List of software bugs

Many software bugs are merely annoying or inconvenient but some can have extremely serious consequences
– either financially or as a threat to human well-being. The following is a list of software bugs with significant
consequences.

Contents
Space
Medical
Tracking years
Electric power transmission
Administration
Telecommunications
Military
Media
Video gaming
Encryption
Transportation
Finance
See also
External links
References

Space
A booster went off course during launch, resulting in the destruction of NASA Mariner 1. This
was the result of the failure of a transcriber to notice an overbar in a written specification for the
guidance program, resulting in the coding of an incorrect formula in its FORTRAN software.
(July 22, 1962).[1] The initial reporting of the cause of this bug was incorrect.[2]
NASA's 1965 Gemini 5 mission landed 80 miles (130 km) short of its intended splashdown
point due to an incorrect constant for the Earth's rotation rate. The rotation rate corresponding to
the 24 hour solar day was used instead of the rotation rate relative to the fixed stars. The
shorter length of the first three missions and a computer failure on Gemini 4 prevented the bug
from being detected earlier.[3]
The Russian Space Research Institute's Phobos 1 (Phobos program) deactivated its attitude
thrusters and could no longer properly orient its solar arrays or communicate with Earth,
eventually depleting its batteries. (September 10, 1988).[4]
The European Space Agency's Ariane 5 Flight 501 was destroyed 40 seconds after takeoff
(June 4, 1996). The US$1 billion prototype rocket self-destructed due to a bug in the on-board
guidance software.[5][6]
 In 1997, the Mars Pathfinder mission was jeopardised by a bug in concurrent software shortly
after the rover landed, which was found in preflight testing but given a low priority as it only
occurred in certain unanticipated heavy-load conditions.[7] The problem, which was identified
and corrected from Earth, was due to computer resets caused by priority inversion.[8]
In 2000, a Zenit 3SL launch failed due to faulty ground software not closing a valve in the
rocket's second stage pneumatic system.[9]
The European Space Agency's CryoSat-1 satellite was lost in a launch failure in 2005 due to a
missing shutdown command in the flight control system of its Rokot carrier rocket.[10]
NASA Mars Polar Lander was destroyed because its flight software mistook vibrations due to
atmospheric turbulence for evidence that the vehicle had landed and shut off the engines 40
meters from the Martian surface (December 3, 1999).[11]
Its sister spacecraft Mars Climate Orbiter was also destroyed, due to software on the ground
generating commands in pound-force (lbf), while the orbiter expected newtons (N).
A mis-sent command from Earth caused the software of the NASA Mars Global Surveyor to
incorrectly assume that a motor had failed, causing it to point one of its batteries at the sun. This
caused the battery to overheat (November 2, 2006).[12][13]
NASA's Spirit rover became unresponsive on January 21, 2004, a few weeks after landing on
Mars. Engineers found that too many files had accumulated in the rover's flash memory. It was
restored to working condition after deleting unnecessary files.[14]
Japan's Hitomi astronomical satellite was destroyed on March 26, 2016, when a thruster fired in
the wrong direction, causing the spacecraft to spin faster instead of stabilize.[15]
Israel's first attempt to land an unmanned spacecraft on the moon with the Beresheet was
rendered unsuccessful on April 11, 2019 due to a software bug with its engine system, which
prevented it from slowing down during its final descent on the moon's surface. Engineers
attempted to correct this bug by remotely rebooting the engine, but by time they regained
control of it, Beresheet could not slow down in time to avert a hard, crash landing that
disintegrated it.[16]

Medical
A bug in the code controlling the Therac-25 radiation therapy machine was directly responsible
for at least five patient deaths in the 1980s when it administered excessive quantities of beta
radiation.[17][18][19]
A Medtronic heart device was found vulnerable to remote attacks (2008-03).[20]
The Becton Dickinson Alaris Gateway Workstation allows unauthorized arbitrary remote
execution (2019).[21][22]
The CareFusion Alaris pump module (8100) will not properly delay an Infusion when the
"Delay Until" option or "Multidose" feature is used (2015).[23]

Tracking years
The year 2000 problem spawned fears of worldwide economic collapse and an industry of
consultants providing last-minute fixes.[24]
A similar problem will occur in 2038 (the year 2038 problem), as many Unix-like systems
calculate the time in seconds since 1 January 1970, and store this number as a 32-bit signed
integer, for which the maximum possible value is 231 − 1 (2,147,483,647) seconds.[25]
An error in the payment terminal code for Bank of Queensland rendered many devices
inoperable for up to a week. The problem was determined to be an incorrect hexadecimal
 number conversion routine. When the device was to tick over to 2010, it skipped six years to
2016, causing terminals to decline customers' cards as expired.[26]

Electric power transmission

The Northeast blackout of 2003 was triggered by a local outage that went undetected due to a
race condition in General Electric Energy's XA/21 monitoring software.[27]

Administration
The software of the A2LL system for handling unemployment and social services in Germany
presented several errors with large-scale consequences, such as sending the payments to
invalid account numbers in 2004.

