ဦးမောင်မောင်တင် - မြန်မာမင်းများလက်ထက်တော်စာတမ်းများ

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&mjzpfaom XmeNrdKUe,frsm;wGif yg0ifoltcsif;csif; wOD;ESifhwOD; ,SufwifjzpfyGm;aom
w&m;pum;rsm;udk qk;H jzwf&onf/ &mZXmeDaejynfawmfrS ta0;NrdKU&Gmrsm;wGiv f nf; bk&if
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ppfaq;pD&ifXme &Sad vonf/
,if;odkY jrefrmrif;vufxufü &kH;awmfrsm;wGif w&m;pD&if&aomtcg &mZ0wf
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axmuf &mxl;rsm;onf rif;{u&mZftvdak wmftavsmuf cefx Y m;jcif; rjyKEkid af Mumif;rsm;
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cef[Y k xkyd *k K¾ vd w
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udk vTwí f ar;awmfr&l m ycef;0efBuD;rif;u oabmrwlaMumif; wifvu dk o f jzifh rif;w&m;
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oabmrwlonfukd wif&rnf[k tar;ckid ;f awmfro l jzifh xkt d csKyf0efrif;yif vma&mufar;
&m tvk;H pkH oabmrwlaMumif;udk wifjyefí rif;wke;f rif;w&m;BuD; tvGet Yf vGepf wd af wmf
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oD&pd nfob l cYJG H OD;ayudk ac:awmfrNl yD;umv ]]armifrif;wifonft h & iguwdxm;awmfrl
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rcefEY idk ?f twGi;f 0ef cefaY wmfrrl nf/ oabmwl rwl wif&ef&u dS mv}} em&DrLS ; qifw&J mG pm;
rif;vSo&D pd nfob l cYJG H OD;ayu rnfonf&h mxl;ESirhf qkd oem;awmfr&l m trIawmfxrf;&Guyf g
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awmfrwfawmfBuD;rsm;[k xif&mS ;&Scd ahJ yonf/
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0efaxmuf[al om&mxl;rsm;rSm Ekid if t H yk cf sKyfEidk &f ef t&nftoGm; jynfph aHk Mumif; vuf&dS
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*efrsm;wGif trwfBuD;av;rsKd;&So d nft h euf twåuv k u d mrnfaomtrsKd;aumif;aomol
ukd a&G;cs,fonf/ ppfoBl uD;? aoemywd? rSL;awmf? rwfawmf[ak c:aom0efBuD;? 0efaxmuf?
twGi;f 0ef? a&TNrdKUawmf0ef? 0if;awmfrLS ;paom Akv d rf if;? wyfrif;? 0efp?k rSL;pk? pka&;? pk
ukid pf onf&h mxl;rsm;t& xrf;&Gu&f aom rSL;&k;d ? rwf&;dk ? t&m&Srd sKd;&k;d [kxif&mS ;pGm&Sad omf
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rqk&d / xkrd LS ;awmf rwfawmft&m&Srd sm;onf &mxl;wrsKd;wnf;udo k m xrf;&Gu&f aom rSL;
rwft&m&S[ d k r&Sad cs/ rdrw d \Ydk touft&G,?f t&nftaoG;tavsmuf XmeEÅ& ESpYH yfvo dk rQ
ESpYH yfatmif wp wp wqifh wqifh xrf;&Guv f mMujcif;jzifo h m rdrwd EYdk iS ohf ifah vsmfaom
yk*pH mtkyw
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rif;{u&mZf o'¨mawmfro l nfth avsmuf csD;jr§i&hf w
I cf sy,fEw
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l nfvnf;
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aqmift&Guf vpm&dum© ? pm;awmf0ef? pm;awmfu?J a&Munf0ef? vufo;Hk awmfBuD;? vuf
ok;H awmfuav;? pm;awmfurG ;f ? a&awmf? vufzuf&nfawmf? zdeyfawmf eef;awmfom; av;
q,fawmf ig;q,fawmf? taqmifawmfNrJ xD;rIeef;avh wwfuRrf;apjcif;jzifh cefjY cif;? ol
aX;ol<u,f bGrYJ nfay;jcif;wko Yd nfomvQif bk&ifrif;jrwf trdeaYf wmf xkwjf yefavonf/
xkad Mumifh bk&ift
h mPmtrdeoYf nf t&m&m vTwaf wmf\tmPmtrdeu Yf kd rusL;

ausmfcahJ Mumif; xif&mS ;vSayonf/
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,cktcg xkpd mwrf;rsm;udk &&ef cJ,Of;vsuf&adS vonf/ jrefrmEkid if aH wmf tpk;d &ykEH ydS w f udk f
rS jyefvnf&kdufESdyfae&m yxrESifh'kwd,ESpfwGJ xkwfa0vsuf&Sdayonf/ xkdjrefrmrif;tkyf
csKyfypHk mwrf; ig;wGt J ay:ü avhvmxm;NyD; aumufEw k cf sufa0zefcsufrsm;jzifh a&;om;
xm;aom ]]jrefrmrif; tkycf sKyfypHk mwrf;rSwpf }k }aypmudk ]]tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;
vufxuf? jrif&ifxufajcmufusdy&f pS Of ;D t0iftyg aoemywd rsKd;&k;d Zmwd&adS om rif;BuD;
r[mrif;vS rif;acgifausmfxifbcYJG H rkid ;f aemifaMumif;csD Akv d cf sKyf? jrif;pkBuD;0ef? 0efaxmuf

