Chapter 9

1. a. E1: RT (from source) = 4 Ω + 2 Ω  12 Ω

= 4 Ω + 1.71 Ω
= 5.71 Ω
E1 16 V
Is    2.8 A
RT 5.71 V
2 (2.8 A)
I12    0.4 A
2   12 

RT (from source) = 2 Ω + 4 Ω  12 Ω
E2:
=2Ω+3Ω
=5Ω
E2 10 V
Is   2A
RT 5
4 (2 A)
I12    0.5 A
4   12 

I12Ω = 0.5 A  0.4 A = 0.1 A

b.

1.333 (1A)
I12  = 0.1 A
1.333   12 

c. the same

2. a.

24 (3 A)
I  = 2.25 A
24   8 
V   I R = (2.25)(4.7 Ω) = 10.575 V

4.7 (12 V)
V   = 1.763 V
4.7   3.3   24 
V   10.575 V  1.763 V = 8.81 V


92 CHAPTER 9
 V  2 (10.575 V)2
b. P=  = 23.79 W
R 4.7 
V  2 (1.763 V) 2
c. P=  = 0.661 W
R 4.7 

V 2 (8.81 V) 2
d. P=  = 16.51 W
R 4.7 

e. 23.79 W + 0.661 W  16.51 W

24.45 W  16.51 W

3. E:

RT = 12   24   56   28.8 
E 24 V
Is =  = 0.833 A
RT 28.8 
24 (0.833 A)

I 56 = 0.25 A
I: 24   56 

24   56   16.8 
12 (8 A)
I   = 3.33 A
12   16.8 
24 (3.33 A)
  
I 56 =1A
24   56 

I 56   I   I   0.25 A+1 A = 1.25 A

4. E1:
42 V
IT = = 1.944 A
18  + 3.6 
9 ( IT ) 9 (1.944 A)
I1 = 
96 15 
= 1.17 A

E2:

E2 24 V
IT =  =2A
RT 12 

I24V = IT + I1 = 2 A + 1.17 A = 3.17 A (dir. of I1)

CHAPTER 9 93
5. E:

6.8 k(36 V)
V2 = = 13.02 V
6.8 k  12 k

I:

12 k(9 mA)
I2 = = 5.75 mA
12 k  6.8 k

V2  I 2 R2 = (5.75 mA)(6.8 k) = 39.10 V

V2 = V2  V2 = 13.02 V + 39.10 V = 52.12 V

6. I: 1.2 k  4.7 k  0.956 k

3.3 kΩ + 0.956 kΩ = 4.256 kΩ
4.256 k(5 mA)
I 
2.2 k  4.256 k
 3.3mA

E: 2.2 kΩ + 3.3 kΩ = 5.5 k Ω

5.5 k  4.7 k  2.53 k
RT = 2.54 kΩ + 1.2 kΩ = 3.73 kΩ
8V
Is  = 2.14 mA
3.73 k
4.7 k(21.4 mA)
I   = 0.986 mA
4.7 k  5.5 k
I  I   I  = 3.3 mA + 0.986 mA = 4.286 mA

7. E1:

E1 12 V
I1 =  = 1.03 A
RT 6   5.88 

94 CHAPTER 9
 30 ( I1 ) 30 (1.03 A)
I  
30   7  37 
 835.14 mA
Vs = I(4 ) = (835.14 mA)(4 )
= 3.34 V

I:

8 (6 A)
I = =4A
8  4
Vs = I(4 ) = 4 A(4 ) = 16 V

E2:

RT = 12   (4  + 5 ) = 12   9  = 5.14 
E 8V
I = 2   0.875 A
RT 4   5.14 
12 ( I ) 12 (0.875 A)
I =   0.5 A
12   9  21 
Vs I (4 ) = 0.5 A(4 ) = 2 V
Vs = Vs Vs  Vs = 16 V  3.34 V  2 V = 10.66 V

8. a. RTh = R3 + R1  R2 = 4 Ω + 6 Ω  3 Ω = 4 Ω + 2 Ω = 6 Ω
R2 E 3 (18 V)
ETh =  6V
R2  R1 3   6 

CHAPTER 9 95
 ETh 6V
b. I1 = = = 0.75 A
RTh  R 6  + 2 
6V
I2 = = 166.67 mA
6  + 30 
6V
I3 = = 56.60 mA
6  + 100 

9. a. RTh:

 RTh  3.3 k  1.2 k  2.4 k

 3.3 k  0.8 k
 4.1 k
ETh:

ETh  (120 mA)(2.4 k  1.2 k)

 96 V

b. RTh = 4.1 kΩ
96 V
I= = 15.74 mA
6.1 k
P = I2R = (15.74 mA)2 2 kΩ = 0.495 W
R = 100 kΩ:
96 V
I= = 0.922 mA
104.1 k
P = I2R = (0.922 mA)2 100 kΩ = 85 mW

10. a. RTh:

 RTh = 5 Ω + 5 Ω  5 Ω = 7.5 Ω

ETh:

20 V
ETh = = 10 V
2

96 CHAPTER 9
 2
 ETh 
2
 10 V 
b. R = 2 Ω: P =  R =  2  = 2.22 W
 Th
R  R   7.5   2  
2
 
R = 100 Ω: P = 
10 V
 100  = 0.87 W
 7.5   100  

11.

