PROBLEM 7.

2
KNOWN: Temperature and velocity of engine oil. Temperature and length of flat plate.
FIND: (a) Velocity and thermal boundary layer thickness at trailing edge, (b) Heat flux and surface
shear stress at trailing edge, (c) Total drag force and heat transfer per unit plate width, and (d) Plot the
boundary layer thickness and local values of the shear stress, convection coefficient, and heat flux as a
function of x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 m.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Critical Reynolds number is 5 × 105, (2) Flow over top and bottom surfaces.
PROPERTIES: Table A.5, Engine Oil (Tf = 333 K): ρ = 864 kg/m3, ν = 86.1 × 10-6 m2/s, k = 0.140
W/m⋅K, Pr = 1081.
ANALYSIS: (a) Calculate the Reynolds number to determine nature of the flow,
u L 0.1m s × 1m
ReL = ∞ = = 1161
ν 86.1×10−6 m 2 s
Hence the flow is laminar at x = L, from Eqs. 7.19 and 7.24, and
δ = 5L ReL −1/ 2 = 5 1m 1161 −1/ 2 = 0.147 m
( )( ) <
δ t = δ Pr −1/ 3 = 0.147 m (1081)
−1/ 3
= 0.0143m <
(b) The local convection coefficient, Eq. 7.23, and heat flux at x = L are
k
0.332 Re1/ 2 Pr1/ 3 = 0.140 W m ⋅ K 0.332 1161 1/ 2 1081 1/ 3 = 16.25 W m 2 ⋅ K
hL = L ( ) ( )
L 1m

q′′x = h L ( Ts − T∞ ) = 16.25 W m 2 ⋅ K ( 20 − 100 ) C = −1300 W m 2


<
Also, the local shear stress is, from Eq. 7.20,
ρu2 3
−1/ 2 = 864 kg m 0.1m s 2 0.664 1161 −1/ 2
τ s,L = ∞ 0.664 ReL ( ) ( )
2 2
τ s,L = 0.0842 kg m ⋅ s 2 = 0.0842 N m 2 <
(c) With the drag force per unit width given by D′ = 2Lτ s,L where the factor of 2 is included to account
for both sides of the plate, it follows that

( 2
D′ = 2L ρ u ∞ ) −1/ 2
2 1.328 Re L
2
= (1m ) 864 kg m3 (0.1m s ) / 2 1.328 (1161)
−1/ 2
= 0.337 N m <
For laminar flow, the average value h L over the distance 0 to L is twice the local value, hL,
h L = 2h L = 32.5 W m 2 ⋅ K
The total heat transfer rate per unit width of the plate is
q′ = 2Lh L ( Ts − T∞ ) = 2 (1m ) 32.5 W m 2 ⋅ K ( 20 − 100 ) C = −5200 W m

<
Continued...
 PROBLEM 7.14
KNOWN: Water flowing over a flat plate under specified conditions.

FIND: (a) Heat transfer rate per unit width, q  W/m  , evaluating properties at Tf = (Ts + T)/2,

(b) Error in q  resulting from evaluating properties at T, (c) Heat transfer rate, q, if flow is
assumed turbulent at leading edge, x = 0.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions.

3 -6 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Water (T = 4C = 277K):  f = 1000 kg/m , f = 1560  10 Ns/m ,
-6 2 -6
f = f/ f = 1.560  10m /s, kf = 0.577 W/mK, Pr = 11.44; Water (Tf = 295K):  = 0.961  10
2 -6 2
m /s, k = 0.606 W/mK, Pr = 6.62; Water (Ts = 40C = 313K):  = 657  10 Ns/m .

ANALYSIS: (a) The heat rate is given as q  hL  Ts  T  , and h must be estimated by the
proper correlation. Using properties evaluated at Tf, the Reynolds number is
u L 0.6 m/s 1.5m
Re L     9.365 105.
ν -6 2
0.961 10 m / s
Hence flow is mixed and the appropriate correlation and convection coefficient are


 Pr1/3   0.037 9.365 105
 
4/5
Nu L   0.037 Re 4/5  871   871 1/3
 6.62  2522
 L   
Nu Lk 2522  0.606 W/m  K
hL    1019 W/m2  K.
L 1.5m
The heat rate is then
o
q  1019 W/m 2  K 1.5m  40  4 C  55.0 kW/m. <
(b) Evaluating properties at the free stream temperature, T,
0.6m/s  1.5m
Re L   5.769 105
1.560  10-6m 2 / s
The flow is still mixed, giving