awmfrif;? wGJbufrif;uawmfBuD;wkdY\om;? tdE´d,r[m&|o[m,bGJY? NAdwd&S r[m&|
*PdubG?YJ trIxrf;aumif; a&Twq H yd &f rif;bGYJ ok;H xyf& or0g,rtoif;0efaxmuf armif
armifjym;}}a&;rSwo f nfudk avhvm&&Sad yonf/
þrSwpf u k kd rS;D í a&S;jrefrmrif;vufxuf Oya'jyKXme oD;jcm;xm;&Syd u Hk kd azmfjy
tyfayonf/
rEÅav;&wemykaH &TNrdKUawmf 'kw, d eef;pH oDaygrif;w&m;BuD;bk&m;vufxuf Oy
a'jyKXme oDjcm;xm;&Scd ahJ vonf/ jrefrmEkid if t H xufyikd ;f ü vlaetdraf jcrsm;onf waeY
wjcm; avsmhyg;qkw, f w k vf suf&odS nfukd taMumif;jyKí Oa&mywku d w f iG f pnfyifBuD;yGm;
qJ&adS om Ekid if BH uD;rsm;\Oya'pnf;urf;rsm;ud, k ul m vku d ef mEkid of rQ vku d ef m&ef &nfoef
í Oya'jyKXme oD;jcm;xm;&Sdjcif;jzpfavonf/ waMumif;rSmvnf; rif;wkef;rif;w&m;
BuD;vufxufawmfu Oya'rsm;onf tcsKdyY kd tcsKd, Y w
k of nft h &myg&Sí d jyifqif&ef &So d nf
rsm;ukv d nf; jyifqv dk jdk cif;aMumifh jzpfonf/
,if;uJo h Ykd Oya'jyKXmewGif yg0ifaom rSL;rwfrsm;rSm ok;H rsKd;cGjJ cm;xm;avonf/
yxrtpnf;ta0;0if rSL;rwf? 'kw, d tpnf;ta0;0ifrLS ;rwf? wwd,tpnf;ta0;0if
rSL;rwf[k cGjJ cm;xm;av\/
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BuD; 2 OD; ygav\/
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wwd,tpnf;ta0;rSm ppfAkdvfrsm; ygonf/ t,kwfojzifh wHcg;eDawmfrSL;yg
onf/ pkpt k &m&Sad ygif; 64 &S\ d / xkjYd yif 10 XmecGaJ 0&ef wXmevQif t&m&SBd uD;i,f 40
ausmfyg0if&onf/ 10 XmewGif t&m&SBd uD;i,faygif; 500 ceY&f adS vonf/ þuJo h Ykd Ekid if H
yk*pH mtkyw
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hf ufqidk af omudpu ö kd Oya'XmewGif yg0ifapNyD;
vQif Ekid if jH cm;ESiahf y;ydq Yk ufqaH om ay;pm jyefpmrsm;? pmcsKyfwiG f Ekid if jH cm;0efBuD;taeESihf
Oya'-Oya'Xme\trSL; uif;0efrif;BuD;\trnfudk xnfhoGif;a&;om;avh&Sdonf/
Ekid if jH cm;ESio hf ufqidk af om udprö sm;wGif ynmawmfoifapvTw&f ef taMumif;rsm;
vnf; yg0ifonf/ t*Fvyd pf m? jyifopfpmwwfaom t&m&Srd sm;onf Ekid if jH cm;ESiq hf ufqrH ?I
&mZ0wfOya'? tcGefawmfOya'? aMu;eef;Oya'? pmwkdufOya'? rD;&xm;Oya'paom
t*Fvyd Of ya'rsm;udk jrefrmbmomjyefqrdk ?I xkOd ya'rsm;t& Oya'jyK&ef pDrrH rI sm;yg aqmif
&Gu&f aomaMumifh Ekid if jH cm;udpaö qmif&u G rf o
I nfyif Oya'XmewGif yg0ifa&maESmaeav

onf/
jrefrmrif;vufxuf Oya'XmerSm ESpyf ikd ;f cGjJ cm;xm;&So d nf/ yxrykid ;f rSm Ekid if jH cm;
odYk oGm;a&muf&efupd jö zpfí Ekid if jH cm;wGif qufo, G rf tI wGuf Oya'jyK&ef udprö sm;udk 'kw, d
ydik ;f [k xm;avonf/
ykpH q H adk omf tDwmvsHEidk if EH iS q hf ufqí H ukezf ufpyfu;l oef;&ef trIEiS w hf uG Oya'
pnf;urf;rsm; a&;om;&ef trIukd Oya'Xmeu aqmif&u G &f avonf/
&Hzef&cH gvnf; omoemynmqkid &f mXmeESiEhf idk if jH cm;Xmersm;udk wXmewnf; aygif;
pnf;tkycf sKyfavh&o dS nf/ taMumif;um; ynmawmfoifru I pd rö sm; a&maESmaeonft h wGuf
jzpfaumif;jzpfayrnf/
,if;odYk Oya'XmerS a&;qGcJ aJh om Oya'rsm;pGm &Sad vonf/
OD;armifarmifjym; rSwrf o d rQ pkaqmif;jyoxm;onfwrYdk mS
1/ tpnf;ta0;Oya'?
2/ rlvblwOya'?
3/ tcGiahf y;Oya'?
4/ oóar"aumufcyH OHk ya'?
5/ &[ef;oHCmawmfwYdk usifah qmif&ef Oya'?
6/ pm&if;Oya'?
7/ NAJwu dk f tqift h ac: Oya'?
8/ ajrawmftcGiahf y;Oya'?
9/ orm"dvBl uD;a&G;aumuf&ef pum;csuf?
10/ t&mawmf v,f,mukid ;f uRef;cs&ef pum;csuf?
11/ w&m;trIjy|mef;ydik ;f jcm;csuf Oya'?
12/ &mZ0wfjy|mef;ydik ;f jcm;csuf Oya'?
yk*pH mtkyw
f u
dk f
13/ NrdKU&GmolBuD;wkYd apmifx h ed ;f &ef Oya'?

14/ c&kid 0f efwYdk apmifx h ed ;f &ef Oya'?
15/ ta0;NrdKU0ef t&m&Sw d aYdk pmifxed ;f &ef Oya'?
16/ &mZ0wftapmifOh ya'?
17/ taumuftcGef aumuf&ef ukeEf eI ;f Oya'? (wESpw f cgjyif&onf/ t*Fvyd t f &m&Sw d Ydk
u jyifqifvv dk Qifvnf; jyif&onf/)
18/ yxrjyefOya'?
19/ aiGyifpu dk &f ef Oya'ac:aom xD&OHk ya'/
þOya'rsm;udk ykEH ydS x f wk af 0cJí h ykrH ESyd &f ao;aom Oya'rsm;um; atmufygt
wkdif;jzpfonf/
1/ Edik if jH cm;rsm;wGif ud, k pf m;vS,x f m;&ef Oya'yk&yku d w f ql?
2/ aiGwu dk xf m;&ef Oya'yk&yku d f 5 ql?
3/ rk;d eJwyf&;Hk Oya'yk&yku d f 4 ql?
4/ wHqyd af wmf puúLxm;&ef Oya' yk&yku d f qlw0uf?
5/ atmufjrpfpOft&m&Sw d v Ydk u dk ef m&ef Oya' yk&yku d q f 0l uf?
6/ pmwku d w f nfvyk &f ef Oya'yk&yku d f 2 ql?
7/ w&m;trIwiG f vku d ef m&ef Oya' yk&yku d f 2 qlc?JG
8/ tvkyt f rIaqmif Oya'yk&yku d f ql0uf?
9/ þwmvsHEidk if EH iS q hf ufqu H ek zf ufpyfu;l oef;&ef Oya' ql0uf? (þ 1 rS 9 xd yk&yku d f
rsm;udk uif;0efrif;BuD;yk&ydu k rf sm;wGif OD;armifarmifjym; awG&Y v dS udk &f avonf/)
10/ vufeufOya'?(&Sr;f e,fukd csefí jrefrme,fwiG &f adS omaoewf? "m;? vSrH sm;udk apmifh
a&SmufykH/)
11/ uif;apmifOh ya'? (24 &yf uif;udk qkv d \
dk /)
12/ trIxrf;rsm; "m;? vS?H aoewf? cJ,rf;xm;&ef Oya'?
13/ &mZ0wfjypfrcI &H NyD; olwEYdk iS hf apmifah &Smufow l Ydk Oya'?
14/ axmifEiS q hf idk af omOya'?
15/ zrf;qD;ac:,lrOI ya'?
16/ r[m'gef0ef? r[m'gefpma&;wkEYd iS ahf usmif;trIxrf;wkOYd ya'?
17/ pGypf rJG OI ya'?(aiGpm;rI? tpktief;ysufjym;rI? ykepf m;ykeu f efrrI sm;ESiphf yG pf yJG u
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romawmfrsm;wGif wif;ukyf r@yfuEém;tjyif trTr;f tMuufpaom ,m,Dtvkyrf sm;ESihf
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wESpw f Budrf tvkyo f nfum; 0if;yGJ jrif;rdyk JG ESpo
f pf? 0g0if? 0guRwf uefawmht
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udk vkyaf qmif&avonf/
3/ puftvkyfqkdonfrSmvnf;
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vufeufEiS q hf idk af om puftvkyw f iG f aoewf? pde? tajrmuf? Ak;H paom vufeuf

