe on & ‘om, Lae i omahorzotl evel Buta cloner lok, etic idenies had 2 ot wo do ‘vith natu in thera. Being 4 Goth or Frank meant 1 ena caim of speriony ver the Roman population, and over the ‘embers of oer enicneworksHaen wo power wih the Fae: work ofthe Inte Roman pl "There it another clement in which Bourdieu’ category can help to undertand the way in which ethnic dancins could enbance focal natn. Recognition of superioity does not necenary require ‘oprtion, ov undertaning ofthe diintve features baud on™ “The categories by which tan in Roman wcety was defined grace Aly changed as hacbriane and their oman tans coy of what Sccouned for satu axed growing presi within the Ease. ‘One could tl noble fom iqable ancestry, + god rom bad Lng, 1 greater rm dig ili, To certain ett, these catego fer defed enc boundaries mo that Atta! could Became a hero ofthe Ning Alvin's deeds were ing among Alamans and Bavarian, and Wilh ried the Goth Erman and the Lombard ‘Aalivne, Buta he name time, ethic communi aimed calle: ‘hve excllence that was based on Goa (or, iia, a gas) ection, noble origin, Reo exploit, and wate King" Achieving» danguisbed poston for barbarian grits and thee Kingdom wat, however, not an avy tak The at of ditineton lay in propagating continuum of featre that made one ethic group tpecial wthout tao cou excluding groupe fixe erg that Id, or were about to, hecome pat ox Kingdom. Exc ienty ad’ be exclave, beau the peleges of ethic rule could nt be shared indefinly, and a the same time open enough to accommo ‘ate hone who had eeenly been won over, ven those whote ap ‘or might be desabl inthe fture. I whould not bar a compromise tv cl elites onthe base of ate Reena ei, butt should pre- ‘et cultural aimiain fom leading to alow of political eahesion © ‘Mont of al, should mark clear boundaries among competing groupe © Roi, faci, 48 pt etn et a eee i ie ar ee Shope Ten il Ti a ete a get op ii et tt ce et oer Pe * Fhe ry rin oich mich aie cul be ned he ino eet ge vn “a ‘rToUCTION TIM oF DETRCTO 7 et warn, ad pede ban nd Raman ic shoe tens oh de ara wor ese di he Ona Ling han ote one Coc {0 te Rama sme" Sach wed wee te oa ob schon anne ad von sed’ on Coe ‘fru eam henge nay ees ot Ser em say preene™ Br ha comes weet at Sly erty nd oe in tc car es Sed snd wep oa comps oor Sy. The maou tn a he “on” wan ped ‘Soo Roma nd ee ow ede ta mee ‘Sp, pls ng Phe cg deed wale ‘wedi Encore bec ve pan rood ce bree Secfaucroon fs rey ll ic comma, ee ha Ste an ery mal pepe Tes and sch ence Gre cone down tru npn nya fro of he a, {ty se mre tan i dee clo Th tine duces he peo cman of ce sacri dee ea ot so cre eA incon pe hart na cr end Cherie 0 sai sn per wniranng oe wy otc nc conmns wo apd ia Ananya cy Ne ‘The problem i ore complex and inohes 2 much wider range of ucsions than the lege and economic pect of accommodation the fine volume dealt wih, Furthermore, te subject is sal faded trith along history of maton Heslop and peje, and schol {Hy vews ave often difered widely. Early medevalebhnogenes is al sen asthe rot snd enence of modem nana dents in 0 ‘many country, however much scholars have disproved such implication, But an intematonlconsenaus onthe rae of tii {in medieval uate formation has not yt been achieved. ‘mio, You 9,28,“The European Science Foundaion project on the “Transormae tio ofthe Roman World” has, however, brought decive progres Tring how approaches ia diferent counties and Between ‘Gitte academe school tl ifr and in eating certain fn REISIN ow that canbe shared, Thus, the contributions collected Seer cecil dacusion whe bring deta sdles of ypc ‘ine and plac abo break new ground in dealing with eit in in a balanced way. Tue Anielty and the cary Middle Ages with their diversi of ‘etme procter ad ther elavely broad documentation provide winnelongteing ground for model of ehniiy. In thie xe ‘eve work has been doe, altough most oft in the desertion of ‘eaii ene procenes and their pail context.” Metbologcal Rrscone apuogcs and mode or theoretical consequences have ‘Miher been sched tha fly cused In the series of work {hope date atthe bass of thi book, « number of specs ave bee finer developed. Many of the contbutions ll everberte with he eucement of debates that were enlivened by the unique Wo be more than the rtal exchange of points of view ‘ivieruonal conferences aally fle. What dilerences remain {i te interpretations propened in the contbutions ofthis book are {be the ment pan detatly 0 a recognton of alteratve models that eer scolar have chosen, Some basi view, however, have been shared by al “The mom fundamental point is tht ec commutes are not ‘mmaraebilogial or enfolgial eseces, but the rvs of histor fal proceso, oe might putt itor process in themuche, ‘Tha de vamiermation ofthe Reman work was alo a tair- ination ofan etic landicape, and ofthe role ehnicty played in it ‘There ws abroad range of ponies at wo what ehnicry mean, what forms of cohesion and socal integration it could ofr, what 7 Frere Waa, Cl Tip tg sip Syn pte pe fied pest ste ead tte Sec a aang Srey Rete Famer ont ch med caat Fears a Ne A ae, ei Pe ‘Geary “ihe cyan suasonal construct’ Wood, “Eth and te eho fee ee a sales Ong eee Seatichanl opti my ce eee Speen tS et eee ee Bee ee a oe Fieger tiotenretotet) Sefer a rie ag ed erate ea See ee eae ee ees ee Senn reat arse ees the pate Upafane of ch Bre eonunly tat poset Soo ee ees Pele ielene taper heebeal se Se ee eee pes ep pelle pater Se ors ae aceon —— ae ee Se ee foe oe So ego eae ete Te econ, See See ee een etsreeee eee ere es 2S ree ee error foelebelpe cherifepep cept ae eters eee ee re Pompipa preg ip heres Ee ame al pad apd i om, eee ee ee eed tienes ecco eeand eae to became 4 sine sg if taken om their om, Ths Be SEL Wines eety le aout how members ferent ae cr ld actly be Gainguabed, Eerie Knew aa rd aren, But whens sent actualy ation of edn eaten he ue becomes red, a once rena i ma ed i Het? ied coe dtp in Coma by historian 7 re ne tamer toe od goin whether penal ar uc cen, and Premed in Jog Jamu "ekSeton. Ofen, opin and emoly of peor ares hae EPEAT acac to the Mny oe ind ota fr oe "SScePous woud bea Roman and Arcs a Loar (ine ke ‘Pua te Denon, we happen fo now tat they were bro, SSSERE stone he fly esa and Pal as to become Sts Or ounce panel as 9 cerain satel value; all {une Lombard ng had Germanic name aough mow of thee ee an wed by air Bogor o thers Only ase Cente dale cobecon and ana ofthe tol mater EYE help to enbl vale ceri Jar argues Prony, Se freon is way, ough th niet nding, wor Ropar Bed Hombure a Dceibcr 1995 ha dcaed the prope ‘Ss preseed ithe aril in his volume "Abt fcr evidenes sons how feng ei enya te ext ‘ike Ags cul be and that ao tore than a generation va Avie worm peopl apps rom te sours (or tance he ‘Kean or emai as» rate peal factor or inane the ‘Suet Bot hi sou ot ad wo underestimate he psie ‘hoson of cic commune pea on x male see, Arches. ingea cnee aly shows ta change of popltons was much ‘Rove gradual than wien sures imply Smaller groups could {Tuma ie ve aang ine How an ci ony be ‘sewed under frig ru? This eter Hewthersqusion a he ‘Goomes te eidence abut dappearng and reappearing tes, Gr tesance te Ragin Outogoti tayThc Dancbian nom had pope o anna sry Our mt ees ne oe a i ee rete Sy noe ete Ga reece gow nein rae ete eeea ena ll en Res iin woe baeetegatp erected ie ed ano cee ts gem ye i a cate ad sis eno seme te bots So aan seg Pabedan See ree lente eas Ta eee imu ee Liem a as ne ra ec ee yo en sore Soph Se ae Ee pi Geen oe ae Tome te ses Co re ener dng ot Pete pore peacoat Seen tt re to eet pinta ctrl i ric age fon ee ee cer ay ee oak ee pence Ne lr ei toad oe a are eto iy ere ay aan ey eee ee ee le ce aoe caer aren oe ee Sen ee Re Sateen pg sf na, va Er: Won "iy and be sins he Banda p53.tt waren r%0. dent? Hagih Svan argues cata Visio king would not have ened hs Goths as barbarian, and thatthe law is specially eed agen Pranh fiacce in the crcl years before 507, Tha, the abelhment ofthe ban in the 580 was simply a grand genre ‘witout pragmatic conequcnces, But even Dicvch Clade and Wal Ticherchuct who do not excade that tbe marrage ban wa in tended to heep Gothic and Reman elite apr, come to similar Conca, acknowledging tha i id not work that way. Are urs fut the elie terme gradually came to signify marker of soa Gfstncton, desing the rng elite ofthe Rigor irepetive of tial ene ng language o& custom. In ds context the quer tion of ethnic interpretation of archaeological evidence is ao raed. ‘Gada Rios treatment of ih-entary “Gothic” material fom Spain ‘ejuxtapned with Michel Kasra’ dacasion of ourtventry Gott ‘north of the Black Sex; in both cass, the problem ofsythesing le dis arbi with textual sures i addresed, ad inspite cfextenive docusons inthe workhops, the ere reader my il ‘oie some diferencs in methodlogil approach, Falko Dai con- {but proposes ome general mehodsogsal principe forthe we tf arcacolopeal data in rtearch on ethnic groups on the bai of the central European evidence. If we asme that ethnic i argely | abjecive phenomenon, depenting on the ir Ge witin a group, ‘vat are the consequences for archaology? Falko Daim explores ‘ray to recmtrct menalis and densities on the basso material remain, aking the Avars as an example. Te ha often been amumed that ete idensy was part of what had been barbarian about the barbarian, and therefore esentally previous wo thei entry ino the Roman wld. The metodo analy “employed bth by achaclogss and historians have easy len hem fetes fo ths impeesion. From the ttalty of text and fds Gat fly place the post Roman ra within the ate Roman wold they Ihave sought to dsl what was pial and therfore authentic about the barbarians For the purposes of ethnic identcaon, the bulk of| object that did not give any ethnic cues and were olen Roman impor or imitations was more ot le eft aie, wich gave th cally disincove objec and circumstances cantagency that they 4d not have. The same principle war applied tothe analy of ex ewe lave out eventing that Jordanes says about the construed Seyi and Getic past of the Goths, wear eft wih some passages about Gothic origins from Scandinavia and with Amal geneslope “Tin may provide aac whatCaodr hd ot in his bods but heard om te en of te Cae Secs the wy in wich he Gale paw rly ond ‘bese cena" Th hd pa of i hae, Sete ae ee fd reprectan ery sera neces eee, forthe dicoune of eicy nf dee cae Dick Haron gies an cere of pled et and sentaon in Lombard lly, briey surveying the diferent fel whe Lob ng i ea