RTh = 3 Ω  8 Ω = 2.18 Ω

18 V + 12 V
I= = 2.73 A
3 8 
V3Ω = IR = (2.73 A)(3 Ω) = 8.19 V
ETh = 18 V  8.19 V = 9.81 V

12. RTh:

RTh = 5.6 kΩ  2.2 kΩ = 1.58 kΩ

ETh: Superposition:
I:

ETh = IRT
= 8 mA(5.6 k  2.2 k)
= 8 mA(1.579 k)
= 12.64 V
E:

5.6 k(16 V)
ETh =
5.6 k  2.2 k
= 11.49 V

+
ETh = 11.49 V  12.64 V = 1.15 V


CHAPTER 9 97
13. RTh:

RTh = 4   (2  + 6 Ω  3 ) = 2 

ETh:

72 V
IT = =9A
6   3   (2   4 )
3 ( IT ) 3 (9 A)
I2 =  =3A
3  6 9
ETh = V6 + V2 = (IT)(6 ) + I2(2 )
= (9 A)(6 ) + (3 A)(2 ) = 60 V

14. a. RTh:

RTh = 2.7 k  (4.7 k + 3.9 k) = 2.7 k  8.6 k = 2.06 k

ETh:

3.9 k(18 mA)

I = = 6.21 mA
3.9 k  7.4 k
ETh = I(2.7 k) = (6.21 mA)(2.7 k) = 16.77 V

b.

16.77 V 16.77 V
I= 
2.06 k  1.2 k 3.26 k
= 5.14 mA

98 CHAPTER 9
15. a. RTh:

RTh = 2  + 8  = 10 

ETh:

ETh = V16

20 V
IT = = 825.08 mA
20   4.24 
5 ( IT ) 5 (825.08 mA)
I =  = 125.01 mA
5   28  33 
ETh = V16Ω = (I)(16 Ω) = (125.01 mA)(16 Ω) = 2 V

20 Ω:
ETh 2V 2V
b. I =   = 66.67 mA
RTh  R 10   20  30 

50 Ω: I =
2V 2V
 = 33.33 mA
10   50  60 
100 Ω: I =
2V 2V
 = 18.18 mA
10   100  110 

16. a. RTh:

RTh = 3. 3 k + 2.2 k  1.1 k

= 3.3 k + 0.73 k
= 4.03 k

ETh: Superposition:
E1:

2.2 k(12 V)
ETh = V2.2kΩ =
2.2 k  1.1 k
=8V

CHAPTER 9 99
 ETh = E2 = 4 V

ETh = ETh + ETh = 8 V + 4 V = 12 V

b.

1.2 k(12 V)
V= = 2.75 V
1.2 k  4.03 k

17. RTh:

RTh = 2.2 k  5.6 k = 1.58 k

R = 1.58 k + 3.3 k
= 4.88 k

R = 4.88 k  6.8 k = 2.84 k

RTh = 1.2 k + R = 1.2 k + 2.84 k = 4.04 k

ETh: Source conversions:

22 V
I1 = = 10 mA, Rs = 2.2 k
2.2 k
12 V
I2 = = 2.14 mA, Rs = 5.6 k
5.6 k

Combining parallel current sources: IT = I1  I2 = 10 mA  2.14 mA = 7.86 mA

2.2 k  5.6 k = 1.58 k

100 CHAPTER 9
 Source conversion:
E = (7.86 mA)(1.58 k) = 12.42 V
R = Rs + 3.3 k = 1.58 k + 3.3 k = 4.88 k

12.42 V  6 V 6.42 V
I=  = 549.66 A
4.88 k  6.8 k 11.68 k

V6.8kΩ = I(6.8 k) = (549.66 A)(6.8 k) = 3.74 V

ETh = 6 V + V6.8kΩ = 6 V + 3.74 V = 9.74 V

18. a. RTh:

RTh = 51 k  10 k = 8.36 k

ETh:

10 k(20 V)
ETh = = 3.28 V
10 k  51 k

b. IERE + VCE + ICRC = 20 V

but IC = IE
and IE(RC + RE) + VCE = 20 V
20 V  VCE 20 V  8 V 12 V
or IE =   = 4.44 mA
RC  RE 2.2 k  0.5 k 2.7 k
c.

