Aa¨vq-2t cÖvYxi cwiwPZ (Animal Identify)

cÖZxK cÖvYxt Nvmdwos (The Grasshopper, Poekilocerus pictus)

jvB‡Kb
ev‡qvjwR mwjDkb
welqt SSC & HSC RxeweÁvb
cwiPvjbvqt †gvt Avnmvb nvexe, PhD.
weGm-wm (Abvm©, cÖ_g †kÖwY), GgGm-wm, Dw™¢`weÁvb (cÖ_g †kªwY)
XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq|
wVKvbvt 12, MÖxbKY©vi, MÖxb‡ivW, XvKv|
†dvbt 01401-658085
01855-950626
 Nvmdwos Kx?/Nvmdwos Gi bvgKi‡Yi ¯^v_©KZv Kx?
Av‡_©ªv‡cvWv c‡e©i cZ½ †kÖwYfz³ GKwU Z„Y‡fvRx ev kvKvkx (herbivorous) cÖvYxi bvg Nvmdwos| c„w_ex‡Z cÖvq 20,000 cÖRvwZi
Nvmdwos i‡q‡Q|
Nvm I jZvcvZvi g‡a¨ jvwd‡q jvwd‡q P‡j e‡j G‡`i Nvmdwos ejv nq| Nvmdwos `yai‡bi, h_v-j¤^v A¨vw›Ubvhy³ Nvmdwos-Giv
Tettinonidae †Mv‡Îi Ges Lv‡Uv A¨v‡›Ubvhy³ Nvmdwos-Giv Acrididae †Mv‡Îi AšÍ©fz³| wm‡jev‡m AšÍ©fz³ Poekilocerus
pictus Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Lv‡Uv A¨vw›Ubvhy³ Nvmdwos-Gi Ab¨Zg|

 c½cvj Kx?/Nvmdwos ‡K †Kb c½cvj ejv nq? /Nvmdwos‡K ÿwZKviK cZ½ ejv nq †Kb?
Nvmdwos mvavibZ GKKfv‡e emevm K‡i Z‡e wKQz wKQz Nvmdwos `je×fv‡e emevm K‡i| †h me Nvmdwos `je×fv‡e GK¯’vb †_‡K
Ab¨ ¯’v‡b Mgb K‡i Zv‡`i‡K c½cvj (Locust) e‡j| KLbI KLbI G‡`i msL¨v GZ †e‡o hvq †h, gyû‡Z©i g‡a¨ GKwU †ÿ‡Zi mg¯Í
dmj †L‡q fxlYfv‡e dm‡ji ÿwZ K‡i _v‡K| GRb¨ Nvmdwos‡K ÿwZKviK cZ½ ejv nq|
 cZ½ (Insect) Kx?/ej‡Z Kx eyS?/Nvmdwos †Kb Insect †kÖwYfy³ cÖvYx?
 Nvmdwos Gi ewntK¼vj KvBwUbhy³ wKDwUK‡j Ave„Z _v‡K,
 †`n wZbwU AÂj ev U¨vMgvUvq wef³| h_v- g¯ÍK, eÿ I D`i|
 3 †Rvov mwÜhy³ cv,
 1 †Rvov RwUj cyÄvwÿ Ges
 1 ‡Rvov A¨v‡›Ubv _v‡K
†m Kvi‡Y Nvmdwos‡K Insect ev cZ½ †kÖwYfz³ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq|

 Nvmdwos Gi evwn¨K MVb (External feature of grasshopper)

1| AvKvi I AvK…wZ (Shape and size)