He ik tego, caren, croc cola, _ na i ngs Ronan itn ata fos af xesion Bt he cece at Roman insences and pry Lombard aden ana spy be pred fom an aap of ew bth te rs eee prog of Lombard la, were the fea os compe ple $d teay proces copay oe Semen ft we oe plc in aang and ay tel Neder Sala Royal reproentaon and he oes we or te teed by saan and an cacti epee pte ow Mathis Had pres om os mgr sy oo ees frm ite Ani ot hgh Milde Ager Tre were, ne onal and smote a pee fr cen yal ng them tresened php of pod tl; Mow of he te (re atm al apc hating een sequel rag etd 1 i tom fois sen Bat many hon seed Gc Tiare hoagh tara ht acd em oe pope Sra or ng rer The gusion n what way reins Sct fom the tera cut cod ree pa of open of tartaran Unga sth hare of Michael Scene coe Seon Wid card cna ad ye aa of among ote, 1 eran peo fl he Rep) fod in» boar f precine Sijecs noth ofthe Dame, Re doa the ttn Pewee Roan nin ad tir bb aan: But nye ied {pe «men archi an dee he nm Reman ta ads of what rs comtenprary, mat hve epee 2 oa atl te Ratan presi oer wich «tsavan Te por a the Danae col be pod 7 Pa Gok a ed ee ge’ Wala, Gap 3“ warm pom “Taken together, the contributions inthis volume ilminate, fom ferent angle, the proces though which large aed rlaely abe pres were formed at a ret of the consalidaton of suceenor Ling ‘Som on Reman terry. Bu thir aby and ethic cohesion dd fot last all pow Roman ethnogenss filed in the long run, and ‘hus today thee are no Vigo in Spin, no Lombard a Tay no ‘Ang Sons in England, no Ava sn Hungary, and even Fra ‘entry changed fandamentaly, On the other hand, he Merovnga Fans, but al other enabled names and models emsined inf ttn and could be ed for the "seaele of dstnedon” of very ‘fren group that ame later. Thus, today the English he French, for the Lombards preserve the names of erly medieval gs, bow ‘rer fundamental the Engi and plicalstuaton ha since been ‘eanformed. And not only are wpecii identities being reed by ‘pec communis, Late Aniqity and the early Mile Ages quite feneraly shaped the ways in which ehniiy was pereved. Ee locos bused on clanicl ethnography and bial ontology be fame the way in which the ocidenal ciation explained cultural Sirens throughout the worl, without ever abandoning the per dpectves of univeraiem fered by the Roman Empire andthe ‘Ghurch Indeed, the “sratepes of distincson” wed by early medi ‘ol Kingdom became ro soccenfl that even madera nationale ‘bed them ace again to legimate nation of avery diferent Kind. ‘Therefore, if ene deals with today's problems of nationalism, iis sot enough to study the history and Weology of the lst two ent ‘ek One as wo go back tothe development of ehnic rhetoric and representation between late Anigulty and the ealy Middle Ages A Int of comparative rudy i wll needed. Could it be that the wy in ‘which modem nadonalim claimed moral wperory and a pete ‘wot in universal vale for each nation goes back othe Roman and luisa foundations of ealy medieval Kingdoms? The “Transforms tin ofthe Roman Word in hs sense, i not over yet. Two hun eed years ago, Edward Gibon's ‘Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire was daconed a a fndamental contbuton to understand ing his wn dmme—woud the Brsih Empire be able to withwand = fnew resrgence of nations? Today, we might atk different, though Ukinately related, quetions How should the European Union te ‘spore to the renewed challenge of atonal? I ight help trea that nether “universal” nor “ethnic” communis are the “natural” ‘way in which human society has to be organied, Both forms ae the [rRoDuCTON: erro oF vere 3 se of Kory, and ti imerpay ges tack 6 the day when ‘thie Kngloms were farmed on Reman teary Mate he OF fret that has come back to Gites pb th eat ae oh century wil beable crate ne mace heed he deni crs that have vd ar jet apes‘TELLING THE DIFFERENCE: SIGNS OF ETHNIC IDENTITY Wier Po ow can peoples be ditingied? Prom ae a {© moder nao, swt to he que iret she oe, tive been taken fm more or lew Ge san ae ees, Vg ‘Aeneid pictures Seated trary a rein enengeandop, fearnc income ann am! Amin Mares ce {Satin pt of conaising of mer nb the Al were a eld ttc mae “becase hc character, th wld ay of He a ‘ir weapoce ate the ste rere?” Again: lew htt ide worl, which har always ben inhabed by many sing opie they have had thee tne 0 many rt cary Telos, language, orm of mitry orate, and ting {lthough be mesty wet on toate ata ts mp {En nly eo bi ctegucn he itv nde Gaye Gods Menander Pret, nh eich ety, expat wy be Uses stated to atch their Cigar gh t Jinan ge ‘Sn, or they no only speak or bngag, vel fen Be ‘rk us and ve ke Bt hey arr i, ven they fo (iter lade According to lide of Sele, Coma pegs ied in the vary of ams, dtrent clos of res, the ir Seance of langage gn va ami chi Sges na, Bert come the drery of san? where, ie arent that "peoples have originated from languages, not languages from ses as Mn ete wang us ar Ee an ft pee 50 Tc ei et 31, 2, 79 M.S: etn at ‘ia en an Gt a ns Ragas, af ese oe en (Soe GR ee pep me a so CB Ti "Tea ck Bi 2.Amos tees centres ltr, Regio of Pram ca 850-915) re hat peoples iered by origi, castor langage an var toes pple intr dn gee, mos, Se, Ub” La, {Seent fom mest euly medial In, had already been mentioned by Oras Chu fe al, gr mage mos ae Nove ofthe author ofthe Sx lean AD, was so tentive to etc dations st Tei. Among his errs, there were out ward appearance, the fats carom, clr, customs, habits an Feline frei mp language (erm Bg) ‘weapon (pia ama? He strove to present both what wat rear {Be ig) forthe Germans on the whole and for pars of them Repeatedly, he ake himietf whether one of the ees he diced war Germanic or not. Language and ealture decided that Mang {ed Bast belonged to the Suet, language andthe fet that they cepted paying tsbte were the rearon why Coin and Ont coud tot be German (¢ 43} In the cate of the Act who were i ha ‘gu Sudorn, Sua Bitzi prop, he didnot reach a decion (@ #5). Tair abo vice his douss Inthe eave of the esc, who “cle Eke German in language, ature, setement ane house form" bt who were diy, and thi pearance had changed through inte manage with the Sarmatians fe 4), The Venes were also fen ‘counted among the Germans because of thee houses, ther ae of ‘hil and ther propensity fr walking (4, Tacius was wigue a Jas Mee handing of staf rea fr etic deny and alowed for animation or even concious emulation, On the whole, he ued this ethnograpi method 20 convincingly that modern scholars have ‘fen accepted its principles, however much they have ied toi prove hi taxonomy in deta. In or cotet, we do not have t0 go fimo the debate abou the Tate of the Geman, ie quesonable ‘ange af information and is What maters here the way which Tact employed his ere. Otvoualy, they do not ad up ag hace aera Se 9 (are es aru, 43 jm at 45 eagles Tac a eee ee ae aah motte canaa eee aa bate ‘TLLNO 1 DOPE: wom oF EMeNE DONTE to any wansparent method olga one Langage and ‘epeately appear a decaveertera Batthens an mop st ot Tngusic and cultural features do notifies town the Pood among the Germans because of ene sie age hie as ich are ultimately Based on a ene an eh ceraThat (Goin and Ox cannot be Germans because try py te ane ‘hracterite Fr the Romans ve of Uber was an exten pat ‘of Germanic iden, which may be andra a an tenet Of rewed through vaout outward ig that ae Serve and ac ‘ental Especially road tenn Eke Geman ot Sar were mo Oe elt of anata methods, bt «po categones tha were led ‘id empincal data were i seme pombe I now que cea what exten hey reflec self pereepson athe people th cae ‘or op f0 which pin their Roman ane contd ad ae ape ‘hes identities. But even geeric terms he Gamo ae ot gy asbiuary constrtons or eaagapic fons. The Medheranean ‘Werld had developed several ways w deal wah ec ena hat, more or less succes, accompanied the interaion of gs i ‘he Roman world, and he ref lpesale ee plc in the carly Mile Age "Thus, the sof hs aici ot wo discus in deal once ain how accurate and update the ifonnation wed by Tart snd ter ethnographer want oos rather athe way in which eee fraphic material was selected to Become a igean cme in 8 ‘ney of etic dcounes. Recent scholanhip has greatly improved tur undertanding of bow ethnographic penepoone beween Ant ‘ly andthe ealy Mile Ager were shaped by ot model ae Previous tex On this bai, we can ake a dor hook a ehopagic owledge (or imagination) in scion. When and where di ei Enciona matter? Rater an simply etlecing a word of onitet ‘tine dvesy they are traces of Complex communication abot ‘muses on the periphery of the ance and ater cian weed ‘What were the copie andthe politcal srtegis that made we cof and created dtnct ethnic identie? How difiwed were ear ‘oto of ethnic Ment iid ad outside the commie in que ‘don? Which criteria were most commanly wed to distinguish be- ‘een ethnic group, and what forms of scl cobeson Gi they put “Fi "Egil Beng”, op. 9» wastes rom int the foreground? This paper concentrates on the most eguenty Imenioned spe of ten. Re dace not deal with pracices Be cae om and law that were abo tied for ee disinton, sometimes in very mashed form, fie the Bavarian custom to pul witness by thet crs" But the Queton of law is weated in several other cone tebutons to this vlame "Modern scholars have, or long time, ted to define ethnic, Te ancient ethnographer, by objective features Ike language, cule land customs termtony or poel organisation, although thei ela: the importnce hav been debated” Ths eoresponds with fied pops noon supplement tothe Spanish newpaper “El Pig [1994 pretend a Rett demands, ioducing fame rm thy iret counties, each photographed with al thee ss d eid, inching forture,Kichen stems and pe" For most of he obec Tite, only the context made the diference In scholaly debates, the fact had to be faced hat one ofthe features on the various ae ‘old be proven tobe valid forall ethic dinctions. Peoples spake ing several languages ab the Swi, no ving 0 a commen tertiary tn the Jos, compog ereral cultures or shang ther wih eet peoples, provided oo many obvious exceptions for any simple model i ebay wo be spabe “Since language, culture, poll oran- ination, et, do not cores completely the units deiited by one cGteoa do not exncie with te unit delimited by another A ‘olan ha was gradually acceped among historians was to asume {hat he subjeaive fcr, the beet of beloagig to & group with See teen nsmr omar 121% ce Erlend Main He ‘Lo TH DUTINCE Ne oF eNewe BEMTY 2) common origins, was decisive Concepts that exined the