ETh  IBRTh  VBE  VE = 0

E  VBE  VE 3.28 V  0.7 V  (4.44 mA)(0.5 k)
and IB = Th 
RTh 8.36 k
2.58 V  2.22 V 0.36 V
= = = 43.06 μA
8.36 k 8.36 k

CHAPTER 9 101
 d. VC = 20 V  ICRC = 20 V  (4.44 mA)(2.2 k)
= 20 V  9.77 V
= 10.23 V

19. a. ETh = 20 V
ETh 20 V 20 V
I = 1.6 mA =  , RTh  = 12.5 k
RTh RTh 1.6 mA

b. ETh= 60 mV, RTh = 2.72 k

c. ETh = 16 V, RTh = 2.2 k

20.

4
RTh = 4   (2   2 )  =2
2

2 (6 V) 12 V
V4Ω =  = 1.5 V
2 4 2  8 
V2Ω = V4Ω = 1.5 V
ETh = V4Ω + V2Ω = 1.5 V + 1.5 V = 3 V

21. a. From Problem 8, RN = RTh = 6 Ω

RT  6   3   4 
 6   1.714   7.714 
E 18 V
Is =  = 2.333 A
RT 7.714 
3 (2.333 A)
IN = =1A
3 4 

b. RTh = 6 Ω, ETh = INRN = (1 A)(6 Ω) = 6 V

c. same results

102 CHAPTER 9
22. a. From Problem 9, RN = RTh = 4.1 kΩ
2.4 k(120 mA)
I 
2.4 k  (1.2 k  3.3 k)
 87.80 mA

1.2 k(87.80 mA)

IN 
1.2 k  3.3 k
 23.41 mA
b. RTh = 4.1 kΩ, ETh = INRN = (23.41 mA)(4.1 kΩ) = 96 V
c. same results.

23. From Problem 11, RN = RTh = 2.18 Ω

IN = 6 A  1.5 A = 4.5 A

24. From Problem 12, RN = RTh = 1.58 kΩ

IN = 8 mA  7.27 mA = 0.73 mA

25. From Problem 13, RN = RTh = 2 Ω

72 V
I4Ω = = 18 A
4
72 V
I3Ω = = 16 A
3 6 2 
6 (16 A)
I2Ω = = 12 A
6 2 
IN = I4Ω + I2Ω = 18 A + 12 A = 30 A

CHAPTER 9 103
26. From Problem 15, RN = RTh = 10 Ω

RT = 20 Ω + 5 Ω  (12 Ω + 1.778 Ω) = 23.67 Ω

E 20 V
Is =  = 844.95 mA
RT 23.67 
5 (844.95 mA)
I12Ω = =224. 98 mA
5   (12   1.778 )
16 (224.98 mA)
IN = = 200 mA
16   2 

27. From Problem 17, RN = RTh = 4.04 kΩ

104 CHAPTER 9
 4.88 k(3.427 mA)
I 
4.88 k  1.02 k
 2.83 mA

6.8 k(2.83 mA)

IN = = 2.41 mA
6.8 k   k

28. From Problem 20, RN = RTh = 2 Ω

6V
IN  = 1.5 A
4

29. a. RN:

RN = 4   12  = 3 

E = 12 V:

12 V
IN = =3A
4

CHAPTER 9 105
 I = 2 A:

IN = 2 A

IN = IN + IN = 3 A + 2 A = 5 A

b.

I: 3 (5A)
I 
3    
 145.63 mA

V   IR
 (145.63 mA)(100 )
 14.56 V
E:
100 (72 V)
V  
100   3 
 69.9 V
V100   V   V 
 69.9 V  14.56 V
 55.34 V

30. a. R = RTh = 6 Ω from Problem 8

b. ETh = 6 V from Problem 8

E2 (6 V)2
Pmax = Th  = 1.5 W
4 RTh 4(6 )

31. a. R = RTh = 2.18 Ω from Problem 11

b. ETh = 9.81 V from Problem 11

2
ETh (9.81 V) 2
Pmax =  = 11.06 W
4 RTh 4(2.18 )

106 CHAPTER 9
32. a. R = RTh = 2 Ω from Problem 13

b. ETh = 60 V from Problem 13

E2 (60 V) 2
Pmax = Th  = 450 W
4 RTh 4(2 )

33. a. R = RTh = 4.04 kΩ from Problem 17

b. ETh = 9.74 V from Problem 17

E2 (9.74 V)2
Pmax = Th  = 5.87 mW
4 RTh 4.04 k)

34. a.