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oif;abmwnfvyk &f efrsm;ESiphf ufu&d,mrsm;yg vkyaf qmifaompuf? oHcsufpufrsm;wnf
aqmufvkyfudkif&onf/
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puf? *Gr;f puf? oMum;csufpuf? zefcsufpufponfrsm;rS paom vkyif ef;rsm;ukv d nf; vkyf
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,if;uJo h aYkd om jrefrmrif;vufxuf tvkyXf mersm;udk toD;toD; cGjJ cm;NyD;vQif
vkyaf qmifMuaomtcgü tBuD;trSL; cGjJ cm;xm;&Sad vonf/ t&yf&yfaomtvkyXf mersm;
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jzifh
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wGi;f awmfoYkd ykNYd rJjzpfonf/
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yk*pH mtkyw
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rwf tanmif;qefaY p&ef ykq;dk ü xk;d NyD; csnfaESmifxm;avonf/
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ta&;r[kwfaomudpörsm;twGufrlum; tcaMu;aiG ay;aqmif&avonf/
w&m;rrIrsm;twGuf aMu;eef;&ku d Mf um;&m &ku
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f yk jf cif;rsm;rSm ajr
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0ifh azmfjyxm;avonf/
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aygufcJhí aMu;eef;&kdufjcif;ESifhpyfvsOf;í tokH;jyKaomtu©&ma&;om;enf;udkvnf;
a,mtwGi;f 0efrif;OD;bd;k vIid u f ]]vdy'd yD u d m}}ac:aom jrefrmaMu;eef;pm a&;enf;usrf;
ukd jyKpkp&D ifcahJ vonf/ jynfwiG ;f qufo, G rf rI Qru jrefrmEkid if H rEÅav;a&TNrdKUawmfro S wif;
pmrsm;udkvnf; EkdifiHjcm;jzpfaom t*Fvdyf? tar&duefjynfrsm;odkY ay;ydkYonfudk awGY&Sd&
ayonf/ jrefrmrsm;onf Ekid if jH cm;e,fcsJU\i,fuRefb0odYk rusa&mufcyhJ grlum; jrefrmEkid if H
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ao;bJ EkdifiHjcm;ypönf;rsm;udk trsm;tpm; tm;udk;jyKcJhMuonfrSm 0rf;enf;bG,f&myif
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ruk;d yJ uk,
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f ikd cf MhJ uayNyD/
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waMumif; jrefrmEkid if aH wmf pufrv I ufrv I yk if ef; pDru H ed ;f rsm; ysufjym;cJ&h avonf/
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xm;Ekid &f ef vkyaf qmifvsuf&adS vNyD/

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vkyu f idk cf o
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ay:wl*D(b&if*sD)rsm;onf pufrIvufrIvkyfief;twGuf jrefrmEkdifiHodkY a&muf&SdNyD;jzpf
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xrf;rsm;taMumif;udk okawoepkaqmif;í azmfjy&ayawmhrnf/
rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD;onf nDawmf tdrfa&SUuaemifrif;om;ESifhwkdifyifawmfrl
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rsm;udk Munf&h o I ifMum;apavonf/
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í pGyNf yD; oefvsuf"m;pGu J m pum;rajym&aomtcef;rS0ifí ujyavh&adS Mumif; a&;om;
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aMumif;udk ajcawmfO;D cku d f em;awmfavQmufygonfb&k m;/
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&m tMuHay;pmwrf;wck jzpfayonf/ a&S;jrefrmrif;vufxufü ykd;xnfwGif ]]caemuf
qif}}[lí tcsdwx f nf&adS Mumif; a&Tjynfq&mBuD;OD;bwifxrH S rSwo
f m;&avonf/ xkcd
aemufqifrmS rif;wke;f rif;w&m;BuD; vufxufawmfü aA'if,MwmjyK&m 0wfvaJ wmfus
ykq;dk udk pdwrf aumif;ol icaemuftm; ay;&mrS icaemufqif jzpfonf[k qkad vonf/
pdwrf aumif;ol rde;f rwa,mufudk rdz&k m;ajr§mufí aemufyg pdwrf aumif;olrsm;ESio hf mG ;
yk*pH mtkyw
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[k a'gojzpfum ckeí f qif;&m a&wGi;f üusav\/ vltrsm; 0kid ;f í q,f,yl gaomfvnf;
vrf;ckvyfrSwzef jyefí ckeftkyfjyefojzifh r&awmhbJ a&wGif;ü toufqkH;oGm;av\/
xkpd wd rf aumif;aom icaemuf 0wfonfyh q k ;dk ukd eef;wGi;f &ufuef;awmfwt Ydk m; r&ufr
vkyaf p&[lí rSwo f m;&avonf/
,ck awG&Y &dS aom yk&ykud pf mvTmt& icaemufrmS pdwrf aumif;ol r[kwaf cs/ yk;d