eon Ship betwen the ses of belo commit arr ‘epresions were ako proposed. Obie eure of icy cob seen as mbol, exited by myo wadon” Sar hh sats groups, 25 could be shown propagated sr nd ia nmboke form of expreion agin lage come Seti rer ad me fou pa a Sac anthropos comedy se ehiciy as “conse ough sca ont wr “erat tis ben med ‘Sis have to be ape” Ii ot primera apn, bata ‘egtnted sytem of sol clasieaton™ Dirac el mates, a Frere Bouricu has argued, longa ere soneboy cape of "alg the dilerece rela ep Th, cameme ‘kaon ply key roe, of which he erly metal ten hat hae {ome down to 8 are important trace oo jo ane eecoun “Terfore,they can only bended propery we do ote them as eidenes forthe natural exter of etn commu, bu as prt of sates og shape to these communes To male tty happen, not enough jut tbe ile. Steen ‘Skincon hve to convince Both lider ad coer Ut ogee aes pe ss as Se eerie ee vee a i ea rey "en ay Ne ph Rath a Omg nd Err Eid fre ain p24 Teh pe pe is? OP te aa per 2 we mp Jt : Sa ns SOE ren ON ee2 acres ro, sigicant wo be diferent, dat iti the key wo an ident that should be cherished and defended. A Pathan prove quoted by Frederick Barth nye es Pathan who does Pashto, not merely whe speaks Puno Expecialy where ethic Sends imply prestige, they ‘ot come patra one has to take an effort lve them. Saco {al soaps of eiincon cente 2 mull of posible otcomes for hove who are not at sucrafl, which eels Sn road ets of finbipity and of conrating Mees fr those who fal: Late Ane ‘Spy and the eaty Middle Age ofered a particulaly wide range frccees and fares, of options and ambi to confor te provincia of the Fa Semis Raglan or wana, be a Roman, cer, « epi ora Hu Ike Art's granchon Mundo, serve Bar {pncion kings as Borgundian or Galle artocrats, to be a Frank or 1 ioen ofthe ta of Tour in the day of rego, tobe een at ‘Aglan or Star bythe Caraigan Franks” Even today, an "ind ‘dual may have many ther acording wo the groups he belonge 10" Although thea options were bmited—an Anglo-Saxon monk night be seen a Sota ora Frank, but hardly as Ragin or a Hlun-they clay forbid ua to think that ethnie deny wat aoe mate or natura, always “already there”. Disinctive features might tot always be choven on purpose, but somebody ad wo mae 3 con- ‘io flr to regard them a auch Lasocnot 1 thigh, tw ook rey atthe some of he features that define cthniciy, scoring to ate aque and cay medieval autor. Mast ofthe writers T quoted atthe beginning Ving, Auguxine, dove tnd Reginoited language among ter eter Indeed the very ft languages was one of the main concerns of chan vtry Amo Bors’s mi-volume say De Tamla rn Beh (1957-6) contin, ‘TUN TE DOMERRE: nom oF eneNG wey 28 guages and the conics among people the dks in [Stine dn od ced wha ans ent ‘Ged, a ombolaed by the mirc ofthe Pemecow, was wha roe ‘ed generaons of medal auton The queso ka a logic and pact! hs wa nat Sane Word of God coll, and shou be preached Ba the Bible ake provided diferent model for the rg of elie very wh he focal ofthe tne of Noh Alarm st goa ‘i s,m Ku maw fo ar na ‘Boa everybdy knew fom the Gena (on 10,9, The ples ere dived “according 1 aon” was, however, 20 nt {GL Unal they built the Tower of Bayon, the inate fe arth were‘ ou of mam liom ems (on Tr aed ey Sherwards wee their langage confined. Pl and por Ma feproem deren concep i Jerome’ tata os panage, 5st as they repeatedly, though ot awa de inate Ananya ‘hina op faced smal oily pug, gu re Shared the ew that bore the Tower of Bayon, “tere wan one Ianguge of al ations" nd tht ws Hebrew” Beth ears hat theirs of maton indexed bel ie dey of ange tnd isan open condicion (0 lidr' ate nthe sae Chap {616 1.18) atthe pts had their gn fo the gues 2 ‘ot ee vers again a eurent en A fue sean fons Tide's view (1 Tn the Degasing there wee at ay pit st anguge, but hen more pits han ngage frm on a sung, several ges have rang” Augie ha made ts obser his dcusion of single peoples, thee names andthe speie ex tare, Iangung: is karly eettoned. The comes whch Lids, iter presensng to many gu a cloly related whowe languages Ei ce pepe ea mri ln Huai s rit eect ENC pataeal gb eS Ra Va aeave ching wit cache, ein eyo gue ee eben ha ge te ect SIGE OSS Gc ear Oy he dor hom tie rca et by rpg td S2CSP aan inn hl gay drat see mc ie eo com ee Som aan ety apean ne hh ceo Suge Bie a eB rom ha Bran aa earl some ngage Th me See po ee a agen a he endo ech Ftd vero pen by Anon So allah vere xtra Une oe Coan Heese aa har mskn poy harness SSPE slumps or cena anos monn van tha Sa ee oa oy eck a mt en coat see ck ober, ete he fr he shy Sanna One tlt somata ke eee as ae nga ni) = hoc ees” Ta orto ee mt ae Bes © opal och son’ hogs cca cy exe fe Sea ee Sneath tae whe te Senay ‘Sp ef ymin Reman wo here at and eect cing mee of emma eng ie Sie nd ten Sars in he Roman see ane Sabena a war ee Rea Eph rc Sea monet ed mn compro an ge pst tr Br Sat ow at he edt om er aan tthe Bp, wher cel om tse tay nyo = Ras pH fmt ar ted wi Sun Seton Tecan Unt rd Mario 6,2 0) Serio e owe ait be tr get ete ae Tt pp bine iy of Ree pp ame Tt THD Te DOME won oF Enea wey a Sar ae sate eg Someries oor mene cae Eicetearatehpette thot Sohne tees ine Yay asset ee renee iene Sip errs ae ea eo roan pd ee Tee SoS atten See Sere Oren ater oe Sopa teem Srseayta a en ed i Stee mar Mn enor Seon oe oe es inp ne cos cae ie pe droite rte wrap tlmae dee eis Rte po eee eee eee ss cei reece roe eae ‘foul ta rece ae Pelee pied feltray ti tgte in sen pee ry a ee ml ee epee era lee sn era oe Cy ay me Se ee Sat eee eben Seees eee ee ee ie fn a tenth nag aoe tee ems Samah ee «EE emt me tga soe mee aoe oneness seit clore uu aortas echt FLTH4 ca 45, among many oon. Cam Se, Pd Ae et Tees iets a ec am tae nt TateSaray cx emonsate an ieting swans of the ene BERET pine of Romance and German veracala, Hao of MOTE Si comets a, Api, Fn, pine, oe we people speaing the bye Ronan” Clea woes, a Terie ich cxmy, were no need in any but he (a Raeiges Habre, Grek and Latin dre dscomed what Hy eee he tage woke, and he word abou he ee AOS inn por bce rams, but what langage Gos Fran ed as oth cone idan snd ner ad oe mae pga and know which intra o ndon which eon: ety medic histriogapic eer ata sem mumber of ences to itrrters nd ht ‘Si segbntons er te ington of eaves A number a po: Ta lens aot wo o ove nguges and olin expo (oh fc menoned in ur our, Tat he Romans Soa ‘Songun inthe ith and yp n te bh cemtury spe per fet Gothic wa ced or appecnted sa poicalattde* The ‘Seat ccnury Dube Radu of Benevento, who had grown up ia Fan would peak nih Savi res who ad come by boa cow {Be Adie“ hc ov lnguage and that ar obo ach fore exrpna in Seer Tay thant ha been ea he eo. Sri a The De Ma ad ped fom the Avr garth ate even cenary spoke four fngce Gc, Lat Slave snd Baga ad hn erly made iene plow apn Thslonica sodangerous Rudimentary Tmowiige of cg lnguges ut have ben ute dite. We Ty ee ea of comamueaon pens. One ofthe fon eee ons ihe Armenian fer Gin who fought inthe Gothic ws Stn he ws expel by the Gy he eo acter reqpond in ‘Grech mor Lan nr Gothic bt ely pete ht Se sae ver ‘eevcngy in Sms 88 ema tt Taare once poke he es seen ea 2. Oye 98 Se aan moras SEE SCS 5 ote Pr 8 tno Bee eee ge sega See de dire terenmne acct Se or Sart i ee ‘ULmO THE DoMERDCE: Hom oF ENON BOTY 7 land over agtn' There are inmancen when freq, barbarian ae fgunges are rikuled, fom Sonia Apelinare ranma nosy Burgundian to Lops of Fess who compan sot the Nese, ‘ala aries” of Germanic names or Neer Balada wh rans the bragging ofa veteran af the Ava watt he meu cared seve or eight enema on hiner whe thy ere murmuring ne ecensbe rabbit ot mapriing tt weeny cube ee ‘ognted a a foreigner, of deprecated a aban, beau o Bs Uangtage. Bu afer Tact, we have no evidence tha beyond thee vey broad seeonyps, anguage was ed find ot a nda specie identity or te deine an en group. Among the Herat, {Latin was probably to important ar he langage of scan and the Series and i cerainy defied any thm categoria, vue 0 ware oF rT Ama snc, is the friar began of Vins Aen ii fn ol iden that ame make the man. Ancient cbsener teeore fen dsinguihed barbarians by the way they fog. comes ‘no surprise hat Vig, Armin, Augusine and se enumerate fms a dint feature. Late andor hatonrapber ad pa feyriss even symbolised barbarian pms by a cenin type of a Ti Jordanes' dxrpint of the Neda bate (45), be pied he Ga fighing with lanes, he epi raging ith he norte Roan breaking the mse in his wound, the Suvian daring on font he ign withthe arrow, the Alan ordering the lie f tle in esr ssmour, the Herl in ight armour? Clan bas the young em peror Honoris play with Seyhian bows, Gelonan bel 2 Dacian Jen and the Brie of the Sueviane™ Sido Apolinar i i Pov inde ran te Se ame mcg ea Od Bae ema ih Ga et on hang eae Sia yb anes Sie ifn Apa if How 27 6 MOH AA p14: Sin ‘ome sl nnn ao Sak~ waren rom on vitary by Acti, records hw “he Mera wa eet Eten the Hon wth oven he Frank in winning he Sar tmacan wh the shed the Salan on fs, the eli ith he ‘Slee incon o peoples that had lng deppered ike he Selva) eaty enomtes hat thee nw wee corentona SSughnrbus olen changed Only some ages, He the Han ‘Sin wand row ewege tom hte wh sent Cay, ‘More prac he iran gen in mitary went the Sop atte 0 Maurer aad weten around 601 de {Suber teteen te “oon peopl” Ske Franks and Lombards (nb ‘ar armed wih ld cs and short vor he “Sean Tike Ava and Turks who peal in ctvaly aac, and he Sta Carrying to tall jen ach some ao lage ai and sal owe ad pinned sows Sich handbooks could rey cent fof milay expences and mamerouseligence reports" When Ceca planned Re expedient Bra, be aed abot "he eo fhe and, what aod Row many peoples inated wha wap of ‘eer hey had and what inane they ned” One ofthe be “Grover a the Roman fof Vian, on Hadas Wal, ens pice of dete lformaon,proibly aig back tthe ed ofthe fw cntary AD. "Toe Bros ae (00) unpeoteted by [imour There re ey tany cavalry The eval do te sorts ‘or do he Bittle wp fed pons in oder otro jae ine The tet demonsvate how well prejadier—the derogatory tea inna yor slong wth scat obseron tht #0 the my, were mater of sil. One may wonder bow ie ofthat Se et nfrton made wy nto thereto of pane ad REograpie, tu hs rence between he pragma: knowl ig mall the sy andthe mater uned by Retrans and {rope can general be noted" Peshaps swas nt90 moch ea gene ae eran ee ee cm cee RE en acquit (71 OTIC: Hom oF enAE OMY — 2D duce mi ton’ ek tice but the tet tht al he dened a oe er, Pe Ger an mat ae eat ‘Seer Ser mi ne a ee et meno on ae ae ‘the ways in