  
4/5
Nu L   0.037 5.769 105  871 11.441/3  1424
 
hL  1424  0.577 W/m  K/1.5m  575 W/m  K
o
q  575 W/m  K 1.5m  40  4 C  31.1 kW/m. <
Continued …..
 PROBLEM 7.14 (Cont.)
(c) If flow were tripped at the leading edge, the flow would be turbulent over the full length of the
plate, in which case,

 
4/5
Nu L  0.037 Re 4/5
L Pr
1/3  0.037 9.365 105 6.621/3  4157
hL  Nu L k/L  4157  0.606 W/m  K/1.5m  1679 W/m 2  K

o
q  h LL  Ts  T   1679 W/m 2  K 1.5m  40  4 C  90.7 kW/m. <
COMMENTS: Comparing results:
Flow Part Property Evaluation q (kW/m) Difference (%)
mixed (a) Tf 55.0 --
mixed (b) T 31.1 -43
turbulent (c) Tf 90.7 --

The heat rate is significantly underpredicted if the properties are incorrectly evaluated at T instead of
Tf.
 PROBLEM 7.15
KNOWN: Temperature, pressure and Reynolds number for air flow over a flat plate of uniform
surface temperature.
FIND: (a) Rate of heat transfer from the plate, (b) Rate of heat transfer if air velocity is doubled and
pressure is increased to 10 atm.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Uniform surface temperature, (3) Negligible
radiation, (4) Rex  5  105 .
c

PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (Tf = 348K, 1 atm): k = 0.0299 W/mK, Pr = 0.70.
ANALYSIS: (a) The heat rate is
q  hL  w  L   Ts  T .
4
Since the flow is laminar over the entire plate for ReL = 4  10 , it follows that
h L
Nu L  L  0.664 Re1/2
L Pr1/3  0.664  40,000 1/2  0.70 1/3  117.9.
k
k 0.0299 W / m  K
Hence h L  117.9  117.9  17.6 W / m2  K
L 0.2m
W
and q  17.6  0.1m  0.2m  100  50 o C  17.6 W. <
m2  K
(b) With p2 = 10 p1, it follows that  2 = 10  1 and 2 = 1/10. Hence
u L u L
Re L,2      2 10     20 Re L,1  8 105
 ν 2  ν 1
and mixed boundary layer conditions exist on the plate. Hence
h L
k 
Nu L  L  0.037 Re4/5
L  871 Pr 

  

1/3  0.037  8 105 4 / 5  871 0.70 1/3
  
Nu L  961.
0.0299 W / m  K
Hence, h L  961  143.6 W / m2  K
0.2m
W
q  143.6  0.1m  0.2m  100  50 o C  143.6 W. <
m2  K
COMMENTS: Note that, in calculating ReL,2, ideal gas behavior has been assumed. It has also
been assumed that k,  and Pr are independent of pressure over the range considered.
 PROBLEM 7.41
KNOWN: Cylinder diameter and surface temperature. Temperature and velocity of fluids in cross flow.
FIND: (a) Rate of heat transfer per unit length for the fluids: atmospheric air and saturated water, and
engine oil, for velocity V = 5 m/s, using the Churchill-Bernstein correlation, and (b) Compute and plot
q′ as a function of the fluid velocity 0.5 ≤ V ≤ 10 m/s.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Uniform cylinder surface temperature.

PROPERTIES: Table A.4, Air (Tf = 308 K, 1 atm): ν = 16.69 × 10-6 m2/s, k = 0.0269 W/m⋅K, Pr =
0.706; Table A.6, Saturated Water (Tf = 308 K): ρ = 994 kg/m3, μ = 725 × 10-6 N⋅s/m2, k = 0.625
W/m⋅K, Pr = 4.85; Table A.5, Engine Oil (Tf = 308 K): ν = 340 × 10-6 m2/s, k = 0.145 W/m⋅K, Pr =
4000.
ANALYSIS: (a) For each fluid, calculate the Reynolds number and use the Churchill-Bernstein
correlation, Eq. 7.57,
4/5
0.62 Re1/ 2 1/ 3 ⎡ ⎛ Re 5/8⎤
Nu D =
hD
= 0.3 + D Pr ⎢1 + ⎜ D ⎞ ⎥
k 1/ 4 ⎢ ⎝ 282, 000 ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡1 + ( 0.4 Pr ) ⎤
2 / 3 ⎣
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Fluid: Atmospheric Air
VD (5 m s ) 0.01m
Re D = = = 2996
ν 16.69 × 10−6 m 2 s

