Chapter 6

1. a. R2 and R3
b. E and R3
c. R2 and R3
d. R2 and R3
e. E, R1, R2, R3, and R4
f. E, R1, R2, and R3
g. E2, R2 and R3

2. a. R3 and R4, R5 and R6

b. E and R1, R6 and R7

(36 )(18 )
3. a. RT = = 12 
36   18 

1 1
b. RT = 
1

1

1 1  10 S  0.5  103 S  33.33  106 S
3

1 k 2 k 30 k
1
= = 0.652 k
1.533  103 S
1 1 1
c. RT =  
1

1

1 833.33  10 S  8.33  10 S  83.33  10 S 92.49  103 S
6 3 3

1.2  120 k 12 k
= 10.81 
18 k
d. RT = = 6 k
3
(6 k)(6 k)
RT = = 3 k
6 k  6 k
22  10 
e. RT = = 5.5 , RT  = =5
4 2
(5.5 )(5 )
RT = = 2.62 
5.5   5 
1 1
f. RT = 
1

1

1 1000  10 S  1  10 3 S  0.001  103 S
3

1  1 k 1 M
1
= = 0.99 
1001.001  10 3 S

1 1
4. a. RT = 
1

1

1 1  10 S  0.833  103 S  3.333  10 3 S
 3

1 k  1 .2 k  0 .3 k 
1
= = 193.57 
5.166  10 3 S

42 Chapter 6
 1 1
b. RT = 
1

1

1

1 1  10 S  0.833  10 S  0.455  10 3 S  1  103 S
3 3

1 k 1.2 k 2.2 k 1 k
1
= = 304.14 
3.288  103 S

5. a. RT = 3   6  = 2 
(2 )( R )
RT = 1.6  = , R=8
2R
6 k
b. RT = = 2 k
3
(2 k)( R)
RT = 1.8 k = , R = 18 k
2 k  R
(20 k)( R )
c. RT = 5.08 k = , R = 6.8 k
20 k  R
1 1
d. RT = 1.02  = 
1 1 1 1
  416.67  10 6 S +  147.06  10 6 S
2.4 k R 6.8 k R
1.02 kΩ =
1
1
563.73  106 
R
1.020 k 
575 × 103 + =1
R
1.020 k
R= = 2.4 kΩ
425  103

RT = 6 kΩ =
R1
e.
4
R1 = 24 kΩ

6. a. 1.2 k
b. about 1 k
1
c. RT =
1 1 1 1
  
1.2 k 22 k 220 k 2.2 M
1
=
833.333  10 S  45.455  10 S  4.545  10 6 S  0.455  10 6 S
6 6

1
= = 1.131 k
883.788  10 6 S
(1.2 k)(22 k)
d. 220 k, 2.2 M: RT = = 1.138 k
1.2 k  22 k
e. RT reduced.

Chapter 6 43
 1 1 1
7. a. RT =   = 1.18 
1

1

1 0.25 S + 0.50 S  0.10 S 0.85 S
4  2  10 
b. 
c. RT = 3 Ω  6 Ω = 2 

8. 24   24  = 12 
1 1 1 1
  
RT R1 12  120 
1
0.1 S = + 0.08333 S + 0.00833 S
R1
1
0.1 S = + 0.09167 S
R1
1
= 0.1 S  0.09167 S = 0.00833 S
R1
1
R1 = = 120 
0.00833 S

(8 )(24 )
9. a. RT = =6
8   24 

b. VR1  VR2 = 36 V

E 36 V
c. Is =  =6A
RT 6
VR 36 V
I1  1  = 4.5 A
R1 8
VR 36 V
I2  2  = 1.5 A
R2 24 
d. Is = I1 + I2
6 A = 4.5 A + 1.5 A = 6 A (checks)