which barbarian logit Bat eee Sonne aoe cute esc ho em Sipe te en pe ee te Ese epee er ieee Cg peg enone mar gm fri tr bor Go Te res oe Sortat tar Gane as Seen te jeep ab ener beg lteter ear umatan a er o aeS Spm spe i af ns ae po Beit Bo ete in be a te su he pg Jans eee hes Ch i i ye ae Seni agg oi hey te ec cd Sor eon pe eth ne a ‘gana oa Seon anna cued th oon rly" Sn aren ees seer pe ie ee opie ater he tain Sap ae ee sa syle Gn eclergee e e Shiota cere be es Da ‘ris compe am ay erat Banoo eee oe serps eget eelopeatnme eerie cee geome agree eree a Siw Serta are mae Se ti ye e's Syaleca atcn Cros 4 Ue eee To Te ah mas 38 St, TTR Oh Ye tats ne Tar aera eo mnt ‘Eine keh pecance cavalry agin fl ito basic categorie, Hight cava monty cpp wth reflex bow and arrows with heeded bead” the “Sophian” ypeand bean, armoured cavaly that reed onthe thrust of a long lnc, cana technique ued bythe Samat, As recent exevatona show, ot even the distinction between Sting ‘ed Sarmadane is abvolsely clear, for hundreds of pices of armour tnd lances were ound in Sythian graves, and numerous Lowe i Sarmatan graves Tae Reman ary bl up units of kaapatos and como cavalry ellowing the Parthian mode, alte Andy, these wo types were ofen inte, although the otio Diam ‘mainains the terminological aierence® Germanic people, for - tance the Quad alo adopted ths pe of cavalry, Ariane Mar Gelinas mainained tat along the Pannonian border, "Sarmatians ‘nd Qua were united by vinty andthe sna of casos and tour" North of the Black Sea, the Ontrogothe adopted heavy ‘hvlry and the se ofthe cn, wll aneted by Jordanes and Pro. ‘opium, The Viigo only changed their ghng hae toward the fend ofthe fourth century and made the heavy caaly the main ‘rit When Ulla rarulted the Bible into Gothic afew decades be fore that, there had not even Been Gothic word for the ca" Tn ‘he seventh century Ide, in his Gthie History, ges fleet pictre ofthe Vigo “On horsthack, they donot ony igh with Fances (ast, but alo wih javelin, and they do aot ony se cv tly, but ako infin, although they trast more inthe quick run of the rider On the other and, the en was widely fied: Gre {pr of Tours mention i not only in connection with Visit, But ‘so with Borgudian, Lombards and Frankish cm Speen carps are govt pe led Spe sp "cet an ahr Spe tei ie ecnantan fom acreage nt ee ca pt me ST TES in ne 5 Ist sn rn 9: ho as id ot ats a ote Cine anise aie eee 5,96 5°90 ran Bee wer tardy cre oy cho we oe Fae Sis Brine army ou Swap gk ee ak Dennen net de any Cn Src ON “pe peoples ay mana i ec ghee en, the nui hres wt tira an he eh wee ‘trae ge open paces Cae te hese ok ee tw tha ede rte dy caer ope ne ‘ciel sow adr emul meres Ear pee ‘os Ag Hans, Aru and Mapa a ed es eS Se gn ner pete ap ec i, avg ny gradual thy cad ater ar sciiq tate Au bought o Eape inp Bey ough spe pone te gree tnd Mogan ee Ling chs wan me an ee ine crate Ancent and mea Ere ve taken as eine tt oem pep we ee of te, Hans, bt a eset te es wee ne ak besa ch at sca sa coe em ie, voy ing or cling Cols Saag Soom fc Homo ening em Inthe Fran wot he sand weeps wera and ar, 4 minimal equipment at socom ted we ocd fran for man's army kre by snare ot ine cour fine, the acl oe of ee weapons cane coe {81 Unfomity wa conep mainsined he peo as {arc for pe py oa, bat hor oa ee pe ‘weapons could aca parr rrp For me ere ed {pea aca eed by rans even Geman rep (tae fer thir dein or can ne detest ay peed tea td pear when the rans wet own, The eel med owed Ik ee See RAL “Gal da, pp. 200-45, 5 Hippo Sd Sa 8,2 swacsen rom, a wide phere of ner, fr tani here oe SL RESET italien rm by png et Ste Steen ero ee bt do ty my eo Trips tn br beni, ch he wen Ad A gh ei hrs nee pa mr TiS; ita Apart dbs Poe Speer Fr tein cuming cs wth wt and reali no ‘ten ben ened wir Tac serion hat he Ger ‘ris sigue kn ih chen oor Ba spt fy {eet probl of wing Tac aon ey doa Parl be der ht ay othe don was Ree ur he coment aber eget hat he mest calor na ‘Siocone Obene might we bigness tim acme deal, coding te of pn of Ne lr semen ne ext Me Age thre no een fr he ae ‘puede rede enseao:td nde, bd Shrine a mj Gt or Fath yal crying hit oe Sea ra eh tn e's ugh wg i by pce tly em ‘ent of the sgns wor by Rowan sry unt" This would core: ‘Jed wicca tds i teh cena Vig Ei eer ore oral eon caring eas a et Sow Wh al isin min we ned te upd hat re mt Huger, tid aS 6272 OE he rin on 4 od mR aE ly iS a acy Pt Ria 20 em ee le is {PS Rew best ot rm nt r pbor me t ‘Tiino nm oerEAmE: woe oF ENeMC wey 33 famous font, “Anes are the sgns that were cared in fomt of onsuls the Hig cal these fom the wae ofthe Fran tics Oy eration"? This woud make one think «symbol of cnc ese Sy” par excellence and many scholars have imcrreted tat oy, ‘pecially 8 ane, topeher wih the ax,» shrt barbed pear, oe Sequenly mentioned as weapons wed by the Prank inthe A sod sixth centuries, both by outideaberver ike Soran Apolinrs or Procopius and by insider ke Gregory of Tou” At are to frequent in archaologial materiale a toutand efter ave been found in Frankish graves, abou the chrnclogal dar "ion is iited the mot eons pe, elle fac bythe aac. log ony appears inthe Ine hand te fire hall af the sh entry All ate types taken together, the percentage str smng ‘weapons found in graves hasbeen cause a 26% inthe sh co ‘ry, a8 opposed to abou ha the perentage in Anmannc graves” ‘This is noe the only reson why the example i problemat. I ‘ot cay to tel what exactly the frowice was Inthe tet that en Sion it the fans various exe a ero Wm. Acorn 1 the cas dtincton, found in Vege, the Bwana double sxe” Hut is reasonable fo ak whether ney aor (oe stance Gregory of Tous) do dieendate betwen the two terms at all Double aes do nt appear inthe archacelogal rence, bt sca ar we the tem “fanciea” to dtngish the majority of aes wih* waren rom cared Made fom ater 9p dor ced he owe si, cers fon rae Ody nse a Tac came i ne Sh res bor emsinden cer naa TEQE TIRES Oboes dt pea of double ove oy auming eran ea poree te oa Fr legeenpppeorer hrm etapa eel ep ee Sa Teas ape ce ony, eh ea ene osname cat ae eel we tea sand pee Paths areata be sedi ates Sone ea sae toy Sey como pa oe a tan Sn Aptis Sac soa deme ee ca lone ten os ee a oapie ad Agno Pst ea tee tat eptla doty pe ef dnc Sere errae ict cen neesor whe pen ho ee eee rt tenth men cha Soe oe mcrae a ued SERIO is ticed cen be nee SE ALSPETSS Swe and te coer ell tforine Une Sie ee Saath: ween mney, ey ae cea: Scene ot ny wey Pr a sey ean de ede tneann ef ed Tie cag te a Sire Roe ee gee are barn fletcher he ae eel tart greley he odo Pe opp tpt ee rato ten Eolcnedn port Tene Sara Sah at oma stes eee ee eet erly fhe 4 tok ent vet The a rnd fee Tow es 272 2 2 0 weapon wd by co an 6368 6s 1 27 (ed mero ee a6 Winans, 25, THLLBO Te DUPERDICE: won oF ETeNG woRTTY 35 {oil his bop: the man lowed Bishop Aether wth hit Kem for 50 long wing for a opportunity thatthe vicam became cious! The implication i tht aes were ed atu and lee ‘arying one wat not an unamarehi the ces of God Tee {sno atempt in Grego’s Hore to ena any dineson Se ‘ween diferent yes or fnctons of xcs and mo ae oh ke 2g of Frankih dey. “Theft Frank author, and he it et age afer dre's pmol, © mention the name face at al the aterm tsuthor who wrote the iy Hun Fran: preay 727; ‘Among other materal borowed frm Gregory of Tous he old the famous sry in which Clovis and one fat war gear bout a piece of boon, unl dhe warorderoye i wih hi bate ‘xe. Only atthe next marcel, Cows haha eene “He to ‘he man’s axe and threw co the round. When he bowed down 16 pick cup the king raed his hand and ck tht man head wh his axe “This he sl, “what you do tht ewer at Soon ‘To this sory that revoir so dramatically rund aac the Lak Hisriae rman aed the synonym: “face, that bem" ‘This venon of the sory was copied fil, more than a cemury later, by Hincmar of Rem in his Via Rg and again 2 eenary Inte by loan” By hat time, nes fad ng eed ob» favo te weapon amang the Franks. Retrmpecivly, they were probably lctured as double axes, at one ofthe waren i the, Uecht Pale indicates This all evidence there em Fran about the fence: singe legend about Cvs to which an cighth-cenary futhor added an earn term for an inrument that Greory and Fredegar had jst called sar and Bip One might sume that the word a proud tain had fr ther favourite weapon had Sally sarficed but i sear to conde thatthe author of the Lab “tae Fram tok the tem fom Udo. His eymolgy for the ame “Frans” & probably alo derived from the Emel: 7 Ge of To, Hari, Utd Ha ig Ra a3, Tc alc PrN "saan ae fea 1 MOR es Nee 3S Pr, ‘PoUc Pl fl ola Hey Pal sla he aie ‘ae rT Ut ae A pW. Wes eg Th Mle aren 2: Fg, tf dr, Eom 86 acres rom, 1 reins sigicant thatthe ate was regnded in eat eveth- ceoty Spin, tra weapon especialy wed by Be Franks However, in Tider’ eyes twas not a"euine” Frankish weapon but of Roma trim, Archncloial aa writen evidence confirm that i for was weed wis efor throwing wing 8a weapon of a2 eal” ‘The contradions beeen the ates found in Frankish graves and the reuring dewcipons ofthe Frankish axes as double es shed ‘aluabie light on erty medieval pereepdons of barbarian warn Bascal, information cold be qte accurate, but it was shaped by inal memories and analogies that confused the picture. Tes very They that the ancient and nuninous Heor'saxt, whose pictorial represcnations were so ined, impinged on the way Roman ai- thor persed such a weapon, Doble axes had been venerated in fer Earope since the Nel, a cat that may have survived into the christian age” Inular Cel used double aes in the exty idle Ages, for intance, some pices in the British Museum fhow, But the laseaching sal and mythologal asociations of the double axe do no help to exablsh it asa ymbol of Frankih ‘dent, asthe connections wih sih-entry Frankish warriors re ‘main prey hypoieial,and mow certainly it was not specifically Franks Ab the sory about Clovis and the obstinate wartor shows itmay have been regarded a ulenhip symbol, but again not only fimong the Merovingian In any cave, one thold rather drop the misleading ter funcica from th dcston. The obwevaton tha twas a pica Frankish treapon was ade by obser, he name ony ates in Viigo Spam, and there i ho evidence that it se conrbuted to feng of Frank Key or war een a8 deliberate sig. ven when, in Feuer a clic iteduced Isidore’ desigation of fans ino Tm ecient tnt at srg LS Sete ae Naser trees i Se Sm A i aa are ‘lea NS Pipe Sina pan « wi spomrarbcreatenierriesie west Eri eee ea eres Genera THLLDG TH OOTERDIR: wow