ukeo f nfBuD;jzpfaMumif; awG&Y avonf/ pdwrf aumif;ol\Zmwf0w¬KrSmvnf; 'EÅm&DyjHk yif
ozG,f jzpfaeavonf/ xkt d csdwq f ifrmS vnf; ajymprSwjf yK&rnft h qif jzpfaumif;jzpf
ayrnf/ caemufqif tppftrSeo f nfum; yk;d ukeo f nfO;D caemuf wDxiG &f ufvyk af omt
qifrsm; jzpfavrnfavm rajymwwfacs/ pOf;pm;&ef wifjy&ayonf/ a&S;acwftcg &kyf
ao;rif;om; OD;zl;ndK0wfaomtqifukd zl;ndKqif? ywdr;f rif;om;0wfaomyef;EkEiS t hf jzL
refusnf;aphuu G t
f qifukd ywdr;f qif[í l ac:aMumif; rSwo f m;&ayonf/ caemufqif
vnf; OD;caemuf0wfaomtqifyif jzpfrnfavm rajymwwfacs/ okawoejyK&mü a&T
jynfq&mBuD;Mum;bl;aom yg;pyf&mZ0ifrsm;ESiyhf &k yku d pf mvTmrS &&Sad om taMumif;t&m
rsm;udk ndE§ idI ;f í qifjcifavhvmrIw&yf jyK&ayonf/
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&avonf/
xkdYaMumifh a&S;jrefrmbk&ifrsm;onf oufOD;qHydkifí tmPm&Sifrsm; jzpfonf[k
,lqMuukeaf vonf/ od&Yk mwGif a,mtwGi;f 0efrif;OD;bk;d vIid o f nf ]]&mZ"r®o*F[}}usrf;
BuD;ukd jyKpka&;om;NyD; jrefrmEkid if t H yk cf sKyfa&;pepfukd jyKjyifv[dk ef &Sad vonf/
jrefrmbk&ifrsm;onf oufO;D qHyidk af omfvnf; jrefrmbk&ifwidk ;f wefc;dk tmPmudk

xifwkdif; okH;avhr&SdaMumif; a&S;pmay*E¦0ifusrf;rsm; avhvmaomtcg odomxif&Sm;
ayonf/
þodaYk vhvmMunf&h &I efoifah om *E¦0ifpm&if;rSm
1/ ZrÁLuGecf smusrf;
2/ ZrÁL'Dygtkyfaqmif;usrf;
3/ &mZokwusrf;
4/ &mZbd[w d usrf;
5/ &mZvuFm&ac:&maZm0g'usrf;
6/ &mZao0uusrf;
7/ &mZygarmZÆusrf;
8/ ok&mZr*¾'yD eD
9/ &mZ"r®o*F[usrf;
10/ &mZrwåPu f srf;
11/ tif&pHk mwrf;
12/ a&TbeHk 'd gef;
13/ jrefrm r[mr*Fvmrif;crf;awmf
14/ jrefrmrif;tkycf sKyfypHk mwrf;
15/ vTwaf wmfrw S w
f rf;rsm;
16/ {csif;a[mif;rsm;
17/ OD;ukvm;? rSeef ef;? okaom"dw? uke;f abmifpaom r[m&mZ0if
18/ e0&wf? a&T[oFmrif;ysKdU
19/ rif;wke;f rif;w&m;usifx h ;Hk ? aerd&uefponf*h E¦0ifpmaywkyYd if jzpfonf/
yk*pH mtkyw
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wkid ;f awmfjynfaxmif tkypf ;dk aqmif tacgifaoXfeif;? igwkrYd if;rSm? jzpf&if;rlv? rk'g¨ bdaouH?
yv’iyf sH0,f? pHpOfuyif? odMum;ezl;? rsufEmS OD;rSm? jzL;jzL;NzdKifNzdKif? rD;q,fa&pH? aoGrvSe[ f ?k
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xm;&SMd uaMumif; pavq&mBuD;OD;ykn\0dZ,jyZmwfpum;t& odomEkid af yonf/
,if;odYk uwdopömqkí d wkid ;f jynfukd tkycf sKyfrif;vkycf ahJ om jrefrmbk&ifrif;rsm;
\a&Teef;pOfpm&if;udk &mZ0ifocH yd ?f &mZ0ifoaH ygufvuFmrsm;jzifh jyoxm;aomfvnf; pkH
vifjcif;? tpDtpOf&iS ;f vif;jywfom;jcif; r&Sad cs/ qm tmomzJ&m\&mZ0ifpmtkyw f iG f

um; &Si;f vif;pkvH ifpmG jyxm;í trnfemrrsm;udk t*Fvyd b f momjyefq&dk mü wdusrIr&Sd
ojzifh *sDt;D tm&f*&efb Y a&mif;(tkid pf t
D uf)onf jrefrmEkid if aH wmf okawoe*sme,f 1911
ck xkwf yxrwGJ trSwf 1 ü jyKjyifí wzef az:jyxm;cJah vonf/ azmfjy&mü eef;wuf
ouú&mZfrsm;udk rSeef ef;&mZ0ift& ndE§ idI ;f um t*Fvyd cf Ek pS jf zifh jyxm;ayonf/
A[kow k tvkiYd mS a&S;jrefrmbk&ifrsm; eef;qufpm&if;udk &mZ0ifrsm;ESin hf E§d idI ;f jyK
jyifum azmfjyygtH/h
1/ yk*aH cwf
taemf&xm(1010)rS ausmfpmG (1279)
taemf&xm 1010 rif;,Ofe&odcF 1164
apmvl; 1052 e&ywdpnfol 1167
usefppfom; 1057 aZ,socF 1204
tavmif;pnfol 1085 uspGm 1227
rif;&Sifapm 1160 OZem 1243
e&ol? ukvm;us 1160 e&oD[ywdw&kwfajy;rif; 1248
rif; ausmfpGm 1279
2/ &Sr;f acwf? txufjrefrmEkid if H

tocF,m(1298) rS OZmemajymif (1364)
tocF,m? &mZoBuø ig;pD;&SifausmfpGm 1336
wpD;&SifoD[ol 1298 ausmfpmG 1356
wpD;&SifoD[ol 1312 e&ol 1364
OZmem 1326 OZemajymif 1364
yk*pH mtkyw
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3/ &Sr;f acwf? atmufjrefrmEkid if H

0g&D&(l 287) rS ok&iS w
f um&Gwyf d (1526)txd
0g&D&l 287 Anm;&Hupf 1426
cGefavm 316 Anm;y&l 1446
xkrkdif 310 Anm;usef; 1450
Anm;&H' 1323 vdyfrGwfawmf 1453
Anm;{avm 1330 &Siaf pmyk 1453
Anm;OD;qifjzL&Sif 1348 "r®apwD 1460
&mZm"d&mZfAnm;EGYJ 1385 Anm;&H 1490