Nvmdwos-Gi †`n miæ, j¤^v‡U, †ejbvKvi (cylindrical) Ges wØcvk¦©xq cÖwZmg| c~Y©v½ cÖvYx j¤^vq 8 †mw›UwgUvi ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K|
2| eY© (Colouration)
‡`‡ni iO A‡bKUv nj‡`-meyR (yellowish green) ai‡bi A_ev ev`vgx i‡Oi gv‡S bvbv ai‡bi †duvUv (spots) ev †WvivKvUv
(markings) n‡Z cv‡i| wgwkÖZ G iO Zv‡`i cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ gvwb‡q Pj‡Z GgbwK kÎæi n‡Z ‡_‡KI iÿv Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| G
QvovI wKQz Nvmdwos Av‡Q D¾¡j bxj-njy` i‡Oi (‡hgb-Poekilocerus pictus)|
2| ewntK¼vj (Exoskeleton)
Nvmdwos Gi mviv‡`n KvBwUb (chitin) wbwg©Z wKDwUKj (cuticle)-G Ave„Z| ewntK¼vj nvB‡cvWvwg©m (hypodermis) wbtm„Z c`v‡_©
m„wó nq| cÖwZwU †`n LЇK wKDwUKj cyiæ I k³ cv‡Zi g‡Zv MVb m„wó K‡i| G‡`i †¯‹¬ivBU (sclerites) e‡j| `ywU ‡¯‹¬ivB‡Ui
ga¨eZ©x wKDwUKj cvZjv I big _v‡K| G‡`i‡K m~Pvi (sutures) e‡j| m~Pv‡ii Dcw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y †`nLÛK I Dcv½¸wj mn‡R bovPov
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2| ‡`‡ni wefw³ (Division of body)
Nvmdwos Gi †`n LÛKvwqZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ cZ‡½i g‡Zv wZbwU AÂj ev U¨vMgvUvq wef³| h_v-
(K) g¯ÍK (Head)t GK‡Rvov cyÄvwÿ, wZbwU mijvwÿ ev I‡mwj (ocilli), GK‡Rvov A¨v‡›Ubv (antena) I GK‡mU gy‡Lvcv½ enb
K‡i|
(L) eÿ (Thorax)t wZb †Rvov cv, `yB‡Rvov Wvbv I 2 †Rvov k¦vmiÜ« _v‡K|
(M) D`i (Abdomen)t k¦vmiÜ« ev ¯úvBivKj (spiracle) Ges Rbb A½mg~n avib K‡i|

(K) g¯ÍK (Head)

Nvmdwos Gi g¯ÍK †`L‡Z bvkcvwZ AvK…wZi Ges nvB‡cvMb¨v_vm (hypognathous) ai‡bi A_©vr gyLwQ`ª wb¤œgyLx n‡q g¯Í‡Ki wb‡P
Ae¯’vb K‡i| g¯ÍK GKwU †QvU I w¯’wZ¯’vcK MÖxevi mvnv‡h¨ e‡ÿi mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K| Nvmdwos Gi g¯ÍK evB‡ii †_‡K ALÛvwqZ
(GKK) g‡b n‡jI g~jZ 6wU åƒYxq LÛ‡Ki (embryonic segments) mgš^‡q MwVZ| g¯Í‡Ki ewntK¼vj K‡qKwU As‡k wef³, †hgb-
g¯Í‡Ki c„ô‡`‡ki w·KvYvKvi AÂjwU fvi‡U· (vertex), `yB cv‡ki Ask‡K †Rbv (gena) Ges Kcv‡ji w`‡K PIov d«Ý (frons),
d«‡Ýi wb‡P AvqZvKvi †cøUwU K¬vBwcqvm (clypeus)|
Nvmdwos-Gi g¯ÍK GK‡Rvov cyÄvwÿ, wZbwU mijvwÿ ev I‡mwj (ocelli), GK‡Rvov A¨v‡›Ubv (antena) I GK‡mU gy‡Lvcv½ enb K‡i|
wb‡P G‡`i mswÿß eY©bv †`Iqv n‡jv-
(1) cyÄvwÿ (Compound eye)
Nvmdwos Gi gv_vi c„ôfv‡Mi Dfq cv‡k Aew¯’Z eo, e„šÍnxb, e„°vKvi, DËj, Kv‡jv Ask‡K cyÄvwÿ e‡j| cÖwZwU cyÄvwÿ cÖvq 2000
(cÖRvwZ‡f‡` msL¨v wewfbœ) lof~RvKvi IgvwUwWqv wb‡q MwVZ| IgvwUwWqv cyÄvwÿi MVb I Kv‡Ri GKK|
KvRt cyÄvwÿ‡Z `k©bxq e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq|

(2) A¨v‡›Ubv (Antenna) ev ï½

Nvmdwos Gi cyÄvwÿi mvg‡b, g¯Í‡Ki 2q LÛ‡K 1 †Rvov j¤^v m~·Ki g‡Zv A¨v‡›Ubv _v‡K| cÖwZwU A¨v‡›Ubv 3wU Ask wb‡q MwVZ, h_v-
‡¯‹c (scape), ‡cwW‡mj (pedicel) Ges d¬¨v‡Rjvg (flagellum)| ‡cwW‡mj Lv‡Uv I Awef³| d¬v‡Rjvg †ek j¤^v I cÖvq 25wU
LÛ‡K wef³| A¨v‡›Ubvi Mv‡Î AmsL¨ ÿz`ª ms‡e`x †ivg, weªmj I Ajd¨v±wi wcU _v‡K|
KvRt Nvmdwos A¨v‡›Ubv ms‡e`x A½ wn‡m‡e g~jZ Nªvb Abyfe K‡i| GQvov ¯úk©, kã Zi½ I Zvc Abyfe Ki‡Z cv‡i|

(3) I‡mjvm (Ocellus)