OF ENG wERTTY 37 Fran Werte, hs ad no Wanner ec. Aah it wan inden programas nay show ane oc oe ok ih Bing in aer wy Soe cto Rae term never at bood the sy tad con eae eo, the won wah the eae se ee Res SS gute flew tino ee “Th ao oe fr air sae apn tha wa eed to an chonym, the fay whch We nae eh Sean oul thw to hae cme’ Rae wera See feed ord in the cea bh ey a ees the Sno in any wy Pane fu eng Pose ‘store 21) mento a sore sb har a san cin ne be Sa oe iy Wii nthe eh coy cme te mae oe Se with hat fhe mord™ Pyaar ae See og i whch Ire do existe y ang hal a ance tht of te Grief the bo png fa (Ce eto hate he Sars fmt abt Se Sy {mea oma” “hee era how tha he ie ay ny pot hat bara ian posted on am ag af ees ey or reo ech herby he Bt we he ange ee tha inseme ny ther pers ed hing ati sap tote pereponso he pu Tee sere wa ‘hich Reman ages reno gh ce a te re Sper Ping ote tara wer se fee and epee toe publi Rome ona ah dene es a Marc Auer mare he arin by ened ded Eas ate npr TERS Se Ete mt ag (SUbins Sec eee oe Saar ehee ies Pty MCH Me 2, 30 rman era mare NL ay a etree ly plead SSeS eee Pian TSA an 110 et papi ennslthough categories remained rather broad. Specie weapon as wet ithe Peygan ap the Survian kaa or the Germanic wouter igre ual arken in ecumpbal iconography.” More imporanty, abaran unio he Roman army were specially ut po devlp the babasan? various ways of fighting. Inthe armies of Jain ‘ei units were al know for tei special sil accor to wich ‘hey were employed: the Aner were experienced in combat on eagh Teron, wie the Shor were exper at laying ambushes” The oy ligdon, © military handbook writen around 600 AD, lis 2 number bj the Roman army had adopted from barbarians whan ee tckground was al known; “according o Avar patter”, the Bran tines had "cavalry lances having straps ntached tothe mide”, falar gorges) inthe frm of sr of linen ouside and of wel Inade™ coats that covered the rider knees, armour forthe hone dnd tent I alto mendons the Gothic tue, Gaie shoes, Bulgarian ‘oats and Heralan swords Roman generals had always sought ‘copy barbarian miter sil, as much as the Barbarians hac quite ‘tray learnt from the Romane and wed Roman weapons Pol bly more than in any other fd, fundamental distinction between ‘Roman and tararan weapons oF the idea that there is coniau- ‘oun and independent development of Germanic arms from theft to the Bh century, doesnot make sense. The dic of ding ing between Byeantine, “Germanic” and “noma” archaesogcl ‘material inthe ith or ih century demonstrates how much miliary tfies. on all des had jn common “The Roman amy had not ony accommodated both barbarian soles and barbarian weapons and tacts, it had also often pre- terved their enie name and context. The Nata digit, by the ‘aes ofthe units of the Roman army sted in i digplays over half ‘tnllennium of ethnography: fom the Gaaae, the Teutonic, the “Arvemi the Sequani, the Chamavi tothe Alamans, Franks, Sala) fod Goths When Sidoniae Apoliars mentions the Frank’ white ‘hil with reds-yeow umbo, this might at mach be connected With the round insignia of uit ofthe Roman army’ ab wih the satement of Tacins that Germans ditinguihed thet shields by (GE Di Goma Het Ip 1S co a8 Map 12 TAY: NU 1; eda JE Ri ements ge? pee q THLLRO TW COMRADE: som oF EreC wONTY ining them in iferet clr Wis not ue that “ei” tis che Roman army conned to sapng ee ie ry sane che a Sr tight have been spread hgh un es ie Jalan” Ths flxhty was on ote reac essen ‘occ ofthe Empire When eth rage became bass pk Ta! power fom the late oh emyemvar tee oe fe: hate cen iti eRaman ty aw so SSovument grap the new relief bararan grap en Empire. This why Ite ane wer aumsey were ‘weapons and mir at an ence ncn ee Oe Siete welbalned wc of de Rama amy the sro ot fueh descrip was, ower, Bred. Tre tne pelts fet oer pare uly arpa ue ees atthe Roman amy formed ie cae ce, eo ng Aes. Uno ste ceased tobe th comer aehy ad tere minimal andar and onan Gat, Pras oe ‘Soxon armies may stl hae ied fm sch oer, bo one ‘hem was homogeneous. That will fe ek ro or ne stg to make one specie weapon omit Pace «Binal fig The sigs of ety sed by unt tte Reman rye GSinctcharncer at made nye he’ ata ghee ‘heir enemies, Indore’ remark about he can et one a the batle at adie (owe only the ena tow that Bis ops ‘Sed: Late ange and exy medal aor ated soy ‘rong and emosonaly charged val images to Charters whet fru Bend the many rest names bran pepe Bute Jnaions has sc images bere commen tnd See cooly ‘ed ae fw, and we may conc thaeary mec mary hes ‘ero inemana in hooks wo Bx he ar {Se carr fou in ey eee eet el een fem ay 9 e ane sare Mn ap, ome FSTTAEE hit ron oo mo, rang” ‘war rou to expres ethnic “corporate dents” in ther military ease, in any apnea way Corr fe ete es onbay Hew | ad te w oleae thence fom de para” ™ That coum te Sei expense scl poston os barr by now com. Ino porn te vocal wince The ctor speach {coped by Pos Grigreve Boyan the 1958 ees dr ag ‘Engng mrter costae number ol cn pring troup scfcon cy one ote faci ia specs mobo pegs have been dior bythe cnc ‘Sonal comune’ Tew tat miedo ech, pol ton te specie way of dein tat, eke urban fon, ws ‘racial tobi and esly epresed he clr Hey, the Fea of an ee pup. However ecm rocach has ae har tha ee nto cons ba ln ab the “nse mune ine ar acto of ccroenary roman ad ‘Stonal movencna” Eine diince becomes Inport when {hi ao Gah Gir ete very, fr inane the Otaman ‘Tre inthe Balan, Oder, de veo sal marker ae than fr ete dict at verily and thi bo oa ‘really mattered in high medieval epic poetry, like the “King Rother") Horo, aber danger small oman friar tinge negiheuicod tafe within he Unted orton of Tow ot member" Tis oc not mean that poe det simian he way rer groups dros, But se “eo teal de” ae on chlor hat shoul nt be em pees Kadog py 2 ret ts Chios Kadee ekg a Te tapes iE ce fF nem Man Se Soe, Kang "Schule, Mig ae Zi, pp. 9-17 f= Str a Se 8K wey hon men Gera ene ironman ae nd Wii cine tlie nil til ‘HALNG TH DOMEREICE OM oF eMENE HEY 41 {ended wih el cl gop To tte sil ay, ‘to be decoded by others as meaningful differences.” ae orth am of eigen he ty Me ‘Ae ts meat tha the wide Fang of plage leet te ‘hace mata rnc peo das ans sh be tate tsi. Types eabed by mae ans iin do not necsaly rt ie sn pep eo oa fr seis th he omc voy sc the example a te fans, dane ae on) Regal a leurs can only be dened sacl, ad ge ett Som mchidl tain Oka ae eee Sos cea fom achaelpal idence do ot surpted oe se wi he Fk, Hane Vgt br foe popu inser tering, the we sen ced "ween to ees Germans o "Noma wich Bin more ew wih enn tthnogaphicctgres “Carman, "Gut Gest “Sac Bet thse were clu ems in pte te ee vecary ct devsib hem ad sed oy rad eration Sone oupe of sctaenogial cs conepd wih de execs ane the eater Baropean Conachor eof he fur etary in ‘ich Got and eed peoples can hardy e tine at Sich comenporary obtener woud cee hve Memeo Sohn Other ey medical whip cure cen at ters ese bd eter, br imtane he me Danse” Caren in and beyond ata’ emp the ah uy a "Rages (khong en “Germane Panis Son Gepn he mrad “Canc Aa Sie es found i the Avec) sha onc te scent ay. ‘On the eter hand ltd cet prsce be tow the“ rd we ets alan cr pen Bourn, Rao pti, op. 2-5; id snd Damages Sete ecient; “Onan vm pO Hide inde ne Ds = er “SMe "hale Belo hse oa "Achalge und Cos Cp, 812 Ect ‘Sr Fg vor Cauca a Ramage Oa “Sate ccm ne rn ets ig Eb om he ath he eee “DE thy lame oe Se a OO, de Jati. watren rom, Onl sometimes, archaclogial ules stem to corespond to ethnic fatego. Inthe case of te Avery, the extacedlaary eh evidence {abou 70,000 excavated raves many of ther wih grave good) ad {Creal union material sare more o es coined tothe Ava tetra deve by text give very good clues a to what an ‘Ava might lok ike in what period, and in what ways his appear {ee difered fom tat of other peoples But he poeta actu (tthe Avar resi that not clearly reflected in the materi eee problem here, Avar bee and weapons in a grave might ar wel Five belonged toa enon who spoke Stic and considered hima Bulgar, expecially Sn the periphery of the Kaganate ‘The quston of archaesogial evidence for costume and poe sible ednie connotations cannot be diced adequately her. Hi ‘ane should jun be warsed not to take the imterpretaton a grave finds at an atematve shortcut to "hard fact", which they have become wed otto expect fom their ert Ethic ientfcaton as ‘become so widely acepted as the pce where txts and material cure meet thatthe far-reaching aiumpsions necessary fr this ‘Spproach oflen go unnoticed. Lack of itreat for oF information on ‘Sesimentary marker” in contemporary texts and even more their risundereandings should warn us that decoding ethic parteaare ter of dese was pethape not aoc a natural and univers teres in ‘aly medical society. The evidence tat contre marked socal di tncions is overwhelmingly stronger than is siifcace in dla ing emi identen, and Us trv for achaclogcal evidence a2 well as for txts Ba onthe ether hand, a certain numberof extal ‘rampler demonstrate that conte a te sign was not uanown has be dscused, as far as posse, in the context of symbolic codes and it socal faeton. “Aer winning abate agit the Gepid, Pau the Deacon wits the Lombard king Avdoin sent hit son Albin tothe Gepid King 1 ‘become hit son of amt Alboin ws received according to the lave ‘ot hospital, ut in the coune ofthe banquet « Grp prince beg to mock the Lombards, because they wore white Bands under the ‘aes, similar to the mares whowe ft are white upto the shin, and ‘sid “The mares you look Bke ink Then one of the Lombard responded thus: "Go", he said, “to the Ai, nd there you wll GE Ba, Awe, ep 282. ‘7 Dirac Nom oF enon BEY 43 outset fd out how valanly toe you cll mare can lah out for there your brother's Bones ae dae on the Sade aa Sronype ke this ae ot sncamman se en nh fo te prc of Goh ea ange tone Ince et epiomo ifeencs sald ow teens onsen {Bye of rile, histrel mane oy poe aed eed Inala pay an inporan pan Drew aren sp “Ther bane page which Pal he Deacon wi the way in which te Lamba deed. When be Seber Brinings in Qheen Theodtnds pace at Mora he ates tat fom these pcre, be toew how th Lantus od ee sje. “Th armen were wae and ey mae ofc ‘Anglo Saxos uly have them, arsed wir oer bry and woven in various eure Ter thes were mos open pa the toe and sen by itrwoen sap Lae Wey eget eng over whch they pu dg ma wen Pg at ‘Shwe tte om Roman cum" Water cacy et i« acres rove. ‘comme loked lke, some conclusions are clea. Paul the Deacon new the conte of earier Lombard only fren wall