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I. INTRODUCTION
block, Sharp and Glassburn introduced the idea of harmonic
Manuscript received January 19, 2000. Percentage restraint differential protective relays [3] have
A. Guzmán, S. Zocholl, and G. Benmouyal are with Schweitzer Engineering been in service for many years. Fig. 1 shows a typical differen-
Laboratories, Pullman, WA, USA. tial relay connection diagram. Differential elements compare
H. J. Altuve is with Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, N.L.,
México. an operating current with a restraining current. The operating
Publisher Item Identifier S 0885-8977(01)08528-4. current (also called differential current), , can be obtained
0885–8977/01$10.00 © 2001 IEEE
486 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2001
TABLE I
HARMONIC CONTENT OF THE CURRENT SIGNAL SHOWN IN FIG. 3
(6) (10)
where represents the fundamental component of the oper- Typically, digital transformer differential relays use second-
ating current; , are the higher harmonics; and are and fifth-harmonic blocking logic. Fig. 5(a) shows a logic
constant coefficients. diagram of a differential element having second- and fifth-
Hayward [7] and Matthews [8] enhanced this method by harmonic blocking. A tripping signal requires fulfillment of
adding percentage differential restraint for transformer protec- (5), without fulfillment of the following blocking conditions:
tion. The differential relay operating condition is:
(11)
(7) (12)
GUZMÁN et al.: A CURRENT-BASED SOLUTION FOR TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION—PART I: PROBLEM STATEMENT 489
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
Fig. 6. Three-phase differential relay with independent harmonic blocking or
restraint. Common harmonic blocking logic provides high security but
sacrifices some dependability. Energization of a faulted trans-
Fig. 5(b) depicts the logic diagram of a differential element former could result in harmonics from the inrush currents of
using second- and fifth-harmonic restraint. the nonfaulted phases, and these harmonics could delay relay
Fig. 6 shows the three-phase versions of the transformer dif- operation.
ferential relay with independent harmonic blocking or restraint.
The relay is composed of three differential elements of the types B. Wave Shape Recognition Methods
shown in Fig. 5. In both cases a tripping signal results when any Other methods for discriminating internal faults from inrush
one of the relay elements asserts. conditions are based on direct recognition of the wave shape
Note that in the harmonic restraint element [see Fig. 5(b)], distortion of the differential current.
the operating current, , should overcome the combined ef- Identification of the separation of differential current peaks
fects of the restraining current, , and the harmonics of the represents a major group of wave shape recognition methods.
operating current. On the other hand, in the harmonic blocking Bertula [25] designed an early percentage differential relay in
element the operating current is independently compared with which the contacts vibrated for inrush current (because of the
the restraint current and the harmonics. Table II summarizes low current intervals) and remained firmly closed for symmet-
the results of a qualitative comparison of the harmonic restraint rical currents corresponding to internal faults. Rockefeller [13]
(using all harmonics) and blocking methods for transformer dif- proposed blocking relay operation if successive peaks of the dif-
ferential protection. ferential current fail to occur at about 7.5–10 ms.
The comparison results given in Table II suggest the use of the A well-known principle [11], [26] recognizes the length of
blocking method, if security for inrush can be guaranteed. How- the time intervals during which the differential current is near
ever, it is not always possible to guarantee security for inrush, zero. Fig. 8 depicts the basic concept behind this low current
as Part II of this paper explains. Therefore, harmonic restraint detection method.
is an alternative method for providing relay security for inrush The differential current is compared with positive and nega-
currents having low harmonic content. tive thresholds having equal magnitudes. This comparison helps
Another alternative is to use common harmonic restraint or to determine the duration of the intervals during which the ab-
blocking. This method is simple to implement in a blocking solute value of the current is less than the absolute value of the
490 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 16, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2001
TABLE II
COMPARISON OF INDEPENDENT HARMONIC RESTRAINT AND INDEPENDENT BLOCKING METHODS
3) Wave shape recognition techniques represent another [26] A. Giuliante and G. Clough, “Advances in the design of differential pro-
alternative for discriminating internal faults from inrush tection for power transformers,” in 1991 Georgia Tech. Protective Re-
laying Conference, Atlanta, GA, May 1–3, 1991, pp. 1–12.
conditions. However, these techniques fail to identify [27] M. Hegazy, “New principle for using full-wave rectifiers in differential
transformer overexcitation conditions. protection of transformers,” IEE Proceedings, vol. 116, pp. 425–428,
Mar. 1969.