Nvmdwos‡qi cyÄvwÿ؇qi gv‡S wZbwU mij Pÿz ev I‡mwj (ocelli) _v‡K|
KvR
(i) I‡mjv‡mi mvnv‡h¨ Nvmdwos Av‡jvi ZxeªZvi cv_©K¨ eyS‡Z cv‡i|
(ii) Gi gva¨‡g GKK cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq e‡j A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib|

(4) gy‡Lvcv½ (Mouth parts)

gy‡Li Pvwiw`K wN‡i Aew¯’Z bobÿg, mwÜhy³ Dcv½¸‡jv‡K GK‡Î gy‡Lvcv½ e‡j| Nvmdwos Gi gy‡Lvcv½ g¯Í‡Ki AsKxq‡`‡k Aew¯’Z|
KwPcvZv ev KvÛ Pe©‡b e¨eüZ nq e‡j Nvmdwos Gi gy‡Lvcv½‡K Pe©b-Dc‡hvMx (chewing) g¨vwÛey‡jU (mandibulate) gy‡Lvcv½
e‡j|
Nvmdwos Gi cvuPwU As‡ki mgš^‡q gy‡Lvcv½ MwVZ|
h_v-
(i) j¨veªvg ev DaŸ© Iô (Labrum)t 1wU
(ii) g¨vwÛej (Mandible)t 2wU
(iii) g¨vw·jv (Maxilla)t 2wU
(iv) j¨vweqvg/wb¤œ Iô/AatIô (Labium)t 1wU
(v) nvB‡cvd¨vwis· (Hypopharynx)t 1wU
(i) j¨veªvg ev DaŸ© Iô (Labrum)
GwU K¬vBwcqv‡m©i A¼xqcÖv‡šÍ we`¨gvb A‡bKUv Pvcv PvKwZi g‡Zv GKwU MVb| Gi gvS eivei As‡k GKwU LuvR †`Lv hvq|
KvRt LuvRwU Lvevi a‡i ivL‡Z, g¨vwÛe‡ji w`‡K †V‡j w`‡Z I ¯^v` wb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
(ii) g¨vwÛej (Mandible)
gyLwQ‡`ªi Dfq cv‡k Aew¯’Z w·KvYvKvi I Kv‡jv ev ev`vwg i‡Oi †ek k³ ‡fZ‡ii w`‡K m~uPv‡jv Kiv‡Zi g‡Zv Dcv‡½i bvg g¨vwÛej ev
†Pvqvj|
KvRt Lv`¨ KZ©b, †clb Ges wPev‡bvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|

(iii) g¨vw·jv (Maxilla)

g¨vwÛe‡ji wVK †cQ‡b I evB‡ii w`‡K GK‡Rvov g¨vw·jv _v‡K| cÖwZwU g¨vw·jv Kv‡W©v (cardo), ÷vBcm (stipes), j¨vwmwbqv
(lacinia), M¨vwjqv (galea) Ges g¨vw·jvwi cví (maxillary palp) wb‡q MwVZ| g¨vw·jvwi cví cuvP LÛwewkó| Gi Dci m~² †ivg
_v‡K| [G‡K cÖ_g g¨vw·jvI ejv nq]
KvR
(1) g¨vw·jv Lv`¨ Lv‡`¨i ¯^v` MÖnb, GwU a‡i ivL‡Z, gy‡Li wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv‡Z Ges Lv`¨ P~Y©Ki‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i|
(2) g¨vw·jvwi cví A¨v‡›Ubv I cv‡qi AMÖfvM cwi®‹v‡i Ask †bq, Lv`¨e¯‘i niY cÖwZ‡iva K‡i Ges ms‡e`x A½ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

(iv) j¨vweqvg/wb¤œ Iô/AatIô (Labium)

Nvmdwos Gi gyLwQ‡`ªi wb‡P ga¨vsk eivei j¨vweqvg Aew¯’Z| j¨vweqvg‡K wØZxq †Rvov g¨vw·jvi cÖwZwbwa g‡b Kiv nq| GwU g~jZ `yÕwU
L‡Û wef³, h_v- †g›Uvg (mentum) I mve‡g›Uvg (submentum)| cÖwZcv‡k †g›Uv‡gi gy³ cÖv‡šÍ `yÕwU bobkxj wj¸wj (ligulae)
Ges GK‡Rvov wZb mwÜhy³ j¨vweqvj cví (labial palp) _v‡K| [G‡K wØZxq g¨vw·jvI ejv nq]
KvR
(1) GwU Lvevi dm‡K hvIqv †iva K‡i Ges Pwe©Z Lv`¨ gy‡L cÖ‡ek Kivq|
(2) j¨vweqvj cví ms‡e`bkxj A½ wn‡m‡e KvR Kivq GwU Dchy³ Lv`¨ wbe©vP‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|