VR1 18 V VR 18 V VR 18 V
10. a. I1 =  = 6 A, I2 = 2  = 2 A, I3 = 3  = 0.5 A
R1 3 R2 9 R3 36 

1 1
b. RT = 
1

1

1 0. 333 S  0 . 111 S  0.028 S
3  9  36 
1
= = 2.12 
472  103 S
E 18 V
c. Is =  = 8.5 A
RT 2.12 

44 Chapter 6
 d. Is = I1 + I2 + I3 = 6 A + 2 A + 0.5 A = 8.5 A
e. they match

VR1 24 V VR 24 V
11. a. I R1   = 2.4 mA, I R2  2  = 20 mA,
R1 10 k R 2 1.2 k
VR3 24 V
I R3   = 3.53 mA
R3 6.8 k

1 1
b. RT = 
1

1

1 100  10 S  833.333  106 S  147.06  106 S
6

10 k 1.2 k 6.8 k
1
= = 925.93 
1.08  103 S

E 24 V
c. Is =  = 25.92 mA
RT 925.93 

d. Is = I1 + I2 + I3 = 2.4 mA + 20 mA + 3.53 mA = 25.93 mA

e. they match

12. a. RT  900 

1
b. RT =
1 1 1 1
  
20 k 10 k 1 k 91 k
1
=
50  10 S  100  10 S  1  103 S  10.99  106 S
6 6

1
= = 862.07 , very close
1.16  103 S

c. I3 the most, I4 the least

VR1 60 V VR 60 V
d. I R1   = 3.0 mA, I R2  2  = 6 mA
R1 20 k R2 10 k
VR 60 V VR 60 V
I R3  3  = 60.0 mA, I R4  4  = 0.659 mA
R3 1 k R4 91 k

E 60 V
e. Is =  = 69.6 mA
RT 862.07 k
Is = 3 mA + 6 mA + 60 mA + 0.659 mA = 69.66 mA (checks)

f. always greater

Chapter 6 45
 (18 )( R2 )
13. a. RT = 6 Ω =
18   R2
108 Ω + 6R2 = 18R2
12R2 = 108 Ω
108 
R2 = =9Ω
12

V 2 E2 E2
b. P = 81 W =  
R R 9
and E2 = (9)(81)
or E = 729 = 27 V

V 2 E2
14. a. P=  and E = PR  (100 W)(4 )  400 = 20 V
R R

E 20 V
b. R2 =  = 10 Ω
I2 2A

V1 E 20 V
c. I1 =   =2A
R1 R1 10 

20 V
d. Is = I1 + I2 + I3 = 2 A + 2 A + =4A+5A=9A
4

e. Ps = EIs = (20 V)(9 A) = 180 W

E 2 (20 V) 2 E 2 (20 V) 2 400 W

f. PR1   = 40 W, PR2    = 40 W,
R1 10  R2  20 V  10
 
2A 

g. Ps = P1 + P2 + P3
180 W = 40 W + 40 W + 100 W = 180 W (checks)

(20 )(10.8 A)
15. I3 = =9A
20   4 
E = VR3  I 3 R3  (9 A)(4 ) = 36 V
I R1 = 12.3 A  10.8 A = 1.5 A
VR1 36 V
R1 =  = 24 
I R1 1.5 A

16. a. V = 48 V

48 V
b. I2 = = 2.67 mA
18 k

46 Chapter 6
 48 V 48 V
c. Is =   I 2 = 16 mA + 4 mA + 2.67 mA = 22.67 mA
3 k 12 k

V 2 E 2 (48 V)2
d. P=   = 192 mW
R R 12 k

VR2 E 12 V
17. a. I R2  = 4 A  1 A = 3 A, R2 =   =4Ω
I2 I2 3 A

VR3 E 12 V
b. R3 =   = 12 Ω
I3 I3 1 A

12 V
c. I1  = 6 A, Is = I1 + 4 A = 6 A + 4 A = 10 A
2

18. 