panings had changed nce without any vile consequence forthe identi tthe Lombards, Atleast in Pals view, i had ot fered very ‘uch Grom the way the Aaglo-Sason pgs dresed. Paul at Ud the change to Roma inlnce which certainly corect a4 brond watement about scelsration; the sa (rousers oF rather lege iin, however, were oot at alls Roman garment at Paul thought, {beeen te word isa GeranieIanword. A ighly diferent vw is found in ater southern Talan ings where Theodelinds's son, ‘King Adalal, is lied with the remarks [st prim cali on ‘poteom’™ Here, Parthian origin i ammed forthe leggings worn by omar kings "A ow decades afer Paul che Deacon, Binhard devoted a whale chapter of hie "Lie of Chatemage’ to the emperor's way of es foe dningising beeen the seine pay ft Faas that the tmperor wore acading slned ei, which added a touch of Kimuy tothe Frankish nic, and the pei dno, he orsign ‘rer tat he die, for instance the shoe shaped Romans mae a the slimy that he nly put on fora mecing withthe pope! A tthe in he Cos Cann 175 (1 cena an in Mn hy ar Eagan tig eRe, Bah i ie We f Chae pp. ‘PALI TH DUTERENCE: ow oF mneNE wEMTTY 48 sina statement sot Loui the Po’ moderation in de i found {in Theg's biography ofthe emperor He ab Sores he sos “Gaon” garments Lois wore, on Chatemaga's enema bo hen he was Kg in Aguitine™ ie seems ha eno th Ca fan pesiod were more peeve of ee diferentes nts the contemporain a hyp re te tin to diference in law or canons, The direct betes Cea tional Roman and/or Byzantine enue ad the ways pepe dd in the succor sates wat ofen obwened under te Ceetagan, ‘What they reared as Frank wan of aunt, the peas ors long proces of acculturation. Bu one could go ack to Grek and Reman authors who had always made the neon between Gree? Roman and barbarian des. Now i came wo be mens & er be deed in simple, unpetndous Frankish garment tha fred Te "fom common and plbrian dre amt a ples ju Roman writer ofthe le republ and the principe had prefaed ‘he wadioal Reman costume to pretentious eral games tad Imported lorries, “The concer of Carkgian writes ke Pal the Deacon, Fir and Thegan with dre coder and thi specie ee comen was 2 ‘pew phenomenon, hardy oud in early author lke Joranes, Gre gry of Tours, o Bede: Apart fom the mraiing dsinton be. ‘ween Roman, barbarian an oriental des, ain mages had Mzed realy Ste material to exemplify that ne coal tin fuith among barbarians acorig to their cntne, OF coune, i tras obvow that some barbarians were mare savage than exes ™ ‘These wer fis pictured going naked atleast to the wa of Sekar Sanne ees Eo Scion rea Specs« wauren rove wearing anima sin Wearing pel in othe counties ere ater’ Se een wore "ein fel ice hed Copco he Huns scoring Amann But thee came ‘Beer rly slr bjond the repos fom which len Tiaton could be enpeced. For some thor, even remote proce Gre Empire were ceeding barbarian, Caius Dio, who had teen power of Prono fosome ene hd ce, heed thar he Punonany ed the mon rable Beso al mind (nth oir hand ener ad eli arent ete soon seen ts opialy buburan’™ Tacit ou fish te ifomes {it abou be way he Cen drewed~tee most ypc suet feu te mpm te ectanguar oak held together by a Ba Te {Cals dao worn the sgn, and consequently Tdreconieed £22 Galo ton Fenish men cominied t wear a or intuee rear of Tour and Earl sex There ide pe ittemedon abou Germanic costume in the Goma Tidore iodo eee cote faint ehograpy in is caper De pf una gm habit iedaced wih the ge tea teunpon ha "any naan ach have Der own dred hin or apm son Ra, oe, Panacea Spree See pata ies Si wh ik rere anne horse Tt an One ae 2 fo Sci, De Og, Ries Mati 51,2 5: it.) o ler y 1 “VF Cn Di, ny He 19,36. He rer a hy ta he nae fom Spe cco ey arch ap oon rp The ‘Ohpindres 2, ed Besley ao Ze, “Trach der Fae nei mn fea ‘arom an Scns bursa Sg wept The gow ean tay gion, Gy fa Pe. 7 Ear i 1S i lin a i Ea Fad hie OS nal Pr Ki Magu 23 (Caer ‘THLLING TH DOMBICE fo OF EneNE UMMTY 47 it fecal: "he Panis ei tay ce ann, Gi th a he Coma pis ee eee stig te Surinos tr sepn Ima ‘tig tand wt ott ti ey Se rey Sat ord tri cay hear when lore pcs on toque hs anaes Pp Feb, Cicero, Muu and Sala, ao em ae So eet ‘ld when Ido ed them Some fanber tts“ Se ropes ke the Sere the Ind he Ament, "Casa, Ale, Fenn, and Arabe ‘The ony pls easing ones Pe rope that Ire enon athe Aman age wean eo ent Celie sm) andthe Ses hissy cnc ft ah tasking speech Otherwise, be onl ens deed wise about milium of Grek nd Roman gamer Kmaghea have ben Ino primary concem to cle rnempan ee ation bu tis emanate that scene don oh txery known ter fr peso ew sed nce dea Se tual absent, ad he dot not cen caret expan he ropa the sg Hs repeated alfa dt “peoples are scene tien in hr appearances i ea obvi dy ‘Mpponed by tary proce eres "Phere it no dow Ut cee could be repeat frig fom Roman pnt fen, tartan Trucs et ee ver fra long ine sen a aly barbara Rens cred that the Franks wore trouson™ But were he Geman tone ide, ain Reman lconoeay, ethan, a Tacs sy Tn ate Anciqiy, he ait ean read oe the Eng adagh itis hard ty to what exert. Wen Hor in 357 rade wea router inthe iy of Rome, his mete only made ee the large majority of inhabianaidnot wear Coase On We SS Spt 2,12 La om i pe Sap e cece ci‘other hand, Diocletian's pice efit already ined tals who made ttousery therfore they eansot have been an unfair sgh ™ ‘Sometiney, her types of barbarian des became fiona the ccs of the Enis Prosopis srongy dnaproved ofthe way the tte ficsons dese in his dayr "They a ioited on beng ery well dad in fe grmen, doting themselves in raiment 00 rctentiosfr hee india rank (And the part of the tie Iwhich covered the arma war gatered by them very coe about the wrt whe fom there teach shoulder it blowed out to an Incredible breath (Alo tele cals and their drawers and ex pel their thoes ae regard both name and Gon, were ced Ss “Hue i hard to imagine that ths means thee fashion Freaks inthe capital realy dresed the way the Huns did, and thie tot what Prop, who knew ll ora af Hans fom hit experience {Bela amy, actualy sys. It ater demonstrate the feb ‘of ereorype; His could not only be pictured i rodent’ ai, “Amami dior covered with Rhy ain Prcopar' ow acct, bt abo in Sine and pretentious garment, ano doubt many af he lune ambauadors who came fo the cpl" A seventeen pyr om Eaypt sts a “Hunn sik es inthis xe, "Hunn Dethape denoted the ulimatly central Asan origin of this type of ‘ken dre” Sill ancther way to present Hu was the desrp- ton Pass gave of Ata at banquet reed in a very simple way, but immaculately lean. Te war cary enough to clay dierent dress habits as barbarian, but quite another mater to give an accurate desrpon of the wayt ‘in which barbarians really dese, and how they could be disin- ipthed fiom each other, beyond the Phygan cap and the Ger fanic towers The lnterfrence between the ipa Romana, ith both is welh of information and eihnocenic prejaice, and the way in which babarans expres thee being diferent should ot 7 DeMzaNcE: sok oF Ene wore 49 rae snp dimial Romanperepions, 2 mirproeeions From he orth cerry onward Renan near eee sat tnt ter any hy were pf woman ‘ch erences des might or ght nt ater Ba Seton of conn nd rte a iat hat ay hve ment PO . ‘The probe fr bth contemporary and made pecepone shat ae Anta the ey Me Ags te So ead changes in the ay ec ded leven i toe te ‘pore findanenal Changes in sce, td una fous oe oa eal or iene Socal advancement afew pose we, 2 Certainly the cae wih wet Earopeanbararss he oe Sith centre, Basealy, garments tha wee mapped seed body and fied by fibula or pine graualy sapped, aoe, ser and tallred tunic or ane came to be wed In eee ‘nd ith centuries, Westem Gemaric worn abandoned th ante plnsype of drs, a rectangular piece of lth tht war swapped sound the body and faed by Sala onthe shoulder, fr age Tes tpi that such fandamental change went tnaied by all ‘ur sources and can ony be econsrcted by the poston othe ‘bul inthe graves. A Roman obser inl mag a eee ‘ve realised whether the women wore tnic oF na beaux for 1 while the wadional postion ofthe Sulae on the shale wes ‘maintained as an orament, although they did not sre to the farment any more. Buin ceremonial come ley & hae teas atached toi a before withthe pple, Only ie coun of time did bulae and other oramens ce tobe fed to the bel ‘These changes involved Franks, Alamans, Thing, Lar and shen, and thus do ne allow any etic dientiton, aldough Gos women in general kept the trol, a ea fo burl. Further romanian, for nnance ofthe Lombard in aly, som edFD waver rom to the complete dssppearance of ule from the graves, whether hat tras due toa change of burial pracces or of des sen, o both = anh men inthe Merovingian prod ad ner alo woe iy, they might wear nen site and towers under fy and» mande fret i Gregory of Tour reference to the specie ser of hai fd des ofthe Betas unfornatly remains vague™ Mot of out textual evidence iv about royal robes, lturgieal vestments or the (gemments of holy men. In arehaclogial material, one of the mow, onpieuou sigs of enti he el, or rather i Bing, which te oon preserved, es presige value may be derived from Roman, eae a agn of ofc or stata In most of wetem Europe, bee tere very srr around 500; but shin changed ikl ™ ithe {bah to ight cea, muliple Bes with several Sde seape be fae fsionableincetal Europe, Ini most elaborate form, wih tmamental bronze ings it wat we by the Avare The high tpecie pes of fk Stings that are relavely uniform acrow the tea of Ava setlement, fo nite th gifs curent for part of the eighth centry, alow the hypothesis that this was an Ava sgn ‘of sent, and tat the court ofthe Ehagan had some pat in ‘ariboton. 