(v) nvB‡cvd¨vwis· (Hypopharynx)

j¨veªv‡gi wb‡P, ÿz`ª, gvsmj Dcv½‡K nvB‡cvd¨vwis· e‡j| GwU Pvwiw`‡K g¨vwÛej, g¨vw·jv I j¨vweqvg w`‡q cwie„Z _v‡K| j¨vweqv‡gi
‡fZ‡ii wKbviv †_‡K m„ó GKwU wSwjø nvB‡cvd¨vwi‡·i AsKxqZ‡ji mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K|
KvRt Lv`¨e¯‘‡K bvovPvov K‡i jvjvi mv‡_ †gkv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

(L) eÿ (Thorax)
g¯Í‡Ki †cQ‡b gvsmj eÿ GKwU Lv‡Uv, miæ I bgbxq MÖxev (neck)-i mvnv‡h¨ hy³| Nvmdwos Gi eÿvÂj wZbwU As‡k wef³| h_v-
AMÖeÿ (prothorax), ga¨eÿ (mesothorax) Ges cðvreÿ (metathorax)| cÖ‡Z¨K As‡ki c„ô‡`k UvM©vg (tergum), A¼xq‡`k
÷vb©vg (sternum) I cvk¦©‡`k wcøDib (pleuron)-G MwVZ| G¸‡jv cvZjv wKDwUK‡ji c`©v w`‡q ci¯úi mshy³| AMÖe‡ÿi UvM©vg
AskwU ‡ek eo, PIov Ges †cQ‡b I cv‡k cÖmvwiZ| Gi bvg †cÖv‡bvUvg (pronotum)|
Nvmdwos Gi e‡ÿ wZb †Rvov cv I `yB‡Rvov Wvbv I 2 †Rvov k¦vmiÜ« _v‡K|

(1) k¦vmiÜ« ev ¯úvBivKj (Spiracle)

e‡ÿi A¼xq-cvk¦©‡`‡k `y‡Rvov k¦vmiÜ« ev ¯úvBivKj Aew¯’Z| cÖ_g †Rvov †cÖv‡bvUv‡gi wb‡P AMÖ I ga¨e‡ÿi gv‡S Ges wØZxq †Rvov
ga¨ I cðvre‡ÿi gv‡S Aew¯’Z|
(2) Wvbv (Wings)
Nvmdwos Gi ga¨ I cðvre‡ÿi mv‡_ GK‡Rvov K‡i †gvU `yÕ‡Rvov Wvbv we`¨gvb| `yÕ‡Rvov Wvbvi MVb I KvR c„_K ai‡bi| ga¨eÿxq
Wvbv A_©vr mvg‡bi Wvbv `yÕwU †ek k³, ‡QvU Ges KLbI Do‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i bv| G¸‡jv †cQ‡bi Wvbv `yÕ‡Uv‡K †X‡K iv‡L| †m
Rb¨G¸‡jv‡K GwjUªv (elytra), Wvbvi AveiY (wings covers) ev †UMwgbv (tegmina) wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| ‡cQ‡bi ev
cðvreÿxq Wvbv`yÕwU †ek eo PIov, c`©vi g‡Zv (membranous), ¯^”Q Ges Do‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| wekÖv‡gi mgq †cQ‡bi Wvbv‡Rvov AMÖ
Wvbvi wb‡P ¸Uv‡bv _v‡K|