1 1
19. a. RT = 
1

1

1 1000  10 S  212.77  106 S  100  106 S
6

1 k 4.7 k 10 k
1
= = 761.61 
1.313  103 S
VR 60 V VR 60 V
I R1  1  = 60 mA, I R2  2  = 12.77 mA
R1 1 k R2 4.7 k
VR3 60 V
I R3   = 6 mA
R3 10 k

b. PR1  VR1  I R1 = (60 V)(60 mA) = 3.6 W

PR2  VR2  I R2 = (60 V)(12.77 mA) = 766.2 mW
PR3  VR3  I R3 = (60 V)(6 mA) = 360 W

E 60 V
c. Is =  = 78.78 mA
RT 761.61 
Ps = EsIs = (60 V)(78.78 mA) = 4.73 W
d. Ps = 4.73 W = 3.6 W + 766.2 mW + 360 mW = 4.73 W (checks)
e. R1 = the smallest parallel resistor

E 120 V
20. a. Ibulb =  = 66.667 mA
Rbulb 1.8 k
R 1.8 k
b. RT =  = 225 
N 8
E 120 V
c. Is =  = 0.533 A
RT 225 

Chapter 6 47
 V 2 (120 V)2
d. P=  =8W
R 1.8 k
e. Ps = 8(8 W) = 64 W
f. none, Is drops by 66.667 mA

21. Network redrawn:

RT = 3.33 Ω  7.5 Ω = 2.31 Ω

E 2 (60 V)2
Ps =  = 1.56 kW
RT 2.31 

22. a. 5 × 60 W = 300 W
300 W
Ibulbs = = 2.5 A
120 V
1200 W
Imicro = = 10 A
120 V
320 W
ITV = = 2.67 A
120 V
25 W
IDVD = = 208.33 mA
120 V

b. Is =  I = 2.5 A + 10 A + 2.67 A + 208.33 mA = 15.38 A

No

E 120 V
c. RT =  = 7.8 Ω
I s 15.38 A

d. Ps = E Is = (120 V)(15.38 A) = 1,845.60 W

e. Ps = 1845.60 W = 300 W + 1200 W + 320 W + 25 W = 1845 W (checks)

48 Chapter 6
23. a. 8   12  = 4.8 , 4.8   4  = 2.182 
24 V  8 V
I1 = = 14.67 A
2.182 
V 2 (24 V  8 V) 2
b. P4 =  = 256 W
R 4

c. I2 = I1 = 14.67 A

24. Is = 8 mA + 6 mA = 14 mA
I2 = 6 mA  2 mA = 4 mA

25. a.  Ii   Io
2A+3A+9A=6A+I
14 A = 6 A + I
I = 14 A  6 A = 8 A

b.  Ii   Io
8 mA = 2 mA + I1
I1 = 8 mA  2 m A = 6 mA
 Ii   Io
I1 + 9 mA = I2
I2 = 6 mA + 9 mA = 15 mA
 Ii   Io
I2 = 10 mA + I3
I3 = 15 mA  10 mA = 5 mA

26. a.  Ii   Io
8 A = 3 A + I2
I2 = 8 A  3 A = 5 A, I3 = 3 A
 Ii   Io
I2 + I3 = I4
I4 = 5 A + 3 A = 8 A

b.  Ii   Io
Is = 36 mA + 4 mA = 40 mA
 Ii   Io
36 mA = I3 + 20 mA
I3 = 36 mA  20 mA = 16 mA
 Ii   Io
4 mA + 20 mA = I4
I4 = 24 mA
I5 = Is = 40 mA

Chapter 6 49
27. I R2 = 5 mA  2 mA = 3 mA
E = VR2 = (3 mA)(4 k) = 12 V
VR1 12 V 12 V
R1 =   = 3 k
I R1 (9 mA  5 mA) 4 mA
VR3 12 V
R3 =  = 6 k
I R3 2 mA
E 12 V
RT =  = 1.33 k
I T 9 mA

E 10 V
28. a. R1 =  =5
I1 2 A
I2 = I  I1 = 3 A  2 A = 1 A
E 10 V
R=  = 10 
I2 1A

b. E = I1R1 = (2 A)(6 ) = 12 V
E 12 V
I2 =  = 1.33 A
R2 9
P 12 W
I3 =  =1A
V 12 V
E 12 V
R3 =  = 12 
I3 1A
I = I1 + I2 + I3 = 2 A + 1.33A + 1 A = 4.33 A