Anm;"r®&mZm 1423 ok&iS wf um&Gwyf d 1526
4/ t0acwf
owkd;rif;zsm;(1364) rS e&ywdpnfolausmfxif(1550)
owkd;rif;zsm; 1364 rkd;n§if;rif;w&m; 1426
rif;BuD;pGmapmfuJ 1367 rif;&JausmfpGm 1439
qifjzL&Sifw&zsm; 1400 oD[ol&bk&if e&ywd 1442
rif;acgif 1411 r[moD[ol&oD&dok"r®
qifjzL&SifoD[ol 1422 &mZ"dywd 1468
rif;vSi,f 1426 'kw, d rif;acgif r[m&mZ
uav;aus;awmifndK 1426 "dywd 1480
a&Teef;&Sif e&ywd 1501
okd[efbGm; 1526 rkd;NAJe&ywdrif; 1545
ckHrIdif;i,f(tkef;abmif) 1542 ppfukdif;pnfolausmfxif
e&ywd 1550
5/ awmifial cwf
yJc;l wyifa&Tx;D (1540) rS eE´b&k if(1581)
wyifa&TxD; 1540 bk&ifhaemif 1551
ordefapmxGwf 1550 ig;ql'g,umeE´bk&if 1581
ordeaf xm&mr 1550
yk*pH mtkyw
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6/ awmifi?l anmif&rf;? t0acwf (yJc;l ESit

hf 0)
anmif&rf;rif;(1599) rS r[m"r®&mZ"dywd(1733)
anmif&rf;rif; 1599 r[my0&r[m"r®&mZm
r[m"r®&mZmtaemuf rif;&Jausmfxif 1661
zufvGefrif; 1605 e&m0& 1672
rif;&J'dAÁ 1628 od&yd 0&r[m"r®&mZm
omvGefrif;w&m;owkd; (paerif;) 1698
rif;w&m; owk;d "r®&mZm oD&yd 0&r[m"r®&mZ

oD&od "k r®&mZmr[m"dywd 1629 "dywdqifjzL&Sif
yif;wvJig;xyfBuD;bk&m; (we*FaEGrif;) 1714
'g,um 1648 r[m"r®&mZm"dywd 1733
7/ auG&Y rS ;f acwfEiS yhf cJ ;l

auGYrif; 1740 jAif;nm;'v 1746
8/ uke;f abmifacwf
tavmif;bk&m;(1755) rS oDaygrif; (1878)
tavmif;bk&m; ppfudkif;rif;bBuD;awmf 1819
OD;atmifaZ,s 1755 om,m0wDa&Tbkdrif; 1837
aemifawmfBuD; 1763 yk*Hrif; 1846
qifjzL&Sif 1763 rif;wkef;rif; 1853
pOfhul;rif; 1775 oDaygrif; 1878
abmif;um;pm;
armifarmif 1781
bk;d awmfb&k m; y'krH if; 1781
txufyg rif;qufpm&if;ukd urÁn;f ausmufpm0efa[mif; rGepf , D mcsm;'l&KG id Zf ,f
u jznfph uG o f w
k o
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vnf; rygacs/ a&S;a[mif;ausmufpmrsm;ESin hf E§d idI ;f aomtcg rif;qufpm&if;rsm;vnf;
jyKjyif&ef &Sv
d monfukd topftopf awGv Y suf&adS vNyD/
yk*pH mtkyw
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a&S;a[mif;pmay&SmazG&mrSm aycsyfvTmrsm;wGif o*E¨(ouE´)yk&Pfusrf;xGuf

rif;qufaumufEw k cf sufoiG ;f pmudk avhvmbl;onf/ a&S;a&S;aomacwf pkprk if;quf 263
teuf ouú&mZfESpf ygaom rif;quf 712 (rif;rSm ESpfaygif;) 4046 ESpf&Sdí rif;quf
aygif; 52 rs yk*rH if;qufaygif; 55 qufxd wku d q f idk &f m ESpaf ygif; 1263 &Sad Mumif;? xkd
ESppf ak ygif;aomf 5309 ESpf &SnMf umaMumif; awG&Y avonf/
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um; Zmwdrmefpw d jf zifh

rSwyf g&pfap? rSmcJah ytH?h oHa0"r®? ,luek Mf uavm? ok'óe? NrdKUrocif? ol&m0ifvsuf? vkvif
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[lí {uyk'd o
f aH 0*&wk pyfqcdk ahJ vonf/
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axmifvsuf qk&d ,S v
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&Sm;aom rdzk&m;ig;q,fhukd;yg; aygif; w&mESifhav;yg; &SdaMumif; vufa&;rlrSwfwrf;w
apmifü awG&Y &dS avonf/
rdz&k m;rsm;wGif eef;&rdz&k m;? taqmif&rdz&k m;? aqmifi,f&rdz&k m;? NrdKUpm;&Gmpm;
rdz&k m;pojzifh cGjJ cm;xm;&Sad vonf/
eef;&rdzk&m;BuD;av;yg;um; (1) oD&dy0&twkvwdavmu&wemr*Fvma'0D

t&Sifrdzk&m;acgifBuD;? (2) oD&dr[mr*Fvma'0Dt&Sifajrmufeef;rawmfrdzk&m;? (3) oD&d
wdavmu r[m&wema'0Dt&Sit f v,feef;rdz&k m;qifjzLr&Si?f (4) oD&rd [m &wemokpE´m
a'0D yxrtaemufeef;rawmfwYdk jzpfMuonf/
taqmif&rdzk&m;av;yg;onfum; (1) awmifaqmifawmfzk&m;? (2) ajrmuf
aqmifawmfz&k m;? (3) awmifa&Ta&;zk&m;? (4) ajrmufa&Ta&;zk&m;wkYd jzpfMuonf/
aqmifi,f& rdzk&m;av;yg;um; (1) xm;0,faqmifzk&m;? (2) avomaqmif
zk&m;? (3) rSepf aD qmifz&k m;? (4) rSeef ef;ocifz&k m;wkYd jzpfMuonf/
NrdKUpm;&Gmpm; rdz&k m;rsm;onfum;
1/ vifyef; 2/ oufyef; 3/ xaemif;ukid ;f 4/ pum;pdr;f
5/ qifwJ 6/ jyLuef 7/ oeppf 8/ bvJb h
9/ vufyefpOf 10/ avmif;&Snf 11/ a&eHacsmif; 12/ pdew f ;Hk
13/ anmifapmuf 14/ tifaxmuf 15/ &yvJ 16/ wHwidk ;f &Snf
17/ refusnf;yifapmuf 18/ ckepf&mG 19/ 0efw&m 20/ 0efusif
21/ rauG; 22/ pm;yGaJ xmif 23/ a&0J(a&yG)J 24/ qnf&mG
25/ ukuKú v d S 26/ wrmyif 27/ vIid u f Ref; 28/ jrpfpOf
29/ rk;d eJ 30/ ief;ZGef 31/ vJcsm; 32/ oDayg
33/ o&pdr;f 34/ eef;OD; 35/ &Gmopf 36/ ig;yifpOf
37/ rdausmif;wuf 38/ ausmufwvk;H 39/ &GmykvJ
40/ awmifjyKH;BuD; 41/ odEDé 42/ aMu;jrif
43/ ausmuf&J 44/ xD;vIid pf onfwjYdk zpfMuonf/ (jrefrmr[mr*Fvmrif;crf;
awmfrmS ygonfh pm&if;xuf rsm;aeonfukd awG&Y onf/)
NrdKU&Gm? trnf? ae&yfrsm;ESifh,SOfzufí rdzk&m;wkdY\trnfrsm;onf xif&Sm;Mu
onf/ tcsKdUaom rEÅav;NrdKUay:&Sd aumif;rIuo k v dk f ausmif;uefrsm;onf rdz&k m;rsm;wnf
yk*pH mtkyw
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yxrü jyqkcd ahJ om eef;aqmif&rdz&k m;BuD; 12 yg;wkt Yd m; rif;wke;f rif;onf rdzk
&m;taqmifta,mifrsm;ESifhwuG crf;em;pGm csD;jr§ifhxm;ayonf/ xkdodkY csD;jr§ifhay;tyf
aom taqmifta,mifww Ydk iG f a&Tudk eef;qGí J &ufaom ausmufpt D em;uGyf a&ToifjzL;
BuD; ESpfcsyfpD? aiGudk eef;qGJí &ufaomausmufoifjzL;ESpfcsyfpD? qifpG,fjzifh jyKvkyfí
ausmufpt D em;uGyf oifjzL;ESpcf syfp?D a&Tom;ausmufpD oOÆmvD wpf? aeYpOf yef;arG&Y mcif;
&onfq h ifp,G af usmufpD oOÆmvD wpf? ae&mawmf ausmufpt D cif;ESi&hf &dS onf/ a&Teef;csnf
udk &ufaom ausmufp, D yf? qifp, G jf zifh jyKvkyaf om,yf? xkyd pön;f rsm;ukd "EkjzLrdz&k m;rjr
pde;f \armifawmfrif;om;armifausmf? ZeD;rpD? orD;cifzek ;f ? bk&m;eDta&SUzuf "EkjzLrdzk