(3) cv (Legs)
e‡ÿi cÖ‡Z¨K As‡k GK‡Rvov K‡i †gvU wZb‡Rvov mwÜhy³ cv we`¨gvb| cÖwZwU cv cuvPwU LÛ‡K wef³| †Mvovi w`K n‡Z cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K
LÛK¸‡jv h_vµ‡g- K·v (coxa), †UªvK¨v›Uvi (trochanter), wdgvi (femur), wUweqv (tibia) Ges Uvimvm (tarsus)| wdgvi Ask
A‡bK eo, j¤^v, `„p I gvsmj Mo‡bi nIqvq Giv jvwd‡q `~‡ii c_ AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i| Uvm©vm wZbwU †QvU DcLÛ‡K wef³|
G¸‡jv‡K Uv‡m©vwgqvi (tarsomeres) e‡j| cÖ_g Uv‡m©vwgqv‡ii A¼xq w`‡K cøv›Uzjv (plantula) bvgK wZbwU big AvmÄb c¨vW _v‡K|
Z…Zxq Uv‡m©vwgqv‡ii cÖv‡šÍ `ywU m~uPv‡jv bLi (claws) _v‡K| GQvovI cÖ‡Z¨K cv‡qi wUweqv I Uvm©vm As‡ki cvk¦©‡`‡k ÿz`ª ÿy`ª m~uPv‡jv
KuvUv _v‡K| wUweqv I Uvm©vm Ask k³ KuvUvhy³ nIqvq Lv`¨ ai‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
(M) D`i (Abdomen)
Nvmdwos Gi D`i †ek j¤^v, miæ Ges 11wU LÛ‡K wef³| cÖ‡Z¨K LÛ‡Ki c„ô‡`‡k UvM©vg (tergum) Ges A¼xq‡`‡k ÷vb©vg
(sternum) _v‡K, †Kv‡bv wcøDib _v‡K bv| cÖ_g D`ixq LÛwU Am¤ú~Y©; KviY Gi ÷vb©vg cðvre‡ÿi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| G‡Z ïay UvM©vg
_v‡K|
Nvmdwos Gi D`ivÂj wb‡P ewY©Z A½mg~n wb‡q MwVZ|
1| wUg‡cbvg (Tympenum)
Nvmdwos Gi 1g D`ixq LÛ‡Ki cÖwZcv‡k GKwU K‡i wW¤^vKvi wUg‡cwbK c`©v (tympanic membrane) _v‡K hv kÖe‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ
hv kÖeY A½ ev kÖeY _wj ev wUg‡cbvg (auditory sac or tympanum)-‡K †X‡K iv‡L|
2| k¦vmiÜ« (Spiracle)
1g †_‡K 8g †`nLÛK ch©šÍ cÖwZwU LÛ‡Ki cvk¦©‡`‡k GK‡Rvov K‡i †gvU AvU‡Rvov k¦vmiÜ« ev ¯úvBivKj _v‡K hvi cÖ_gwU Ab¨¸‡jv
n‡Z AvKv‡i eo|
3| cvqywQ`ª I ewntRbb A½
9g I 10 D`ixq LÛ‡Ki UvM©vg AvswkKfv‡e I ÷vb©vg cy‡ivcywifv‡e GKxf~Z| 11k LÛ‡Ki UvM©vg cvqyi Dc‡i †cø‡Ui g‡Zv GKwU
AveiY (supra anal plate) ˆZwi K‡i| 10g L‡Ûi †cQ‡bi w`‡Ki Dfq cv‡k GK‡Rvov †QvU cÖ‡ÿcK i‡q‡Q hv A¨vbvj mviKvm
(anal cercus) bv‡g cwiwPZ|
cyiæl I ¯¿x Nvmdwos Gi D`i A‡ji MV‡b wKQz cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| cyiæl Nvmdwos Gi D`i miæ wKš‘ ¯¿x Nvmdwos Gi D`i wKQzUv
cÖk¯Í|cyiæl Nvmdwos Gi D`‡ii 9g LÛvs‡k cysRbbwQ`ª we`¨gvb|¯¿x Nvmdwos Gi D`‡ii 8g I 9g LÛvsk wg‡j ¯¿xRbbwQ`ª MVb
K‡i|cyiæl Nvmdwos Gi beg LÛ‡Ki ÷vb©vg cÖjw¤^Z n‡q mve‡RwbUvj †cøU MVb K‡i hv D³ LÛ‡Ki †k‡l we`¨gvb Rbb wQ`ª‡K †X‡K
iv‡L| ¯¿x Nvmdwos Gi beg LÛ‡Ki ÷vb©vg cÖjw¤^Z I iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q wWg cvovi A½ IwfcwRUi (ovipositor) MVb K‡i|

cyiæl Nvmdwos Ges ¯¿x Nvmdwos Gi cv_©K¨

cyiæl Nvmdwos
1| cyiæl Nvmdwos Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AvKv‡i †QvU|
2| cyiæl Nvmdwos Gi D`i miæ, cÖv‡šÍi w`‡K mvgvb¨ Dc‡i
euvwK‡q DVv‡bv (A_©vr †bŠKv AvK…wZi)|
3| cyiæl Nvmdwos Gi D`‡ii 9g LÛvs‡k cysRbbwQ`ª we`¨gvb|
4| cyiæl Nvmdwos Gi beg LÛ‡Ki ÷vb©vg cÖjw¤^Z n‡q
mve‡RwbUvj †cøU MVb K‡i hv D³ LÛ‡Ki †k‡l we`¨gvb
Rbb wQ`ª‡K †X‡K iv‡L|
¯¿x Nvmdwos
1| ¯¿x Nvmdwos Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AvKv‡i eo|
2| ¯¿x Nvmdwos Gi D`i wKQzUv cÖk¯Í †Kv‡bv
euvK _v‡K bv A_©vr †mvRv|
3| ¯¿x Nvmdwos Gi D`‡ii 8g I 9g LÛvsk wg‡j
¯¿xRbbwQ`ª MVb K‡i|
4| ¯¿x Nvmdwos Gi beg LÛ‡Ki ÷vb©vg cÖjw¤^Z I iƒcvšÍwiZ
n‡q wWg cvovi A½ IwfcwRUi MVb K‡i|
Nvmdwos-Gi ‡cvwóKZš¿ (Digestive system of Grasshopper)
†h Z‡š¿i gva¨‡g Lv`¨e¯‘i cwicvK I †kvlY cÖwµqv m¤úv`b nq Zv‡K †cŠwóKZš¿ ev cwicvKZš¿ e‡j|
Nvmdwos Gi †cŠwóKZš¿ cÖavb `yÕwU Ask wb‡q MwVZ| h_v-
(K) †cŠwóKbvwj ev cwicvKbvwj (Alimentary canal) I (L) †cŠwóKMÖwš’ (Digestive gland)|