Telecommunications
AT&T long-distance network crash (January 15, 1990), in which the failure of one switching
system would cause a message to be sent to nearby switching units to tell them that there was
a problem. Unfortunately, the arrival of that message would cause those other systems to fail
too – resulting in a cascading failure that rapidly spread across the entire AT&T long-distance
network.[28][29]

In January 2009, Google's search engine erroneously notified users that every web site
worldwide was potentially malicious, including its own.[30]
In May 2015, iPhone users discovered a bug where sending a certain sequence of characters
and Unicode symbols as a text to another iPhone user would crash the receiving iPhone's
SpringBoard interface,[31] and may also crash the entire phone, induce a factory reset, or
disrupt the device's connectivity to a significant degree,[32] preventing it from functioning
normally. The bug persisted for weeks, gained substantial notoriety and saw a number of
individuals using the bug to play pranks on other iOS users, before Apple eventually patched it
on June 30, 2015 with iOS 8.4.

Military
The software error of a MIM-104 Patriot caused its system clock to drift by one third of a second
over a period of one hundred hours – resulting in failure to locate and intercept an incoming
Iraqi Al Hussein missile, which then struck Dharan barracks, Saudi Arabia (February 25, 1991),
killing 28 Americans.[33][34]
A Chinook crash on Mull of Kintyre in June 1994. A Royal Air Force Chinook helicopter
crashed into the Mull of Kintyre, killing 29. This was initially dismissed as pilot error, but an
investigation by Computer Weekly uncovered sufficient evidence to convince a House of Lords
inquiry that it may have been caused by a software bug in the aircraft's engine control
computer.[35]
Smart ship USS Yorktown was left dead in the water in 1997 for nearly 3 hours after a divide by
zero error.[36]
In April 1992 the first F-22 Raptor crashed while landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California.
The cause of the crash was found to be a flight control software error that failed to prevent a
pilot-induced oscillation.[37]
While attempting its first overseas deployment to the Kadena Air Base in Okinawa, Japan, on
11 February 2007, a group of six F-22 Raptors flying from Hickam AFB, Hawaii, experienced
 multiple computer crashes coincident with their crossing of the 180th meridian of longitude (the
International Date Line). The computer failures included at least navigation (completely lost)
and communication. The fighters were able to return to Hawaii by following their tankers,
something that might have been problematic had the weather not been good. The error was
fixed within 48 hours, allowing a delayed deployment.[38]

Media
In the Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal (October 2005), Sony BMG produced a Van
Zant music CD that employed a copy protection scheme that covertly installed a rootkit on any
Windows PC that was used to play it. Their intent was to hide the copy protection mechanism
to make it harder to circumvent. Unfortunately, the rootkit inadvertently opened a security hole
resulting in a wave of successful trojan horse attacks on the computers of those who had
innocently played the CD.[39] Sony's subsequent efforts to provide a utility to fix the problem
actually exacerbated it.[40]

Video gaming
Eve Online's deployment of the Trinity patch erased the boot.ini file from several thousand
users' computers, rendering them unable to boot. This was due to the usage of a legacy system
within the game that was also named boot.ini. As such, the deletion had targeted the wrong
directory instead of the /eve directory.[41]
The Corrupted Blood incident was a software bug in World of Warcraft that caused a deadly,
debuff-inducing virtual disease that could only be contracted during a particular raid to be set
free into the rest of the game world, leading to numerous, repeated deaths of many player
characters. This caused players to avoid crowded places in-game, just like in a "real world"
epidemic, and the bug became the center of some academic research on the spread of
infectious diseases.[42]
On June 6, 2006, the online game RuneScape suffered from a bug that enabled certain player
characters to kill and loot other characters, who were unable to fight back against the affected
characters because the game still thought they were in player-versus-player mode even after
they were kicked out of a combat ring from the house of a player who was suffering from lag
while celebrating an in-game accomplishment. Players who were killed by the glitched
characters lost many items, and the bug was so devastating that the players who were abusing
it were soon tracked down, caught and banned permanently from the game, but not before they
had laid waste to the region of Falador, thus christening the bug "Falador Massacre".[43]
In the 256th level of Pac-Man, a bug results in a kill screen. The maximum number of fruit
available is seven and when that number rolls over, it causes the entire right side of the screen
to become a jumbled mess of symbols while the left side remains normal.[44]
Upon initial release, the ZX Spectrum game Jet Set Willy was impossible to complete because
of a severe bug that corrupted the game data, causing enemies and the player character to be
killed in certain rooms of the large mansion where the entire game takes place.[45] The bug,
known as "The Attic Bug", would occur when the player entered the mansion's attic, which
would then cause an arrow to travel offscreen, out of the Spectrum's memory and into the
game's memory, altering crucial variables and behavior in an undesirable way. The game's
developers initially excused this bug by claiming that the affected rooms were death traps, but
ultimately owned up to it and issued instructions to players on how to fix the game itself.[46]
The first game in the Civilization series contained a notorious bug that caused one of the world
leaders, Mahatma Gandhi, to behave like an aggressive warmonger, despite being known for
advocating peace in the real world. The bug, which became famously known as "Nuclear
Gandhi", became possible when Gandhi's aggression rating, represented as an 8-bit unsigned
integer, was set to the lowest positive value of 1. If the player chose to democratize his native
 India, the rating would decrease by two, causing it to roll over back to the highest value, 255,
thus making him the most aggressive leader in the game. The bug was so famous that the
developers decided to allow players to deliberately goad Gandhi into aggressive conflict in
later sequels.[47]
One of the free demo discs issued to PlayStation Underground subscribers in the United States
contained a serious bug, particularly in the demo for Viewtiful Joe 2, that would not only crash
the PlayStation 2, but would also unformat any memory cards that were plugged into that
console, erasing any and all saved data onto them.[48] The bug was so severe that Sony had to
apologize for it and send out free copies of other PS2 games to affected players as
consolation.[49]
Due to a severe programming error, much of the Nintendo DS game Bubble Bobble Revolution
is unplayable because a mandatory boss fight failed to trigger in the 30th level.[50]
An update for the Xbox 360 version of Guitar Hero II, which was intended to fix some issues
with the whammy bar on that game's guitar controllers, came with a bug that caused some
consoles to freeze, or even stop working altogether, producing the infamous "red ring of
death".[51]
Valve's Steam client for Linux could accidentally delete all the user's files in every directory on
the computer. This happened to users that had moved Steam's installation directory.[52] The
bug is the result of unsafe shellscript programming:

STEAMROOT="$(cd "${0%/*}" && echo $PWD)"

# Scary!
rm -rf "$STEAMROOT/"*

The first line tries to find the script's containing directory. This could fail, for example if the
directory was moved while the script was running, invalidating the "selfpath" variable $0. It
would also fail if $0 contained no slash character, or contained a broken symlink, perhaps
mistyped by the user. The way it would fail, as ensured by the && conditional, and not having
set -e cause termination on failure, was to produce the empty string. This failure mode was
not checked, only commented as "Scary!". Finally, in the deletion command, the slash
character takes on a very different meaning from its role of path concatenation operator when
the string before it is empty, as it then names the root directory.

Minus World is an infamous glitch level from the 1985 game Super Mario Bros., accessed by
using a bug to clip through walls in level 1-2 to reach its "warp zone", which leads to the said
level.[53] As this level is endless, triggering the bug that takes the player there will make the
game impossible to continue until the player resets the game or runs out of lives.
"MissingNo." is a glitch Pokémon species present in Pokémon Red and Blue, which can be
encountered by performing a particular sequence of seemingly unrelated actions. Capturing
this Pokémon may corrupt the game's data, according to Nintendo[54][55][56] and some of the
players who successfully attempted this glitch. This is one of the most famous bugs in video
game history, and continues to be well-known.[57]

Encryption
In order to fix a warning issued by Valgrind, a maintainer of Debian patched OpenSSL and
broke the random number generator in the process. The patch was uploaded in September
2006 and made its way into the official release; it was not reported until April 2008. Every key
generated with the broken version is compromised (as the "random" numbers were made
easily predictable), as is all data encrypted with it, threatening many applications that rely on
encryption such as S/MIME, Tor, SSL or TLS protected connections and SSH.[58]
 Heartbleed, an OpenSSL vulnerability introduced in 2012 and disclosed in April 2014,
removed confidentiality from affected services, causing among other things the shut down of
the Canada Revenue Agency's public access to the online filing portion of its website[59]
following the theft of social insurance numbers.[60]
The Apple "goto fail" bug was a duplicated line of code which caused a public key certificate
check to pass a test incorrectly.

Transportation
By some accounts Toyota's electronic throttle control system (ETCS) had bugs that could cause
sudden unintended acceleration.[61]
The Boeing 787 Dreamliner experienced an integer overflow bug which could shut down all
electrical generators if the aircraft was on for more than 248 days.[62]
In early 2019, the transportation-rental firm Lime discovered a firmware bug with its electric
scooters that can cause them to brake unexpectedly very hard, which may hurl and injure
riders.[63]

Finance
The Vancouver Stock Exchange index had large errors due to repeated rounding. In January
1982 the index was initialized at 1000 and subsequently updated and truncated to three
decimal places on each trade. This was done about 3000 times a day. The accumulated
truncations led to an erroneous loss of around 25 points per month. Over the weekend of
November 25–28, 1983, the error was corrected, raising the value of the index from its Friday
closing figure of 524.811 to 1098.892.[64][65]
Knight Capital Group lost $440 million in 45 minutes due to the improper deployment of
software on servers and the re-use of a critical software flag that caused old unused software
code to execute during trading.[66]

See also
London Ambulance Service § Computerisation

External links
Forum on Risks to the Public in Computers and Related Systems (http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risk
s/)

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