5 / 8 ⎤4 / 5
0.62 ( 2996 )
1/ 2
(0.706 )1/ 3 ⎡⎢ ⎛ 2996 ⎞
⎥
Nu D = 0.3 + 1+ ⎜ ⎟ = 28.1
⎡1 + ( 0.4 0.706 ) 2 / 3 ⎤1/ 4 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 282, 000 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
k 0.0269 W m ⋅ K
h= Nu D = 28.1 = 75.5 W m 2 ⋅ K
D 0.01m

q′ = hπ D ( Ts − T∞ ) = 75.5 W m 2 ⋅ K π ( 0.01m )(50 − 20 ) C = 71.1W m


<
Fluid: Saturated Water
VD (5 m s ) 0.01m
Re D = = = 68, 552
ν 725 × 10−6 N ⋅ s m 2 994 kg m3

5 / 8 ⎤4 / 5
0.62 ( 68, 552 )
1/ 2
( 4.85 )1/ 3 ⎡⎢ ⎛ 68, 552 ⎞
⎥
Nu D = 0.3 + 1+ ⎜ ⎟ = 347
1/ 4 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 282, 000 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡1 + ( 0.4 4.85 )2 / 3 ⎤
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
Continued...
 PROBLEM 7.41 (Cont.)

h=
k
D
Nu D =
0.625 W m ⋅ K
0.01 m
347 = 21,690 W m 2 ⋅ K q ′ = 20,438 W m <
Fluid: Engine Oil

VD (5 m s ) 0.01m
Re D = = = 147
ν 340 × 10−6 m 2 s

5 / 8 ⎤4 / 5
0.62 (147 )
1/ 2
( 4000 )1/ 3 ⎡⎢ ⎛ 147 ⎞
⎥
Nu D = 0.3 + 1+ ⎜ ⎟ = 120
1/ 4 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 282, 000 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡1 + ( 0.4 4000 )2 / 3 ⎤
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
0.145 W m ⋅ K
h=
k
D
Nu D =
0.01m
120 = 1740 W m 2 ⋅ K
q′ = 1639 W m <
(b) Using the IHT Correlations Tool, External Flow, Cylinder, along with the Properties Tool for each
of the fluids, the heat rates, q′ , were calculated for the range 0.5 ≤ V ≤ 10 m/s. Note the q′ scale
multipliers for the air and oil fluids which permit easy comparison of the three curves.
Heat rate, q'a*100, q'w, q'o*10 (W/m)

40000

30000

20000

10000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10

Fluid velocity, V (m/s)

Air - q'*100
Water - q'
Oil - q'*10

COMMENTS: (1) Note the inapplicability of the Zhukauskas relation, Eq. 7.56, since Proil > 500.

(2) In the plot above, recognize that the heat rate for the water is more than 10 times that with oil and 300
times that with air. How do changes in the velocity affect the heat rates for each of the fluids?
 PROBLEM 7.47
KNOWN: Dimensions of chip and pin fin. Chip temperature. Free stream velocity and temperature of
air coolant.
FIND: (a) Average pin convection coefficient, (b) Pin heat transfer rate, (c) Total heat rate, (d) Effect of
velocity and pin diameter on total heat rate.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional conduction in pin, (3) Constant
properties, (4) Convection coefficients on pin surface (tip and side) and chip surface correspond to single
cylinder in cross flow, (5) Negligible radiation.
PROPERTIES: Table A.1, Copper (350 K): k = 399 W/m⋅K; Table A.4, Air (Tf ≈325 K, 1 atm): ν =
18.41 × 10-6 m2/s, k = 0.0282 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.704.
ANALYSIS: (a) With V = 10 m/s and D = 0.002 m,
VD 10 m s × 0.002 m
ReD = = = 1087
ν 18.41×10−6 m 2 s
Using the Churchill and Bernstein correlations, Eq. (7.57),
4/5
0.62 Re1/ 2 1/ 3 ⎡ ⎛ Re 5/8⎤
Nu D = 0.3 + D Pr ⎢1 + ⎜ D ⎞ ⎥ = 16.7
1/ 4 ⎢ ⎝ 282, 000 ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡1 + ( 0.4 Pr ) ⎤
2 / 3 ⎣
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥

( )
h = Nu D k D = (16.7 × 0.0282 W m ⋅ K 0.002 m ) = 235 W m 2 ⋅ K <
(b) For the fin with tip convection and

( )
1/ 2 1/ 2
θ b = (π 2 ) ⎡ 235 W m 2 ⋅ K (0.002 m ) 399 W m ⋅ K ⎤
3
M = hπ Dkπ D 2 4 50 K = 2.15 W
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

( )
1/ 2 1/ 2
m = ( hP kA c ) = 4 × 235 W m 2 ⋅ K 399 W m ⋅ K × 0.002 m = 34.3 m −1

mL = 34.3 m −1 ( 0.012 m ) = 0.412

(h ( )
mk ) = 235 W m 2 ⋅ K 34.3 m −1 × 399 W m ⋅ K = 0.0172 .
The fin heat rate is
sinh mL + ( h mk ) cosh mL
qf = M
cosh mL + ( h mk ) sinh mL
= 0.868 W . <
Continued...
 PROBLEM 7.47 (Cont.)

(c) The total heat rate is that from the base and through the fin,

( )
q = q b + q f = h W 2 − π D2 4 θ b + q f = ( 0.151 + 0.868 ) W = 1.019 W . <
(d) Using the IHT Extended Surface Model for a Pin Fin with the Correlations Tool Pad for a Cylinder in
crossflow and Properties Tool Pad for Air, the following results were generated.

2 3

1.8 2.6

Total heat rate, q(W)

Total heat rate, q(W)

1.6 2.2

1.4 1.8

1.4
1.2

1
1
2 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4
10 20 30 40
Pin diameter, D(mm)
Freestream velocity, V(m/s)
V = 10 m/s
D = 2 mm V = 40 m/s

Clearly, there is significant benefit associated with increasing V which increases the convection
coefficient and the total heat rate. Although the convection coefficient decreases with increasing D, the
increase in the total heat transfer surface area is sufficient to yield an increase in q with increasing D.
The maximum heat rate is q = 2.77 W for V = 40 m/s and D = 4 mm.

COMMENTS: Radiation effects should be negligible, although tip and base convection coefficients
will differ from those calculated in parts (a) and (d).
 PROBLEM 7.65
KNOWN: Temperature and velocity of water flowing over a sphere of prescribed temperature and
diameter.
FIND: (a) Drag force, (b) Rate of heat transfer.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Uniform surface temperature.

3 -6 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-6, Saturated Water (T = 293K):  = 998 kg/m ,  = 1007  10 Ns/m ,
-6 2 3
k = 0.603 W/mK, Pr = 7.00; (Ts = 333 K):  = 467  10 Ns/m ; (Tf = 313 K):  = 992 kg/m ,  =
-6 2
657  10 Ns/m .
ANALYSIS: (a) Evaluating  and  at the film temperature,

Re D 
ρ VD

 
992 kg/m3 5 m/s 0.02 m  
 1.51 105
μ 657 10-6 N  s/m 2
and from Fig. 7.8, CD = 0.42. Hence

π D2 V2 π  0.02 m  2 kg  5 m/s 
2
FD  CD ρ  0.42 992  1.64 N. <
4 2 4 m3 2
(b) With the Reynolds number evaluated at the free stream temperature,
3
ρ VD 998 kg/m  5 m/s   0.02 m 
Re D    9.91 10 4
μ -6
1007 10 N  s/m 2
it follows from the Whitaker relation that
1/4
Nu D  2   0.4Re1/2  0.06Re2/3  Pr 0.4  μ 
 D D   
 μs 
1/4