Q‡Ki gva¨‡g †cŠwóKZ‡š¿i wewfbœ Ask †`Lv‡bv n‡jvt

(K) †cŠwóKbvwj ev cwicvKbvwj (Alimentary canal)
Nvmdwos Gi †cŠwóKbvwjwU mij cÖK…wZi Ges gyLwQ`ª †_‡K cvqywQ`ª ch©šÍ ‡`‡ni ga¨‡iLv eivei †mvRvbvwj wn‡m‡e Aew¯’Z|
eY©bvi myweav‡_© †cŠwóKbvwj‡K 3wU A‡j fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-
(1) ‡÷v‡gvwWqvg ev AMÖ-‡cŠwóKbvwj (Stomodaeum or Foregut),
(2) †g‡m‡›Uib ev ga¨-‡cŠwóKbvwj ev cvK¯’wj (Mesenteron or Midgut) I
(3) †cÖv‡±vwWqvg ev cðvr-‡cŠwóKbvwj (Proctodaeum or Hindgut)|
(1) ‡÷v‡gvwWqvg ev AMÖ-‡cŠwóKbvwj (Stomodaeum or Foregut)
‡cŠwóKbvwji G AskwU gyLwQ`ª †_‡K wMRvW© ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| G AskwUi AšÍtcÖvPxi KvBwUb wbwg©Z k³ Avei‡Y Ave„Z|
GwU cÖavbZ wb¤œwjwLZ Ask¸‡jv wb‡q MwVZ|
(i) gyLwQ`ª (Mouth)
GwU cÖvK‡gŠwLK cÖ‡Kvô (preoral cavity) ev wm‡ewiqvg (ciberium) bvgK cÖ‡Kv‡ôi †Mvovq Aew¯’Z wQ`ªwe‡kl| cÖ‡KvôwU gy‡Lvcv‡½
†ewóZ _v‡K|
KvRt wm‡ewiqvg Lv`¨e¯‘ M„wnZ nq Ges gyLwQ`ª c‡_ Lv`¨ †`‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i|
(ii) Mjwej (Pharynx)
gyLwQ`ªwU †QvU bjvKvi I †cwkeûj Mjwe‡j Db¥y³|
KvRt Gi gva¨‡g Lv`¨e¯‘ Abœbvwj‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i|
(iii) Abœbvwj (Oesophagus)
GwU Mjwe‡ji †cQ‡b miæ, †mvRv bjvKvi cvZjv cÖvPxiwewkó bvwj|
KvRt Lv`¨e¯‘ gyL †_‡K enb K‡i µ‡c †cuŠQvq|
(iv) µc (Crop)
Abœbvwj ùxZ n‡q †gvPvKvi _wji g‡Zv I cvZjv cÖvPxihy³ µc MVb K‡i|
KvRt Lv`¨e¯‘ wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ GLv‡b Rgv _v‡K| µ‡ci ms‡KvPb-cÖmvi‡Y Lv`¨ wKQzUv P~Y© nq Ges jvjvi GbRvBg cwicv‡Ki m~ÎcvZ
NUvq|

(v) wMRvW© ev †cÖv‡fw›UªKzjvm (Gizard or Proventriculus)

