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S T R U C T U R A L S Y S T E M S
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What is structural system in architecture?

The term structural system or structural frame in structural engineering refers to the
load- resisting sub-system of a building or object.

The structural system transfers loads through interconnected elements or members.

TYPE OF BUILDINGS
Residential house, school, hospital, or factory etc. Buildings
maybe load bearing masonry buildings or RCC framed
structure building.

Load Bearing Masonry Building RCC framed Structure Building

 BASIC COMPONENT OF A BUILDING
All Buildings which are built on ground are two primary basic component

1. Sub-Structure or Foundation:- The lower portion of the building, which is located below the
ground/soil , is called foundation. Foundation, which is in direct contact with ground in depth, transmits the loads of the
super-structure to the supporting soil. Floors below ground/soil are called basement, being below ground, wherever
constructed are also part of Sub-Structure. However Padstone foundation is always over ground and normally found in hill
area.

2. Super Structure :- a structure built on top of something else.

The parts of a ship, other than masts and rigging, built above its hull and
main deck. The part of a building above its foundations.
 Spuer Structure
Generally consist of the following
i) Plinth,
ii) Plinth Beam,
iii) DPC,
iv) Plinth protection
v) Floors,
vi) Column,
vii) Walls,
viii)Openings Doors/ Windows/Ventilators,
ix) Sill,
x) Lintel,
xi) Beam,
xii) Roof.
xiii) Parapet,
xiv) Staircase,
xv) Mumty,
xvi) Lift machine
Structure:

Structure is a fundamental, tangible or intangible notion Construction or framework of identifiable elements (components,
entities, factors, members, parts, steps, etc.) which gives form and stability, and resists stresses and strains.

Structure is an arrangement and organization of

interrelated elements in a material object or system, or
the object or system so organized
 Structure

Substructure Superstructure

Superstructure
A superstructure is an upward extension of an
existing structure above a baseline

Substructure
The part of structure which is usually below
the ground level and in direct contact with
the soil, through which the load of
superstructure is transmitted to the soil.
The relationship of structure to building:

• The part of a building which resists the loads that are imposed on it.

• Building may be regarded as simply an envelope which encloses and subdivides

space in order to create a protected environment.

• The surfaces which form the envelope, that is the walls, the floors and the roof of
the building, are subjected to various types of loads.

floors are subjected to the gravitational external surfaces are exposed to the
loads climatic loads. loads climatic loads.
Types of load in building

load in building

Static load Dynamic load

Can be applied to a
Dead load
structure suddenly and
Dead loads are relatively fixed and include the vary in magnitude and
weight of the building structure itself as well as the location.
weight of any permanent elements with in the Wind load
building such as mechanical equipment. Earth quake load

Live load
Live loads are moveable loads which may not be
present all of the time . They include the weight of
a building occupants and , furnishing
Types of Forces

Types of Forces

Tension Shear Bending

Forces Force Force

Compression Torsion/ Twisting

Forces forces
Tension

• The pulling force transmitted axially by the means of a string, cable,

chain, or similar one-dimensional continuous object, or by each end of
a rod.

OR

• The action-reaction pair of forces acting at each end of said elements.

 Compression Forces
• Compression Force is the application of power, pressure, or exertion against an
object that causes it to become squeezed, squashed, or compacted.

• Objects routinely subjected to compression forces include column

 Shear Force
Shear forces are unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one specific direction,
and another part of the body in the opposite direction.
Torsion/ Twisting
A force that twists something is called torsion.
forces
The shape of the twisted object can also be called torsion
Bending force
Bending force is the amount of energy it takes to compromise the item from its natural
shape or condition.

A bending force is a combination of tension and compression.

In bending operations, bottom bending is used frequently at the bottom dead center in
order to stabilize the shape.
Thank you