[28] A. M. Dmitrenko, “The use of currentless pauses for detuning differ-
REFERENCES ential protection from transient imbalance currents” (in Russian), Elek-
trichestvo, no. 1, pp. 55–58, Jan. 1979.
[1] E. A. Klingshirn, H. R. Moore, and E. C. Wentz, “Detection of faults
in power transformers,” AIEE Transactions, pt. III, vol. 76, pp. 87–95, [29] D. Robertson, Ed., Power System Protection Reference Manual—Rey-
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[3] R. E. Cordray, “Percentage differential transformer protection,” Elec- [31] E. L. Michelson, “Rectifier relay for transformer protection,” AIEE
trical Engineering, vol. 50, pp. 361–363, May 1931. Transactions, vol. 64, pp. 252–254, May 1945.
[32] E. V. Podgornyi and E. M. Ulianitskii, “A comparison of principles for
[4] , “Preventing false operation of differential relays,” Electrical
World, pp. 160–161, July 25, 1931. detuning differential relays from transformer inrush currents” (in Rus-
sian), Elektrichestvo, no. 10, pp. 26–32, Oct. 1969.
[5] E. L. Harder and W. E. Marter, “Principles and practices of relaying in
the United States,” AIEE Transactions, pt. II, vol. 67, pp. 1005–1023,
1948.
[6] L. F. Kennedy and C. D. Hayward, “Harmonic-current-restrained relays
for differential protection,” AIEE Transactions, vol. 57, pp. 262–266, Armando Guzmán received the B.S.E.E. degree with honors from Guadala-
May 1938. jara Autonomous University (UAG), Mexico, in 1979. He received a diploma
[7] C. D. Hayward, “Harmonic-current-restrained relays for transformer in fiber-optics engineering from Monterrey Institute of Technology and Ad-
differential protection,” AIEE Transactions, vol. 60, pp. 377–382, 1941. vanced Studies (ITESM), Mexico, in 1990. He served as regional supervisor of
[8] C. A. Mathews, “An improved transformer differential relay,” AIEE the Protection Department in the Western Transmission Region of the Federal
Transactions, pt. III, vol. 73, pp. 645–650, June 1954. Electricity Commission (the electrical utility company of Mexico) for 13 years.
[9] R. L. Sharp and W. E. Glassburn, “A transformer differential relay with He lectured at UAG in power system protection. Since 1993, he has been with
second-harmonic restraint,” AIEE Transactions, pt. III, vol. 77, pp. Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Pullman, WA, where he is presently a re-
913–918, Dec. 1958. search engineer. He holds several patents in power system protection. He is a
[10] C. H. Einval and J. R. Linders, “A three-phase differential relay for Member of IEEE and has authored and coauthored several technical papers.
transformer protection,” IEEE Trans. PAS, vol. PAS-94, no. 6, pp.
1971–1980, Nov./Dec. 1975.
[11] A. M. Dmitrenko, “Semiconductor pulse-duration differential restraint
relay” (in Russian), Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Elek- Stanley (Stan) Zocholl received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engi-
tromekhanika, no. 3, pp. 335–339, Mar. 1970. neering from Drexel University. He is an IEEE Life Fellow and a member of the
[12] G. I. Atabekov, The Relay Protection of High-Voltage Net- Power Engineering Society and the Industrial Application Society. He is also a
works. London: Pergamon Press Ltd., 1960. member of the Power System Relaying Committee and past chair of the Relay
[13] G. D. Rockefeller, “Fault protection with a digital computer,” IEEE Input Sources Subcommittee. He joined Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories
Trans. PAS, vol. PAS-98, pp. 438–464, Apr. 1969. in 1991 in the position of Distinguished Engineer. He was with ABB Power
[14] S. B. Wilkinson, “Transformer differential relay,” U.S. Patent No T&D Company Allentown (formerly ITE, Gould, BBC) since 1947, where he
5 627 712, May 6, 1997. held various engineering positions including Director of Protection Technology.