GwU µ‡ci cieZ©x w·KvYvKvi †ek k³, cyiæ cÖvPxiwewkó Ges AšÍtcÖvPx‡ii KvBwUbgq 6wU `uvZ I 6wU Abyj¤^ fuvR wb‡q MwVZ Ask|
`uv‡Zi wcQ‡b Pzj I 6wU c¨vW _v‡K| Gi c‡ii As‡k _v‡K †cQ‡b cÖmvwiZ KcvwUKv|
KvR
(1) wMRv‡W©i `„p ms‡KvPb-cÖmviY Lv`¨‡K P~Y© K‡i|
(2) c¨v‡Wi Pzj¸‡jv Lv`¨KYv‡K †g‡m›Ui‡b cÖ‡e‡ki mgq QuvKwbi KvR K‡i|
(3) KcvwUKv¸‡jv Lv`¨‡K wecixZ w`‡K Avm‡Z euvav †`q|
(2) †g‡m‡›Uib ev ga¨-‡cŠwóKbvwj ev cvK¯’wj (Mesenteron or Midgut)
wMRv‡W©i ci †_‡K ïiæ K‡i D`‡ii ga¨vsk ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z cvZjv cÖvPxiwewkó AskwU †g‡m‡›Uib (Mesenteron or Midgut)| Gi
AšÍtcÖvPxi wKDwUK‡ji cwie‡Z© †cwiUªwcK c`©v (Peritrophic membrane) bvgK ˆelg¨‡f`¨ c`v© w`‡q Ave„Z| †g‡m‡›Ui‡bi AMÖ I
cðvrcÖv‡šÍ †cwk ejq ev wùsUvi (Sphincter) _v‡K| †g‡m‡›Uib Ges †÷v‡gvwWqv‡gi ms‡hvM¯’‡j 6 †Rvov duvcv, j¤^v ‡gvPvKvi _wj
_v‡K, hv‡K M¨vw÷ªK wmKv ev †ncvwUK wmKv (gastric caeca or hepatic caeca) e‡j| cÖwZ‡Rvov †ncvwUK wmKvi GKwU mvg‡bi
w`‡K Ab¨wU ‡cQ‡bi w`‡K cÖmvwiZ| †g‡m‡›Ui‡bi AšÍtcÖvPxi ¯Í¤¢vKvi AšÍt‡Kvlxq †Kv‡l (columnar endodermal cells) MwVZ
Ges GwU fuvR n‡q AmsL¨ wfjvB (villi) MVb K‡i| †g‡m›Ui‡bi †kl As‡k AmsL¨ m~² m~Zvi g‡Zv njy` e‡Y©i cÖvq 100wU gvjwcwRqvb
bvwjKv (malpighian tubules) _v‡K †h¸‡jv g~jZ †iPb A½ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
KvRt †g‡m‡›Ui‡bi MnŸi (lumen)-G Lv`¨e¯‘i cwicvK N‡U Ges Gi cÖvPx‡i Aew¯’Z wfjvB (villi) Lv`¨im †kvlY K‡i|

(3) †cÖv‡±vwWqvg ev cðvr-‡cŠwóKbvwj (Proctodaeum or Hindgut)

GwU †cŠw÷Kbvwji †kl Ask hv åƒYxq G‡±vWvg© †_‡K D™¢~Z Ges AšÍtcÖvPxi wKDwUKj w`‡q Ave„Z|
wb‡P ewY©Z 4wU Ask wb‡q †cÖv‡±vwWqvg MwVZ|
(i) Bwjqvg (Ileum)t GwU cu¨vPwenxb, cÖk¯Í bjvKvi cÖ_g Ask|
KvRt Gi cÖvPx‡ii gva¨‡g cwicvKK…Z Lv`¨im †kvwlZ nq|
(ii) †Kvjb (Colon)t GwU Bwjqv‡gi wcQ‡b Aew¯’Z miæ bjvK…wZ Ask|
KvRt cvwPZ Lv`¨e¯‘i Aewkóvsk cvwbmn †kvwlZ nq|
(iii) †iKUvg ev gjvkq (Rectum)t GwU †cŠwóKbvwji me©‡kl ùxZ I cyiæ cÖvPxihy³ Ask| Gi AšÍt¯’ cÖvPx‡i QqwU †iKUvj c¨vwcjv
ev gjvkq c¨vwcjv (rectal papilla) bvgK Abyj¤^ fuvR i‡q‡Q|
KvRt gj †_‡K AwZwi³ cvwb, LwbR jeY, A¨vwg‡bv GwmW BZ¨vw` †kvlY Kiv, Lv‡`¨i AcvP¨ Ask mvgwqK Rgv ivLv Gi KvR|
(iv) cvqywQ`ª (Anus)t GwU gjvk‡qi †klcÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z wQ`ªc_| GwU `kg †`nLÛ‡Ki A¼xq‡`‡k Db¥y³ nq|
KvRt Lv‡`¨i AcvP¨ Ask gj (faeces) wn‡m‡e †`n †_‡K AcmviY Kiv|
(L) †cŠwóKMÖwš’ (Digestive gland)
Nvmdwos-Gi jvjvMÖwš’, †g‡m‡›Ui‡bi AšÍtAveiY Ges †ncvwUK wmKv †cŠwóKMÖwš’ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
wb‡P G‡`i mswÿß eY©bv †`Iqv n‡jvt
(1) jvjvMÖwš’ (Salivary glands)
GwU Nvmdwos-Gi cÖavb †cŠwóK MÖwš’| µ‡ci wb‡P ÿz`ª, kvLvcÖkvLvhy³ GK‡Rvov jvjvMÖwš’ Aew¯’Z| jvjvMÖwš’ †_‡K jvjv wbtm„Z n‡q
jvjvav‡i Rgv _v‡K| jvjvMÖwš’i bvwj j¨vweqv‡gi †Mvovq Mjwe‡ji †Mvovq Db¥y³ nq|
KvRt jvjvMÖwš’ †_‡K wbtm„Z jvjvim (saliva) Lv`¨ MjvatKiY I Pe©‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| wKQz kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ cwicv‡KI GwU f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i|
(2) †g‡m‡›Uib ev ga¨‡cŠwóKbvwji AšÍtAveiY
†g‡m‡›Ui‡bi AšÍtcÖvPx‡i †ek wKQz ÿiYbKvix †Kvl (Secretary cells) Av‡Q hv †_‡K cvPKim ÿwiZ nq|
KvRt ÿwiZ cvPKim Lv`¨ cwicv‡K Ask †bq|
(3) †ncvwUK wmKv (Hepatic caeca)
AMÖ I ga¨-†cŠwóKbvwji ms‡hvM¯’‡j Aew¯’Z †KvY (Cone) AvK…wZi Qq‡Rvov j¤^v ¯^”Q bvwjKv‡K †ncvwUK ev M¨vw÷ªK wmKv e‡j|
KvRt †ncvwUK wmKvi AšÍtcÖvPx‡i Aew¯’Z ÿiYKvix †Kvl †_‡K cvPKim ÿwiZ n‡q Lv`¨ cwicv‡K mnvqZv K‡i|