R = RN = RTh = 2.18 Ω

I N2 RN (13.33A)2 2.18 
b. Pmax =  = 96.84 W
4 4

2
 ETh 
35. Pmax =   R4
 RTh  R4 
with R1 = 0 Ω, ETh is a maximum and RTh is a minimum.
 R1 = 0 Ω

36. a.

V, and therefore V4 wll be its largest value

when R2 is as large as possible. Therefore,
choose R2 = open-circuit ( Ω) and
V2
P4 = 4 will be a maximum.
R4

b. No, examine each individually.

37. The voltage VL will be a maximum when R = 500 Ω because the full voltage, E, will appear
across RL.

VL2 E 2 (12 V) 2
Pmax =   = 1.44 W
RL RL 500 

CHAPTER 9 107
38. IT = 4 A + 7 A = 11 A
RT = 10   6   3  = 1.67 
VL = ITRT = (11 A)(1.67 ) = 18.37 V
V 18.37 V
IL = L  = 6.12 A
RL 3

5 V / 2.2 k  20 V / 8.2 k
39. Eeq = = 0.2879 V
1/ 2.2 k  1/ 8.2 k
1
Req = = 1.7346 k
1/ 2.2 k  1/ 8.2 k
Eeq 0.2879 V
IL =  = 39.3 μA
Req  RL 1.7346 k  5.6 k
VL = ILRL = (39.3 μA)(5.6 k) = 220 mV

40. IT = 5 A  0.4 A  0.2 A = 4.40 A

RT = 200   80   50 Ω  50  = 17.39 
VL = ITRT = (4.40 A)(17.39 ) = 75.52 V
V 76.52 V
IL = L  = 0.38 A
RL 200 

(4 A)(4.7 )  (1.6 A)(3.3 ) 18.8 V + 5.28 V

41. Ieq =  = 3.01 A
4.7   3.3  8
Req = 4.7  + 3.3  = 8 
Req ( I eq ) 8 (3.01 A)
IL = = = 2.25 A
Req + RL 8  + 2.7 
VL = ILRL = (2.25 A)(2.7 Ω) = 6.08 V

 (4 mA)(8.2 k)  (8 mA)(4.7 k)  (10 mA)(2 k)

42. I eq =
8.2 k  4.7 k  2 k
32.8 V + 37.6 V  20 V
= = 3.38 mA
14.9 k
Req = 8.2 k + 4.7 k + 2 k = 14.9 k
Req I eq (14.9 k)(3.38 mA)
IL = = = 2.32 mA
Req + RL 14.9 k  6.8 k
VL = ILRL = (2.32 mA)(6.8 k) = 15.78 V

108 CHAPTER 9
43. 15 k  (8 k + 7 k) = 15 k  15 k = 7.5 k
7.5 k(60 V)
Vab = = 45 V
7.5 k  2.5 k
45 V
Iab = = 3 mA
15 k

44.

10 V  8 V
Iba =
2 k  0.51 k  1.5 k
= 498.75 A
V0.51kΩ = (498.75 A)(0.51 k)
= 0.25 V
Vab = 10 V  0.25 V = 9.75 V


45.
Vab = 0 V (short)
Iab = 0 A (open)

R2 any resistive value

 R2 = short-circuit, open-circuit, any value

24 V I
46. a. Is = = 1.5 mA, I = s = 0.5 mA
24 k 3
8 k 
3

b. 24 V
Is = = 0.83 mA
24 k  8 k  12 k
12 k( I s )
I= = 0.5 mA
12 k  8 k

c. yes

CHAPTER 9 109
47. (a) 10 V
IT =
4 k  8 k  4 k  4 k
10 V
=
2.67 k  2 k
10 V
= = 2.14 mA
4.67 k

8 ( I T )
I1 = = 1.43 mA, I2 = IT/2 = 1.07 mA
8  4
I = I1  I2 = 1.43 mA  1.07 mA = 0.36 mA

(b) (8 k  4 k)(10 V)
V1 =
8 k  4 k  4 k  4 k
= 5.72 V
V
I1 = 1 = 0.71 mA
8 k
V2 = E  V1 = 10 V  5.72 V
= 4.28 V
V2
I2 = = 1.07 mA
4 k
I = I2  I1 = 1.07 mA  0.71 mA
= 0.36 mA

R1 ( I ) 3 (6 A)
48. a. I R2   =2A
R1  R2  R3 3   2   4 
V = I R2 R2 = (2 A)(2 ) = 4 V

R2 ( I ) 2 (6 A)
b. I R1   = 1.33 A
R1  R2  R3 3   2   4 
V = I R1 R1 = (1.33 A)(3 ) = 4 V

110 CHAPTER 9