&m;\0if;rSmaeí a&ToifjzL; aiGoifjzL; qifp, G o f ifjzL; ,yfrsm;jyKvkyí f qufo&av
onf/ xkdypönf;rsm;udk ausmufpD&ef eef;awmf taemufpnf&Snf(puf&Sif)aps;vrf; yef;
wdraf rmifx;l u jyKvkyaf y;&onf/ ,mOfawmfMuyf armifou kd \f om; ,mOfawmfrLS ; armif
pH&uJ quf&avonf/ tok;H taqmifvyk &f mwGif rdz&k m;wyg;vQif a&Ttcsdew f &m trdeYf
awmfjrwfcsrSwu f m ay;oem;awmfral vonf/
a&Tx;D av;csuf? ykZeG q f xD ;D Mum,yfqaJG v;csuf? vufuidk af &TxD av;csuf? a&T
usKdi;f av;csuf? a&TovGeaf wmfausmufp?D a&TreS w f ifausmufp?D rmvdum r[v’wmwefqm
awmf xnfhaom a&Taygif;tpf ausmufpD? a&TuvyfausmufpD? a&T[oFm vufzuftkyf
ausmufp?D a&Twacgif;uawmh pGyf ausmufp?D uk, d of efaY wmf qyfysmxnfah om a&TMuKyf
ausmufp?D a&py,fawmfral om a&Tcu G f ok;H q,fusyfp;D zvm;awmfBuD; tem;uGyf ausmuf
pD? a&Tx;Hk bl; ausmufp?D a&Tb;D ? a&Tvifyef;? a&Tyef;uef? a&TZeG ;f ? a&Tzvm;? a&TaxG;cH? a&T
jymom'f,mOfawmf? a&Tcsaom a0gawmf? a&Tcsaom &xm;awmfreS pf ?D oOÆmvDü py,f jrwf
av; ZGef pum;0g paom yef;rsm; aeYpOf aeY wcGo J m;? n wcGo J m; yef;arG&Y mcif;&onf/
rdz&k m;rsm;vnf; bk&ifrif;jrwfaqmifawmfu;l vm&m qufo&ef 0wfvaJ wmft
oifh? uwkd;tav;w&myef;aygif; yufzsef;í xm;&\/ waqmifrS waqmifodkY ul;&m
0wfvaJ wmf wxnf vJ&onf/
a&TuvyfESifhyef;uawmh a&mufaom rdzk&m;taqmifawmfrSm bk&ifxGufpHy,f
awmfro l nf/ ud, k o
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Y yfysmESi;f &nfpy,f jrwfav; ZGepf aom yef;pdrx f m;aom a&jzifh
a&py,fawmfr&l onf/ aqmifawmfu;l aom 0wfvaJ wmfrmS rdz&k m;rsm;u c0gawmfay;NyD;
yef;owfí xm;&onf/ wvwcgjyí xm;ESiphf if; ausmufqí JG a&xJoYkd cs&avonf/
xkod Ykd yef;uefawmh a&mufaom rdz&k m;taqmifü oOÆmvDawmfwiG f yef;arG&Y m cif;xm;&
onf/ nOfh&kHMumcsD? rSDtkH;? Zmjcifaxmif? ,yfawmfcwf? tESdyfawmfav;OD;? tNidrfhawmf?
yk*pH mtkyw
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twD;trIwftqkdwkdYESifhtoifhaqmifhaeMu&avonf/
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ud, k t
hf aqmifrmS xm;Mu&avonf/
rdz&k m;rsm;onf acgif;rSm tav;w&mqDukd vdr;f Muonf/ oeyfcg;rSm yef;aygif;
uwk;d wku Yd kd a&mpyfí vdr;f Muonf/ tysKdawmfwrYdk mS py,fqD jrwfav;qD acgif;rSm vdr;f
Muonf/ t0wftpm;wGif yef;aygif;ESiEhf iS ;f &nfzsef;Muonf/ aiGyef;uef? aiGZeG ;f ? aiGaxG;