[15] W. K. Sonnemann, C. L. Wagner, and G. D. Rockefeller, “Magnetizing His biography appears in Who’s Who in America. He holds over a dozen patents
inrush phenomena in transformer banks,” AIEE Transactions, pt. III, vol. associated with power system protection using solid state and microprocessor
77, pp. 884–892, Oct. 1958. technology and is the author of numerous IEEE and protective relay conference
[16] J. Berdy, W. Kaufman, and K. Winick, “A dissertation on power trans- papers. He received the Best Paper Award of the 1988 Petroleum and Chem-
former excitation and inrush characteristics,” in Symposium on Trans- ical Industry Conference and the Power System Relaying Committee’s Distin-
former Excitation and Inrush Characteristics and Their Relationship to guished Service Award in 1991.
Transformer Protective Relaying, Houston, TX, Aug. 5, 1976.
[17] S. E. Zocholl, A. Guzmán, and D. Hou, “Transformer modeling as
applied to differential protection,” in 22nd Annual Western Protective
Relay Conference, Spokane, WA, Oct. 24–26, 1995.
[18] IEEE Power Engineering Society, “Transient response of current trans- Gabriel Benmouyal received the B.A.Sc. degree in electrical engineering and
formers,” IEEE Special Publication 76 CH 1130-4 PWR, Jan. 1976. the M.A.Sc. degree in control engineering from Ecole Polytechnique, Univer-
[19] E. C. Wentz and W. K. Sonnemann, “Current transformers and relays sité de Montréal, Canada in 1968 and 1970, respectively. In 1969, he joined
for high-speed differential protection with particular reference to offset Hydro-Québec as an instrumentation and control specialist. He worked on dif-
transient currents,” AIEE Transactions, vol. 59, pp. 481–488, Aug. 1940. ferent projects in the field of substation control systems and dispatching centers.
[20] J. E. Waldron and S. E. Zocholl, “Design considerations for a new In 1978, he joined IREQ, where his main field of activity was the application
solid-state transformer differential relay with harmonic restraint,” in of microprocessors and digital techniques to substation and generating-station
Fifth Annual Western Protective Relay Conference, Sacramento, CA, control and protection systems. In 1997, he joined Schweitzer Engineering Lab-
Oct. 15–18, 1978. oratories in the position of Research Engineer. He is a registered professional
[21] J. A. Sykes, “A new technique for high speed transformer fault pro- engineer in the Province of Québec, is an IEEE Member, and has served on the
tection suitable for digital computer implementation,” in Power Engi- Power System Relaying Committee since May 1989.
neering Society Summer Meeting, 1972, IEEE Paper no. C72 429-9.
[22] J. S. Thorp and A. G. Phadke, “A microprocessor based, voltage-re-
strained, three-phase transformer differential relay,” in Proceedings of
the Southeastern Symposium on System Theory, Apr. 1982, pp. 312–316. Héctor J. Altuve received the B.S.E.E. degree from Central University of Las
[23] , “A new computer based, flux restrained, current differential relay Villas (UCLV), Cuba, in 1969 and the Ph.D. degree from Kiev Polytechnic In-
for power transformer protection,” IEEE Trans. PAS, vol. PAS-102, no. stitute, USSR, in 1981. He served as a professor in the School of Electrical
11, pp. 3624–3629, Nov. 1983. Engineering at UCLV from 1969 to 1993. Since 1993, he has been a professor
[24] K. Inagaki, M. Higaki, Y. Matsui, K. Kurita, M. Suzuki, K. Yoshida, in the Ph.D. program of the Mechanical and Electrical Engineering School at
and T. Maeda, “Digital protection method for power transformers based Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, in Monterrey, Mexico. He is a member
on an equivalent circuit composed of inverse inductance,” IEEE Trans. of the Mexican National Research System, a Senior Member of IEEE, and a
Power Delivery, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 1501–1510, Oct. 1998. PES Distinguished Lecturer. He has authored and coauthored many technical
[25] G. Bertula, “Enhanced transformer protection through inrush-proof ratio papers. He is presently the Schweitzer visiting professor at Washington State
differential relays,” Brown Boveri Review, vol. 32, pp. 129–133, 1945. University.