1 have argued that Avar iden was coe) inked the Kaganate, and hu he enc ga wa atte sae ine pb satement,detonstating that the bearer war or withed tobe pr of the ruling ete of the Ehaganate. But the muliple belt, orginally termed “Nomadengure!", was not an Avar invention i has now become clear tha war alo used in, and difised by, Byzantom, yen the relative of «pope in an eight-entary fresco at 8. Maria °S Gree a Ton, Haack Wedemany, Kai p. 363; Gi, ‘i Trl Ga lucene, et ati ee Sern, eee ate en ‘Se Mecringa po Catena ae» ast al ur dr Bi tae pie phetg eg chong ete Se Siete eee cho "sin “Gene and Bewang Se es hcp. AD, ean, Le ee TRLLDO TH DEAE so¥M oF eNONE ORT Antiqua im Rome is depicted at wearing one. A hehe ‘mentioned on n event entry paps grea age {by Lombard and Brana, among tere Sere ‘over ime On the whe, in the ate Roman al ts ee af inser Kno, be oot lp may ea aa tis ease disincsons Haars 90 2009 Hoe Atough hain tot epi lined ude the neg Se en by cial ator he erage SMa, fd specie examples for erence ame moe chee Sano wen fe oe earl rust ob sa cop gs pp indicant a odes ‘ams Geman, pa ch Cas, ea ‘Buon That the Oot fad rel har sade ee lar pice of ivomaton. The next een whi be Gea spa ti ones the pcre, bce lar ee Coe and Gear, 2, 9, bt sebum har toe tao Iwo the second. Th ony oe of he meson soe Sip worn othe boy, ‘nee the bessown ceo icy speci himye hat fe Such Tacs very eng hot ee "A agree SS comb the hair wear an eto or te Se te digit fom he other Germany an tbe Sac fn {eaves Tn i devin the Se ae na a ge at loo union of several wber who exp pal proage Oe ke te, which makes the lek Ie Kap We tray he Scenic! honor in war Buta Gr Ie sane bcos Proiemati Fest, Taconghes wo ite ees of he «, ‘eh A ed Fan 84h aren 5.01, Ue “ne ewan fC fy e 2 ich isa tree a ae at rs Fa soe ce al Mal Hach Eom 1,2, 7. CC i ne 5 Tact Conan 38 fo ot ayo pe ge a acs Crm Bonn al a‘not inthe same chapter. In the begining, he says that they comb the Pair ways and then fc ito hot ure xen ae tig and then, he get on to describe bow the bai combed rckwardy and the Kao Farmed ontop ofthe ead mao ln, ey emir a verve nega Secondly, Taito imme ately supplement i ethic deinion with one of aur the kat to server to ding the fre Sue rom the saves” (Saonm ‘apna wri. And Unly, Tac ao observed the dlc of mach tign for other Germans ete iitted i lsough ct, a the Su (Ba, und old age" The Sucbian knot an example of widely lew sg of ident, and i was wed in pictorial representations of German itt alo atened by finds of bodes in swamp" But a [bigs in form and function have to be taken verily adit {cer tou that satus ot enc ent, was the piary con: ‘em of thowe who wore Th general Grecke and Roman considered lng hiro be pica basta thus the new Gale province subdued by Jus Caer fame to be called Gels meta Rocmne, on the other hand, were ‘apposed to eut their hair short. Buch distinctions were echoed fa tony in Iand when the newly converted came tetera se “Fe Synod of Se. Patek” to rule that cli should eat their hai the Roman way (referring to a paricuar ype of tonsure)™ Pictorial representations umily show Germanic warrior wih long sir, and slbo with long beardalthough male Bodies in bogs never wear beard Sometime longhair anocited wilh wpecie practices, at in Tac” account ofthe Chat who let air and beard grow unt they have alsin an enemy, and only then “reveal hee Freed" apr pe ent ee eae rece re ee eect sco henge wc ee ole fe Sr woe are EVLiehee oS mois ans Im eel i iy 8 cE “Ths wat lea observed by Wenshn, Sams and Vasu pp. 261-64, 2 Go hence Ip png at ee ih Hal mmuieee nee al ee ice oT al tan orn eo Soar Sra Sp tt coe Repeater oa San ee ree Scere Somat Mii ye ae Sopot cing anna ya ete a eins seat Shanda eats Cal et ee hme Sent ahh ee an Peseta era oredr ee ener eh et merch tine rye SS Sa en eilaama n SEU meee ago Soho man ec ed {BC German tad fa bat, ing at oe Saison ee es a ee om eee ee ot ce Tone ar le me Gm eee ESR oa elm es ca Mca ed yi Ppstiget ee tehetrete flat See pegecn a ti era ee co mall ar pg anton Sree ie eer cel oe SEE Se Ten Hi 818 mle on pe pis, sl Sin, Cale 47-0 ib Dubai: Wacmunge ed Web eee i eal, oe se sa Tay Gs nn hn ne ne SS eee Brey Res Fon Aten Do te aig jadaie ae line Sioarageoaaae 2 SS nae mn nena Tiseemoico ‘waren ros Inve shaped perceptions comidraly ¢ may alo have blared the vow of specie practesanocated withthe calor ofthe hi, Pliny Tematked that the Gaus had invented » method t dye ther ha ‘witha oap mae of allow andthe ases of beechwood, shih the ‘German fen eather than wore) had taken over Marta cl this the “Chatic™ or “Batavia” soap, known to make hair Bing ‘ed and wed by many Romans! From a casual remark of Amie fs Marcelins we can gue that some Alsmans "habitually dyed {hel air redda!"-And when the Batawian offer inthe Roman sry, Civil rebelled towards the end ofthe est century AD, be ‘ot ony let hie hr grow but ao dyed it need colour.” Thee examples are to remot fom each other to draw any general con ‘uony, but i seems clear tha the colour ofthe hae ould be a ‘objet of ambi rates, without any in f pecially ee ‘connotation. ‘We owe a number of abuertons about barbarian hayes to Sidnius Apolinaris, who certainly was not an impartial observer, tbr one who, une Tacs or even Anunianus, had the baebarany be talted about inhi icity. He complained na fimous phrase, how hard it was to wre “beng among the long-haired hordes, and having to endure Germanic words, apd to prave with 2 soar fce ‘what the voracious Burgundan sing, who pours rancid buter on 1s hai" The rancid ater, eaely atte Eaewhere, bat become favourite in moder popular historiography. Sidonus also described the Franks whorn Malorne had subdue "Drawn down fom a reddit head, the har hangs down ono the forehead, and the bared feck eines from lack of air. and at thei faces are shaved every 14, 26 Che Tas dp ai 8,3, 49 aps ha CEG Wael a Em 8h "Aman Maia eC 7, 2, 2 ian ha 4 pvp ‘Aug yee re hing Sei sears ie at herve Ae Had pce A "out the Chat the Gras, 31, ‘iLL THE UrIRENC: wom oF EMO weMTTY 55 ster, hyp ec hth hn a i ienead a the beara Ade Sara eae ok, Sage angie aes ce ee SS Geig hhc eee ithe margin ofthe har; thus, with he har ow bck oe a peer pepe piebrried Et Sade erent Toner cons fake sain nrg Spee pod ee fel hh dan itn ae ae Shs ted ered chimed pate po Sleiae frat Soa nga a ees is Pou nen que sone Saree ae sien Sei haar te re SLT SS ata ncaa SEI wrote Remi forget ag ca taht eee eee eee Siete por envoy beg i esa ea Fed ene ape trie enter ori ie tang dove avy peti ee ae HD Ge Mee tn nde tee Soran ah Bo Shomer nate Sea ay oi a ST a Konan ahhh en Lope ct tafe Ren neo a ae SieaLetdtwcradanenc ences ame trae Howe omic ome Styne Bae ad eh Eye pos ema oe As Hao he eo {i Mote so cet et Bats a es Snel nr ere twee he ste maa ‘Sin Aparna 9 238-22: qs sed fn I Sahl ete hee eae RSLS en 8 ce ee rte ne6 auras rom Sencza'saatement impli: “Why do you comb your hair wo di femiy? Whether you lt it fow ater Parthian habit or fx the Germanic way or yea ot ike the Shins doin ny hanes mane i wil be deme, brie more Beauty inthe Hors neck ‘Byeanune aushor of the ah entry were expecially atenive Aierences in halen Agtbian compared the log fair of the Frankish kings to that of the Avare and Turks that was “unkempt, dry and diy and ved wp in an unaghty kot”. He abo remaried that only the Prank kings were allowed to grow tei air long Casiom has reserved this pracice fr royaly a8 sort of dsictine badge and prope. Subjecu have their hair eut all ound, and are sil fecidden to grow any longer" Seldom do we find Staements that are as outpoen about sips of en enya hs fone about sgn of wat. The Avan hairsle must have cased ot of dacunson in Conmaninole.Agathias wrote bis Hite ‘only 2 fw year afer they had appeared forthe fist ime, and thee bai the only hing he mentons about dhem- Theyphanes i more deed although hi description i uite diferent "The whole cy fan together to watch them, for such people had not been seen before They wore ther air very lng behind, wound with bands and bride, whereas the et of their cote was sar to that of the other Huns A trace of the braids Avar men wed to wear ae the metal slide ound in numberof aes although they sll ony present wall percentage ofall ale rave. At the Br glace, the Avar therefore scem to represent an unusual clear example of futward signs that vere perceed a8 specif, and moder scholars have found way of agreeing on compromise solaon. But was this “national aire” in fac ted in an unity knot, woud wih ‘bande lto brads or Bed with metal sides? Thus, whatever fncon ‘braids may have ha forthe Avary ether the hase ors pereepe sions, and probably both, were far from uniform. Paul the Deacon's description ofthe Lombards depicted in Theo dings’ palace alo contain a descripon of the way in which hey fr thet ir --they shave the neck tothe back af the head down Sen, A 14, 2 Qo epi Ci ht se Pat Gets Sa ao tl a py pl eth, He § She eh Meg "Sau Cle A HP, tp 8 th ber a TULLB TH DUPER: some OW ETON woMTTY ST tthe ain, thei hang down inthe fice w the mth ‘hse ino a the ping The ped ae ‘enfime by sme onopaph ence, ace he Agia ‘Pht in he Bare in Borne) or he oe ces foes ok ‘aed omb of Gil a Coe ™ The Lombard bert of art ate remarkable because they represen an interesting example of ak tical sci by sin thse Lior expan of ‘ame scr obvious “The Lombard scoring ts foals spon, are named afer thie hah bear tha ae ner eee Sees Pilg do not leas age; hasbeen mgued tat the ort ‘unr incre dlr co ak tr he Ba ot ‘esr, Yr intanee an ase, nd ur Longa ad ee i monn aro Hee ut may bem ce imporanc hing ith he Lombard vues areola version Pal the Deacon ater" cera that he Letbads wo fst wee cae Win, wre naned Langue leg of thet Beard that wee nached by aus Fa tn es langue “ang mean long, "bir beard Pau ah vepesmely mentors that Lombard king and des wore long barf ey othe fie, they ado shave ot aed bear Te lok sory tat about the seventh cety dee of Fa, Ts rb the Roman pauiss Grego had ove to Odean pombang “cat is beara twat he cane ad ma in hs on Bat when Tao came he wan abused and le ol hs eh, Gre {ras hd Taos head brought and at bard ™ Kang Al tore the congct of Bysanne Ravens, ed a lw fang si a is 2c op Fray see hae, Hogs Cg in 85, p16 472 a, SE Bo gn lf aa eh me a RO ASLAN Et 0, > de ot npn a oa fa ace agile hate Mol te Lap "SFr Daan Mune [pled 9 (aie Dr 9 ie ‘an af ra 359 Rig Come ve Ro Bean a Sr i pg ds ‘2 Fr con, Ma Lad 3 pit a hn a eel aed a Ths ay ern Feat Sn ie Ung on ow Pd ns Gut Ne moto 3 oe eo ign oe ae poetrade wih the Byzantine Rimes; Lombards who should volte it ‘were 10 ke their propery and be shaved, deans, and had to go out crying “Thane who condact busines with a Roman contrary to the ings wih, at longa the Romans are our enemy, mer thos” Erchomperts late ninh-entry istry of the Beneventan Lombards clam tha Chaslemage had required that they shaved hei china a a gn of submission (at Logharnan men dee Jarre Sut aguin sets to be more important Urn ec iden “iy, But the beard was not only one with erp. Rha Bice ised paling » man’s beard or hat under the besins that recpured paying a fine, Fr fee man, it was equlen to teowing fim to the ground. But even half, minerals or amt rn were specially prosected against puling their beard im their cae, {he fine amounted to the eqeitalent of any wound.” “The cue of the Lombard brad not without ambiguities, ether “The seventhcentry Ong rts Lngbrdna, aa ter Ply explain ina nor Ril of mythological alin how the Lombards reall got thet name, Ie not refer tothe men's beards butt the women's feng hair ted under ter chi took ite beards They wore tit once ona batfeld to il an oracle. Wodan saw these women Sod exchimed: “Who are these longbearde"? Tn, He gave both ‘ietory and the name to the Lorbards™ The ch som ofthe ory ines references to an adopson of Wadanim, for one of ‘Werlan's pony in Nordic mythology it "he longbeard=" and a gender ive that seems to be reminacent of the wanton to pat Ipear vcty. The Lombards in aly may not have ben aware in ‘how many respects thi beards were «ital sig, paradoxically charged witht nal ambiguities But in any as, it as not vey practical asa sgn of recogaion. Other people wore beards, and ome Lombards tay not have done 20. The kenographic evidence {eat without contradicons. The pice ofa helmet from Valine Shows King Alf wth a beard, but te warirs on is sides with- fut Representations of rer on esas fist flow the Byearsne mode, Showing no or only shore beards. I x remarlable ac at the same tine, in the seventh and cig century, Byzantine emperor, for TS fi 4 Bh MGH LL Bigie Pa Re i oe, : ar mgr 1; Pa Dzau, Mis Lape 1 8 SD Sp SE cn 18 THLEG 1 DorEneS: woe oF me OMY $9 insance Conan I the emperor who ted to the 65 soe shown enter cm wih see a 6S “The sof Bence, teeth sea ee ay ca sve sough ma ey ng beans ogy ay from Tren dita fal tn dass pater sah Soe oe ear A eae fice on Inne ast spina king Cp, 514 cer vanes ae tee we ‘ees te he ad Ga Ca me 1 Vale shows bene ew Fr he Deacon di a een crt meso earn i on ofthe sciet Lombards painted in Teedein's paae s uch Ps, Dd aya ar Spice. An iterated page he Le sss Ide ft ih emtary by shy rar mae She the province under Reman col ws bj by he open rccoquet aby in carat have been bear ut wold not hae en ig Th he et wt ee et ad tos sl Son tel reps se ‘enatiaon nan nsabate hd warkigsan oy, hp ste si of ieniy, eg ears werent ey aa bese mn re, Thy dod bee n't a ex and anbiguns ml sara to mae at ee In ey rca ednogapiy iw ey ae emp a a lowes imps at mb ues ta ome epee And marae. Batten inh ce Hatt te caer By ‘ini fe harcore ety. cod ely wer on ‘met of «mythical dace whch bth parte omen Som aout ese ad to be ae a “sao te core im whch ve pd en © ce of ee RRS RES EE Darr ak Pie el pon eS HAN, ok Dae, sees tt i Bt© ‘waren Yom cone) have wo be sen ough heir meaning it hardy evr ‘irc acecible I eon sou a he ie aed in aman than nd ome sob silane, ta contrbutg fo te ee hin ofa group seniy by overcoming the Hot of ind ‘Bence, The cece thn companied the dead doring baal an into he gave ere a fanrental exprenion oft poo, toe peape ano of ee Keni. But wich jes group {oder weve metningfl in wich a ymboll contest and what they meant som Car, Satur rence ae a 4 ole tach trove obi han tne Kents, Weapon al ten aha ben, yued on te ba feat Ango-Saxon graven, served ay To Spy the sata he miy2* Hardly any per of weapon ot (ier objes ar have wo renal or elie pops Crh were " ‘Among the Moravian Sa, the ow diferentation of ity and the development of terstoral power, which eventually in 890—— resulted inthe Moran empire, canbe oben the archaeal record In fc he presen sate of earch ino war for week 98 thi topic as most fds dang othe eighth cemary come oem set ements, ut thee are no cemeteries, which is unfortunate, a hey ‘al be more mesringfil fr this queion. Neverticlew dete ies which have been one in the past ew years have reed i 1 rela picture of de stuaon™ At seer pues Morava ane fact, mortly belt ng, which ae citer Avar prods or wee i tended as copies of such, were found We now asume that Beanie Ses, Rae tne Ovrith Te ee in pepe Dam “rane eoconventions of iar? res provided model hee and at we have ‘ented some Byzantine orginal. ‘Aft sight one might asume that southern Morava wat part of the area of Avarcaltre in he eighth century. However, if one ‘tnpares the datibuton of bk tings withthe of Booked ure typeof artefact wich never osu in the area of Ava cer tne ives ata diferent conlaion in the cour ofthe ‘ferentiation of Moravian society ad the development of rig ‘dau ie war necenry to “invent” special means a sepresntton The new lois had to supplement the exiting baie repetie and fr this purpose, borrowed ftom their neighbours andthe dom ‘ant power at eat in emo image—the Byzantine Empire. How ‘ver, we have only arived this explanation, which au both the Schacolgial station and theorecal conceptions raring soa brelopments withthe lp of an item of viding exipment, we ‘id nt ave thelr we would probably sil be assuming that the ‘Moravian Slava were part of the Aver empire, became the pie separation ofthe Morsviane coldwell hve Been a rest of Char lemagne' war agains the Avart A fing of salir, of etic comcioumen might wel hve exited in the Moravian’ empire of ‘Moir Tand its quite posible, or even probable, hat ths eine enity cher developed or was cated inthe coune ofthe forma tion of Slav rule in Moravia The erenon of s Moravian eh fuk thu have served as 4 means of secing power Sonate Tone reget, the methods ed by the historian and the arcaecogit ae very smi both mut attempt to abandon moder teinaageal ‘rem and to decipher the ealy medieval “code”. The hitoran Tas to we the trminaogy of the writen sources as starting pint snd he then mutt examine what wat meant by the names ven the tena, The archaologi cover types of arte foe of re, ‘ype ofsetdements, burl customs, evidence for other easors and {adits and much more besides He has to consider what sts ‘each ofthese clara elements once posse ina semiotic rece ‘and which of them were understood ata erteron for diferent ‘bemeen groupe, We can atume with sme ceralty that there wee jas ar many ponies of idencation in early medieval saciety as ‘a raucruns or mermcarion * Sher ate dy ame of hen ae hems a he ag ‘sc Hwee hy peti tht oro the rd props Eb wa cae Pe oe pate: tty ays gheome eSeca potg 1 eed by Kis wad py we a a at ‘al by myDISAPPEARING AND REAPPEARING TRIBES Peer. Heather ‘The non Reman immigrants who conte oot ne ba aly to the warformation of the Roman Word pene many aif historical problems. This paper wil atempe to explore one pate Tar problem which has recived rather le ateton than many the vey in which, over ime, erin socal union ight wih to cll ‘hem "bes", "ie group, or rmetingehe~—"potne” ie sppear and then "psively” reappear in or sources |A. Dero Te roam ee eee erence mons ‘Sele yar gon cng wos ng er rege ey aren plecat cegeinape arnemenariararl ep eee weer {Fp cone ins iy hn Fo comer ope ere See tr ae al ta aes opening epee Saree ous nelson es Ras ae a pirate eee [ier ny apap eer reg tere irre oer Seep gem eaneerenpr ed leant repr ig reamed egy genie rag erence Mp nano Sut tose, Seay Gott Goce Dek Hoey RETEST et Mh Bs Onc 7 Gn eR, STG, a. 1, 4HProcrat, Sarmatse, and Moni? In hese and similar cates, ii clear thatthe author were tending otto provide an wpodate fazeueer of the poical makeup of Scythia torh ofthe Danube, butt nimolate in thee audience imagraionn a general picture of the mat of Sethian trier on the move he whole pn, of coun, ‘bing to make thie mam at manive ax pone, since the panel for bth poe war hat ll were nnethele sud by thee reece tive herocr: Sich and Major). The prec name which spear in thee fits may have been partly sete to reflect historia realy, but were also dicated bythe pote geare beng wed. Thur nares lege by their appearance in wore considered par ofthe Cana ‘anon were refered hurl oes hence the vey emo “Ge” {or Goth) and all the names chon, of coune, tal wo Bt the pote ‘mete at that parla pint “Thee tate of enormous inter, but the vary of fam paying pon the poct in their choice of names encans tat, by themes they are inuficient evden to document “pote” reappearance of longs be. No one imagines, for imance, that Ee group of wardving Colon hidden fr hundreds of youre del suey ‘appear in Alaris host in the 390s, ad the same i obviously wae of ‘ames (ina teal sense) uch at Geta and Managete” In some ‘casey, there wil be more room for dnagreement on the ikelinood of the Bat representing genine historia sighting. The appearance of “Bastar in Sidon tng for example, has been taken to show that this group insome form hud survived the punihing campaigns launched apie then i the hid century Thin fr cory, however, since Bastarmae appear inno ther now-pocticitcetury sure Indeed, I would mpl pos he general prince that men ton fr even several mention) in poe Int is nice documen- talon for & poutive reappearance: if farther confirmation cannot be found ebewhere, there is oo great 2 chance thatthe resuretion i purely lerary one ‘An akitona dificuty in ideniing postive dtapearance and reappearance in provided by inmtanes where we are faced wth huge (prin the coverage of eur sources. Rug fr istane, are mentioned fn Tact! Geman (43), but then not again unt the ith century, 7 Sidon Apotinain Cam 5, 472-80 Com. 7, 285-40 320-5, + Sone no, ce mth me cs nd nes hes, wtih Ie ney re omen DAT 10 ReAreAtoN Tas ” apn ai Fi, nt in tl ened by Ar sur Mareelinan* to ‘ae the groupe would appear to have moved wbwanal dances in between but tere py no ‘mater rom which to wnt a "history, and inte cae of te Bar futdans atleast, no proming reas to spp a cy had ver {realty dhapeared at ny pot in boven ju bees mere ing GracrRoman sourcen Gh aot o meno them’ B. Dawwriawc sm mearessince: Two cate om Despite thee subwantal problems in the source material,» umber of ces can be idenfed where the evince ged enough 10 ‘oublsh (or at eat sugges wath a high dee a probay ht ‘sbmergence ofan ecgnal rou within larerwhele we lowed bys firther period of independence, One or fo Sunraton wll aban the poine ‘A sriking and dramatic example i provided by the history of the Hel In he id emu, ey were highly ee, and. pra, thei partcpation inthe great sarborne fad whch led off he ‘northern Black Sea coat in the spring probably of 268 and though the Dardanelle to bring desc othe Balla i wey wel doc ‘mented. No only do they fd specie mention in Zona bat ome ‘unving fragments of Dexppu history Zana source) mae ‘Gear that Desipp’famoun defence of Athens wat acy made Sgsinet Her, rather han again Goths o any ofthe eer pari fing groups! No four-enury ext, however, mentons tem. The ‘ould amply bea lacuna in the evidence, but contemporary saree ‘ake it clar that ft Gothic and then Hanne groupe were polcaly

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