64 V
29. a. I1 = = 64 mA
1 k
64 V
I3 = = 16 mA
4 k
Is = I1 + I2 + I3
I2 = Is  I1  I3 = 100 mA  64 mA  16 mA = 20 mA
E 64 V
R=  = 3.2 k
I 2 20 mA
I = I2 + I3 = 20 mA + 16 mA = 36 mA

50 Chapter 6
 V12
b. P=  V1  PR1  (30 W)(30 ) = 30 V
R1
E = V1 = 30 V
E 30 V
I1 =  =1A
R1 30 
Because R3 = R2, I3 = I2 , and Is = I1 + I2 + I3 = I1 + 2I2
2 A = 1 A + 2I2
1
I2 = (1 A) = 0.5 A
2
I3 = 0.5 A
E 30 V
R2 = R3 =  = 60 
I 2 0.5 A
PR2  I 22 R2 = (0.5 A)2  60  = 15 W
6 1 1
30. I2 = I1  I1 = (9 A) = 4.5 A
12  2 2
6
I3 = I1  3I1 = 3(9 A) = 27 A
2
6 1 1
I4 = I1  I1 = (9 A) = 3 A
18  3 3
IT = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 9 A + 4.5 A + 27 A + 3 A = 43.5 A

8 k(20 mA )
31. a. I1 = = 16 mA
2 k  8 k
I2 = 20 mA  16 mA = 4 mA

1 k( IT ) 1 k( IT )
b. I2.4kΩ = 2.5 A = 
1 k  2.4 k 3.4 k
3.4 k(2.5 A)
and IT = = 8.5 A
1 k
I1 = IT  2.5 A = 8.5 A  2.5 A = 6 A

1 1
32. a. RT = =
1 1 1 250  10 S  125  103 S  83.333  10 3 S
 3
 
4  8  12 
1
= = 2.18 
458.333  103
R 2.18 
Ix = T I, I1 = (6 A) = 3.27 A
Rx 4
2.18 
I2 = (6 A) = 1.64 A
8
2.18 
I3 = (6 A) = 1.09 A
12 
I4 = 6 A

Chapter 6 51
 b. 4 Ω  4 Ω = 2 Ω
20 (8 A) 20 (8 A)
I2 =  = 5.33 A
20   2   8  30 
I 5.33 A
I1 = 2  = 2.67 A
2 2
I3 = 8 A  I2 = 8 A  5.33 A = 2.67 A
I4 = 8 A

9
33. a. I1  (10 A) = 9 A
10
I1 9 A
b. I1/I2 = 10 /1  = 10, I2 =   0.9 A
10 10
c. I1/I3 = 1 k/1  = 1000, I3 = I1/1000 = 9 A/1000  9 mA
d. I1/I4 = 100 k/1  = 100,000, I4 = I1/100,000 = 9 A/100,000  90 A
e. very little effect, 1/100,000
1
f. RT =
1 1 1 1
  
1  10  1 k 100 k
1
=
1 S  0.1 S  1  10 3 S  10  10 6 S
1
= = 0.91 
1.10 S
R 0.91 
Ix = T I , I1 = (10 A) = 9.1 A excellent (9 A)
Rx 1

0.91 
g. I2 = (10 A) = 0.91 A excellent (0.9 A)
10 

0.91 
h. I3 = (10 A) = 9.1 mA excellent (9 mA)
1 k
0.91 
i. I4 = (10 A) = 91 A excellent (90 A)
100 k
3 I (39 )(1 A)
34. a. CDR: I36 = = 1 A, I = = 13 A = I2
3   36  3
I1 = I  1 A = 13 A  1 A = 12 A

b. I3 = I = 24 mA, V12kΩ = IR = (4 mA)(12 kΩ) = 48 V

V 48 V
I2 =  = 12 mA
R 4 k
I1 = I 4 mA  I2
= 24 mA  4 mA  12 mA
= 8 mA

52 Chapter 6
35. a. R = 3(2 k) = 6 k
6 k(32 mA)
b. I1 = = 24 mA
6 k  2 k
I 24 mA
I2 = 1  = 8 mA
3 3

36. 84 mA = I1 + I2 + I3 = I1 + 2I1 + 2I2 = I1 + 2I1 + 2(2I1)