   
4 1/2 4 2/3 0.4  1007 
Nu D  2   0.4 9.91 10  0.06 9.9110   7.0     673.
   467 
Hence, the convection coefficient and heat rate are
k 0.603 W/m  K
h Nu D  673  20,300 W/m2  K
D 0.02 m

 
q  h π D2  Ts  T   20,300
W
2
m K
π  0.02 m 2  60  20 o C  1020 W. <
COMMENTS: Compare the foregoing value of h with that obtained in the text example under
similar conditions. The significant increase in h is due to the much larger value of k and smaller value
of  for the water. Note that ReD is slightly beyond the range of the correlation.
 PROBLEM 7.66
KNOWN: Temperature and velocity of air flow over a sphere of prescribed surface temperature and
diameter.
FIND: (a) Drag force, (b) Heat transfer rate with air velocity of 25 m/s; and (c) Compute and plot the
heat rate as a function of air velocity for the range 1 ≤ V ≤ 25 m/s.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Uniform surface temperature, (3) Negligible radiation
exchange with surroundings.
PROPERTIES: Table A.4, Air ( TW = 298 K, 1 atm): μ = 184 × 10-7 N⋅s/m2; ν = 15.71 × 10-6 m2/s, k =
0.0261 W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.71; (Ts = 348 K): μ = 208 × 10-7 N⋅s/m2; (Tf = 323 K): ν = 18.2 × 10-6 m2/s, ρ =
1.085 kg/m3.
ANALYSIS: (a) Working with properties evaluated at Tf

VD 25 m s (0.01m )
ReD = = = 1.37 × 104
ν −6 2
18.2 × 10 m s
and from Fig. 7.8, find CD ≈ 0.4. Hence

( )( ) 2
FD = CD π D2 4 ρ V 2 2 = 0.4 (π 4 )(0.01m ) 1.085 kg m3 ( 25 m s )
2
2 = 0.011N <
(b) With

VD 25 m s (0.01m )
ReD = = = 1.59 × 104
ν 15.71× 10−6 m 2 s
it follows from the Whitaker relation that
1/ 4
Nu D = 2 + ⎡⎢0.4 Re1/ 2 + 0.06 Re 2 / 3 ⎤ Pr 0.4 ⎛ μ ⎞
⎣ D D ⎦⎥ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ μs ⎠
1/ 4
( ) ( )
⎡ 4 1/ 2 4 2/3⎤ 0.4 ⎛ 184 ⎞
Nu D = 2 + ⎢0.4 1.59 ×10 + 0.06 1.59 ×10 ⎥ (0.71) ⎜ ⎟ = 76.7
⎣ ⎦ ⎝ 208 ⎠
Hence, the convection coefficient and convection heat rate are
k 0.0261W m ⋅ K
h = Nu D = 76.7 = 200 W m 2 ⋅ K
D 0.01m

q = hπ D2 ( Ts − T∞ ) = 200 W m 2 ⋅ K × π ( 0.01m )
2
(75 − 25) C = 3.14 W <
Continued...
 PROBLEM 7.68
KNOWN: Conditions associated with airflow over a spherical light bulb of prescribed
diameter and surface temperature.
FIND: Heat loss by convection.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Uniform surface temperature.

-6 2
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (Tf = 25°C, 1 atm): ν = 15.71 × 10 m /s, k = 0.0261
-7 2
W/m⋅K, Pr = 0.71, μ = 183.6 × 10 N⋅s/m ; Table A-4, Air (Ts = 140°C, 1 atm): μ = 235.5
-7 2
×10 N⋅s/m .
ANALYSIS: The heat rate by convection is

( ) (Ts − T∞ )
q = h π D2

where h may be estimated from the Whitaker relation

h=
k⎡
D ⎢
⎣ (
2 + 0.4 Re1/2
D + 0.06 Re2/3
D ) 1/ 4
Pr 0.4 ( μ / μs ) ⎤
⎦⎥
where
VD 0.5 m/s × 0.05 m
ReD = = = 1591.
ν -6 2
15.71× 10 m / s
Hence,
⎧⎪ 1/ 4 ⎫
0.0261 W/m ⋅ K ⎡0.4 (1591)1/ 2 + 0.06 (1591)2 / 3 ⎤ ( 0.71)0.4 ⎛ 183.6 ⎞ ⎪
h= 2
⎨ ⎢ + ⎜ 235.5 ⎟ ⎬
0.05 m ⎣ ⎦⎥ ⎝ ⎠ ⎭⎪
⎩⎪
h = 11.4 W/m 2 ⋅ K
and the heat rate is
W
q = 11.4 π (0.05 m )
2
(140 − 25) C = 10.3 W. <
m2 ⋅ K
COMMENTS: (1) The low value of h suggests that heat transfer by free convection may be
significant and hence that the total loss by convection exceeds 10.3 W.
(2) The surface of the bulb also dissipates heat to the surrounding by radiation. Further, in an
actual light bulb, there is also heat loss by conduction through the socket.