cHukd ok;H &onf/ a&Tzvm;? a&TaxG;cHwrYdk mS rif;om;rif;orD;rsm;om ok;H &onf/
xkdrdzk&m;rsm;\trIxrf;rsm;um; xrf;pifawmfxrf;? avSawmfxrf;? &xm;qGJ?
a0gawmfxrf;? ,mOfawmfxrf;? yGaJ wmfcsuf? yGaJ wmfy?Ydk uGr;f awmfquf? yef;awmfquf? t
ESyd af wmf? qwåmawmf? c0gawmf? tcsKyfawmf? orm;awmf? yef;csDawmf? yef;xdraf wmf? pm
awmfzwf? tysKdawmf? tcsDawmf? tacsmhawmf? txde;f awmf? tqkad wmf? tNidrahf wmf? uGr;f
a&awmf? aq;vdyaf wmf? xD;awmfr;dk ? qHawmf&iS ;f ? b@mpk;d ? uawmf0ef? uawmfpma&;?
rde;f rpk;d wkuYd trIxrf;&GuMf u&onf/ xkt d rIxrf;rsm;\vpmrsm;udk rdz&k m;rsm;u vpOf
ay;&onf/
&mZ0ifpmwrf;rsm;wGif rawGb Y ;l ao;aom rdz&k m;rsm;\om;zGm;cef;rsm;rSm pdwf
0ifpm;bG,f aumif;vSayonf/ A[kow k &S&d eftwGuf qufí azmfjy&ayrnf/
rdzk&m;om;zGm;awmfrl&m eef;awmfopfwyftwGif;ü taemufacsmif;awmf&Sd\/
xkad csmif;awmftaemufzufü tdref rd o hf m;zGm;&ef 0efawmftrd w f ef; &So
d nf/
om;zGm;vkad omrdz&k m;wkrYd mS wvBudKwifí xkt d rd w
f ef;odYk qif;ae&onf/ xkt
d rd f
wef;ü tESyd af wmf ig;a,muf? vufo,fawmfig;a,muf? c0gawmfig;a,muf? txde;f awmf?
tcsDawmf? tacsmhawmf? tqkdawmf? a&Munfawmfqufig;a,muf? rD;&SL;awmfquf ig;
a,muf? tysKdawmfBuD;rsm;ESit hf NrJaeMu&onf/
orm;awmf? Zmwmawmfaq;? rde;f rpd;k ? uawmf0ef? uawmfpma&;? oli,fawmf
wko Yd nf vku d &ap&ef tjyifrS toifah pmihaf eMu&\/oli,fawmfrmS eef;awmf tnpft
aMu;[lorQ okwfoif&avonf/
rdz&k m;rsufEmS oefpY ifu vu©Pmzwf ykPmÖ ;wkt Yd m; csufcsif;jy&onf/ a&Tvif
yef;rSm a&py,fí tcsif;aq;&onf/ xdka&Tvifyef;udk vufo,fawmf 0efu &onf/
ykPmÖ ;vu©PmzwforQudk taxmufawmfu csufcsif;bk&if\a&Tem;awmfMum; oHawmfO;D
wif&vTm quf&onf/
yk*pH mtkyw
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Yd yf&onf/
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a&TaiG? rsm;axGqifjrif;? oif;yif;aus;uRef? NrdKUrGeyf idk pf m;? xD;zvm;}}wku Yd kd oem;ay;tyf
awmfr&l avonf/ xkad emuf wvMumu rdz&k m;rSm a&rsm;pGm py,fawmfrí l xl;jrwfaom
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y,fawmfrl&avonf/
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aMumif; awG&Y ayonf/ xko d rYkd sm;vSaom om;awmf orD;awmfrsm;tm; rif;jzpfou l uGyf
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aom yk*K¾ v
d rf sm;twGuf rSww f rf;wckjzpfprd ahf omiSm &nfoefygonf/
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yk*pH mtkyw
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jrefrmrif;vufxuf tok;H taqmifjzpfaom oOÆmvD? anmifapmif;? oDw*l? ovGe?f tif
ysOf? a0g? xrf;pif? oHvsif;ponfyh pön;f tcsKdUukd &efuek Nf rdKU Ekid if aH wmfjywku d (f *sLAvDt
aqmuftOD)wGi¤f if;? rEÅav;NrdKU Ekid if aH wmfjywku d w f iG ¤f if; awGjY rifEikd Mf uayNyD/ þodaYk om
ypön;f rsm;udk ppfab;ppf'PfrS rxdr&S? rysufp;D bJ w&kw d ao odr;f qnf;Ekid Mf ujcif;ud¤k if;
&SmazGwifjyolrsm;udk¤if; csD;usL;zG,faumif;vSayawmhonf/

rEÅav;NrdKU Ekid if aH wmfjywku d t
f wGi;f ü (1) oDaygrif;vufxuf acsmif;ywf*P dk ;f
tkyf yxrq&mawmfO;D udwdå oDwif;ok;H awmfral omovGeaf wmf? (2) rdz&k m;wyg;pD;aom
aq;eDow k af &Ta&;,mOfawmf? (3) jrawmifrif;BuD; uawmf\aumif;rIjzpfonfq h ;D yeDq&m
awmfb&k m;ausmif;rS &&daS om ,mOfawmfrsm;udk ,cktcg vltrsm; awG&Y EdS idk Mf uayonf/
&efukefNrdKUEkdifiHawmfjywkduftwGif;üvnf; [oFm&kyftajccHaom ovGefawmfudk awGYjrif
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cGio f moemykid q f &mawmfb&k m;BuD;\yd#uwftyk w f u dk tf wGi;f ü awG&Y EdS idk af yonf/ xk, d mOf
rsm;udk awmifciG rf if;BuD;vSL'gef;cJah om xrf;pif[í l od&&dS ayonf/
rEÅav;a&Teef;awmfBuD; *syefrajy;rD t*FvdyfAkH;'Pfjzifh rD;avmifrysufpD;rDu
a&Teef;awmf taqmifwcktwGi;f ü om;awmf orD;awmfrsm;pD;onf, h mOfawmfrsm;pGmukd
yif awGjY rifcMhJ u&ayonf/
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aqmuftODa[mif;ae&mudk awGY&SdEkdifao;onf/ pm&if;wkduf(0g)NAJwkdufac:aom av;
axmiftw k w f udk \f ta&SUawmifbuf&dS tkww f u dk Bf uD;rsm;onf a0gwku d \ f t<uif;tusef
taqmuftODtpdwt f ykid ;f rQ jzpfayonf/ a&S;acwftcgü a&S;acwftavsmuf a&S;rif;
rSL;rwf aoemywdrsm; crf;em;x,f0gpGm pD;eif;oGm;vmMuykw H u Ydk kd cefrY eS ;f Ekid af yonf/
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csKdUu oDaygbk&if\a0gawmfrsm;jzpfaMumif;? eef;pOfb&k m;rsm;ukd eef;wGi;f rS yif&h mwGif
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vlBuD;wOD;jzpfaom jrefrmynm&Spd nfoal rmifarmifausmf\tqkt d rdet Yf & xdx k rf;pifrsm;
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udk avhvmEkid í f ]]armf}}yGiahf c:aom yef;yGiu hf av;rsm;jzifh pDjc,fxm;onfuv kd nf; awGY
&SdEkdifayonf/
yk*pH mtkyw
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rSm ,cktcg rsm;pGm rvG,fawmhacs/ ykHpHqkdaomf vIdifxdyfacgifwif tdrfa&SUrdzk&m;\pm
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udk &SmazGMu&ayawmhonf/
rEÅav;NrdKU tNidr;f pm;0efaxmufrif; OD;armifarmifwif K.S.M., A.T.M \a&Teef;
ok;H a0g[m&tbd"mefonf pkw H efoifo h avmuf pkv H ifí a&S;jrefrmrIqidk &f m A[kow k rsm;
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f edpaö &mufomG ;aom uRef
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yOö&yl ajcmuf&yk f ajcwyfaom ajcmufaxmifh Zmyef;uyfausmufpaD &Tukd vkyaf om
zxkid u
f kd oOÆmvDac:\/ bk&ifom pHawmfr&l \/
2/ e,m;&kycf H oOÆmvD
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f kd a&ToOÆmvD/
rif;rdz&k m;wkYd aqmif&\/
3/ ukvm;xkid yf Hk oOÆmvD
rSepf aD &Tcs ukvm;xkid ?f qifp,
G af usmufpD ukvm;xkid jf zpfonf/ (aemufrDS vuf&rf;
ygonf/)
Ä arQmfwvifv
h if/h
Ä Ä vif;Muufjzifh twefaqmfNyD/
yk*pH mtkyw
f u
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D oDaygrif;w&m;BuD;\ukvm;xkid yf o Hk OÆm
vDukd awGjY rifc&hJ ayonf/ a&Tz0g;awmfatmufoYkd Ekid if jH cm;oHrsm; tzl;ajr§mcf H 0ifcef;"mwfyüHk þoOÆmvD
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k ifukd ovGeaf wmfac:\/
(wenf;)ckwifiuS af jc av;acsmif;wyfukd ovGeaf c:\/
5/ anmifapmif;