84 mA = I1 + 2I1 + 4I1 = 7I1
84 mA
and I1 = = 12 mA
7
I2 = 2I1 = 2(12 mA) = 24 mA
I3 = 2I2 = 2(24 mA) = 48 mA
VR 24 V
R1 = 1  = 2 k
I1 12 mA
VR 24 V
R2 = 2  = 1 k
I2 24 mA
VR 24 V
R3 = 3  = 0.5 k
I 3 48 mA

37. a. PL = VLIL
72 W = 12 V  IL
72 W
IL = =6A
12 V
I 6A
I1 = I2 = L  =3A
2 2
b. Psource = EI = (12 V)(3 A) = 36 W
c. Ps1  Ps2 = 36 W + 36 W = 72 W (the same)
d. Idrain = 6 A (twice as much)

38. RT = 8   56  = 7 
E 12 V
I2 = I3 =  = 1.71 A
RT 7
1 1
I1 = I 2  (1.71 A) = 0.86 A
2 2

16 V
39. I8  = = 2 A, I = 5 A  2 A = 3 A
8
V 16 V
IR = 5 A + 3 A = 8 A, R = R  =2
IR 8A

Chapter 6 53
 E 12 V 12 V
40. a. Is =   = 1.188 mA
RT 0.1 k  10 k 10.1 k
VL = IsRL = (1.19 mA)(10 k) = 11.90 V
12 V
b. Is = = 120 mA
100 
c. VL = E = 12 V

4.7 k(9 V) 42.3V

41. a. VL =  = 6.13 V
4.7 k  2.2 k 6.9
b. VL = E = 9 V
c. VL = E = 9 V

20 V
42. a. I1 = = 5 A, I2 = 0 A
4
b. V1 = 0 V, V2 = 20 V
c. Is = I1 = 5 A

22 k(20 V)
43. a. V2 = = 16.48 V
22 k  4.7 k
b. RT = 11 M  22 k = 21.956 k
21.956 k(20 V)
V2 = = 16.47 V (very close to ideal)
21.956 k  4.7 k
c. Rm = 20 V[20,000 /V] = 400 k
RT = 400 k  22 k = 20.853 k
20.853 k(20 V)
V2 = = 16.32 V (still very close to ideal)
20.853 k  4.7 k
200 k(20 V)
d: a. V2 = = 13.33 V
200 k  100 k

b. RT = 200 k  11 M = 196.429 k

(196.429 k)(20 V)
V2 = = 13.25 V (very close to ideal)
196.429 k  100 k
c. Rm = 400 k
RT = 400 k  200 k = 133.333 k
(133.333 k)(20 V)
V2 = = 11.43 V (a 1.824 V drop from Rint = 11 M level)
133.333 k  100 k
e. DMM level of 11 M not a problem for most situations
VOM level of 400 k can be a problem for some situations.

54 Chapter 6
44. a. Vab = 20 V
11 M(20 V)
b. Vab = = 18.33 V
11 M  1 M
c. Rm = 200 V[20,000 /V] = 4 M
4 M(20 V)
Vab = = 16.0 V (significant drop from ideal)
4 M  1 M
Rm = 20 V[20,000 /V] = 400 k
400 k(20 V)
Vab = = 5.71 V (significant error)
400 k  1 M

45. not operating properly, 6 k not connected at both ends

6V
RT = = 1.71 k
3.5 mA
RT = 3 k  4 k = 1.71 k

46. Vab = E + I4 k  R4 k
12 V  4 V 8V
I4 k =  = 1.6 mA
1 k  4 k 5 k
Vab = 4 V + (1.6 mA)(4 k) = 4 V + 6.4 V = 10.4 V
4 V supply connected in reverse so that
12 V  4 V 16 V
I=  = 3.2 mA
1 k  4 k 5 k
and Vab = 12 V  (3.2 mA)(1 k) = 12 V  3.2 V = 8.8 V obtained

Chapter 6 55