ajcav;acsmif; tedr¤hf if; ajctjrifx
h m; e&m;axmufwyfaom ausmufpaD &TcHk
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6/ oDw*l
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anmifapmif;wrsKd;yifwnf;/
7/ tif;ysOf
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\/ (rkaH &G;aZw0efausmif;wGif zxkid af wmf[í l ac:aomypön;f rSm tif;ysOfEiS chf yfqifqif
jzpfonf/)
8/ {,mOf
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onf/ (aqmifyef;[lonf opfom;ykcufukd ac:onf/)
9/ jrykcuf
rSepf aD &Tcs ykcufawmfukd jrykcufawmfac:\/ ausmufp{D ,mOfwrsKd;yifjzpf\/
10/ ,mOfawmf
vlEpS af ,mufxrf; rSepf aD usmufpD a&Tjymom'fwa,mufaeom&krH mS ,mOfawmf[k
yk*pH mtkyw
f u
dk f
ac:\/ a&Tom;jzifh jyKvkyaf om ,mOfawmf&\

dS /
11/ a0gawmf
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rSwyg; tjcm;ol rok;H &/ (a&S;a0gawmfyu
Hk kd awmifjyKH;rif;nDaemifeef;ü awGEY idk af yonf)
12/ a0gedrhf
oOÆmvD rwifaom a&Tjymom'fawmfBuD;rSm a0gac:\/ rdz&k m;tysKdawmfwYdk tcGihf
ESi;f a&mufu pD;&\/
13/ xrf;pif
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ac:\/ t&m&Srd sm; ok;H &\/ (a&TusD;jrifb
h &k m;twGi;f ü þxrf;pifrsKd; awGEY idk o
f nf/)
14/ a&T&xm;awmf
trk;d vGwf vlq&JG aom vSn;f udk a&T&xm;awmf[ak c:\/
15/ pMumwif&xm;
trd;k jymom'fwiG f vlq&JG aoma&T&xm;udk pMumwifa&T&xm;awmfac:\/
(þodYk teDow k ?f yvm? a&Ta&;paom yufvufxrf;pif,mOfrsm;udk &Spaf ,muf
xrf;&\/ xrf;aomftrIxrf;rsm;rSm acgif;aygif;jzL? tusÐ&n S ?f ykq;dk cg;ykx
H ;dk ESix
hf rf;Mu
&onf/ oOÆmvDrsm;ü arT;BudKifaom yef;rsm;udk eHeufwcGJ? nwcGJ? aeYpOf cif;&onf/
xrf;pifawmfxrf;? &xm;qG?J a0gawmfxrf;? ,mOfawmfxrf; ponfjzifh trIxrf; toD;oD;
&Sdonf/)
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&So
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qko d nfrmS jrifrh w
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h yfonf/ xrf;pifrmS jrifrh dk
yk*pH mtkyw
f u
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aus;apwkdif? axmifhtkH; aus;apwkdif wyf&onf/ wk&if rwyf&/ odkYjzpfí rif;{u&mZf

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pD;&onf/ rEÅav;NrdKU eef;awmfjywkduftwGif; (,ckwkdif)&Sdaom uif;0efrif;BuD;pD;onfh
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(OD;armifarmifwif)üawGY&onf/»

16/ r*Fvm&xm;
pD;eif;xGupf aH wmfral om r*Fvm&xm;awmfBuD;wGif a&S;tcg &xm;awmfqJG trI
xrf;rsm;&So
d nf/ aemuftcg aemufawmfyg jrif;0ef? 0efpt k rIxrf;wku Yd &xm;awmfq&JG
onfjzpfaomaMumifh trIxrf; 5 a,mufrQ xm;&So d jzifh wvvQif pyg;awmf 70 wif; o
em;awmfjrwfc&H onf/ (pmrsufEmS 165 a&Teef;ok;H a0g[m&tbd"mef/)
(oOÆmvD/ /&Sr;f jynfawmifyidk ;f anmifa&Ta[mfeef;ay:üqif&yk o f ;Hk aumif
ajcwyfvsuf ajcav;acsmif;ukvm;wkid f oOÆmvDuv kd nf; ,ckwidk f awGjY rifEidk o
f nf/ xkrd S
wyg; rif;uGef;t&Sif0dpdwåom&q&mawmfbk&m;ausmif;ESifhrEÅav;NrdKU a&Ta&;aqmif
ausmif;wku d rf sm;wGif a&Tjynfq&mBuD; MuyfrwfjyKvkyaf om oOÆmvDrsm;udv k nf; awGEY idk f
ayonf/)
ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃ
yk*pH mtkyw
f u
dk f
orkid ;f wGif rarhEidk af omaeY
1947 ck *sLvkid v f 19 &uf? paeaeY? eHeuf 10 em&D 37 rdepfcef/Y vlrormwpk\vkyMf uH

rIaMumifh Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;ESiw hf uG jrefrmhacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; usqk;H aomaeYudk arhr&
ouJo h Ydk uRefawmht f zkYd ouú&mZf 1228 ck 'kw, d 0gqkv d jynfah usmf 7 &uf? Mumoyaw;aeY
(2? 8? 1886)aeY ESpfcsufwD;cefYtcsdef? rEÅav;awmifajc eef;ajrbkHompHeef;awmfvTwf
awmfteD; wJBuD;wGif tdraf &SUuaemifrif;ESiw hf uG jrefrmrSL;BuD;rwfBuD;tcsKdUtm; jrif;
uGe;f pm;ESijhf rif;ckwH idk pf m;wkYd vkyMf uHaomaeYuv kd nf; arhír&Ekid yf g/
eef;ajrbko H m pHeef;awmf\yk?H vTwaf wmf\yk?H jrifueG ;f rif;om;\0if;ykrH sm;ygaom

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ဦးမောင်မောင်တင် - မြန်မာမင်းများလက်ထက်တော်စာတမ်းများ

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