Nvmdwos Gi Lv`¨ MÖnY I cwicvK (Feeding and Digestion)

Lv`¨t Nvmdwos m¤ú~Y© Z…Y‡fvRx ev kvKvkx (herbivores) cÖvYx| Nvm, km¨`vbv, jZv-cvZv †L‡q Giv RxebaviY K‡i| G‡`i Lvev‡i
kK©iv, Avwgl I †¯œnRvZxq mg¯Í Dcv`vbB _v‡K|
Lv`¨MÖnY c×wZ
Nvmdwos‡qi †h gy‡Lvcv½ Zv ïay wPev‡bvi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq e‡j, G‡`i Lv`¨ MÖnY‡K Pe©Y (Chewing) Ges gy‡Lvcv½‡K Pe©Y-Dc‡hvMx
ev g¨vwÛey‡jU (Chewing and mandibulete) gy‡Lvcv½ e‡j| Nvmdwos cÖ_‡g g¨vw·jvwi I j¨vweqvj cv‡íi gva¨‡g Lv`¨ wbe©vPb
K‡i| AMÖc`, j¨veªvg Ges j¨vweqvg Lv`¨e¯‘ AvU‡K a‡i| g¨vwÛej Ges g¨vw·wj Lv`¨e¯‘i ÿz`ª Ask †K‡U †PvlY K‡i|
cwicvK (Digestion)
(i) cÖvK †gŠwLK cÖ‡Kvô I µ‡c cwicvK
jvjvwgwkÖZ Lv`¨ µ‡ci MnŸ‡i cÖ‡ek Kivi ci µ‡ci cÖvPx‡ii ms‡KvPb I cÖmviY wµqvi cÖfv‡e Lv`¨ wKQzUv P~Y© nq| jvjvi‡m
A¨vgvB‡jR, KvBwU‡bR, †mjy‡jR BZ¨vw` GbRvBg _v‡K| G me GbRvB‡gi mvnv‡h¨ kK©iv RvZxq Lv‡`¨i AvswkK cwicvK m¤úbœ nq
Ges Lvevi µ‡c mvgwqK Rgv _v‡K|
(ii) wMRv‡W© cwicvK
wMRv‡W© Lv‡`¨i †Kvb cwicvK N‡U bv| wMRv‡W© Lvevi †cuŠQv‡j `uvZ Øviv wcó n‡q AwZ m~² KYv mg„× †c‡÷ (paste) cwiYZ n‡q
†g‡m‡›Ui‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i|
(iii) ‡g‡m‡›Ui‡b cwicvK
‡g‡m‡›Ui‡bi AšÍ©tMvÎ Ges ‡ncvwUK wmKv n‡Z wbtm„Z A¨vgvB‡jvjvBwUK, †cÖvwUIjvBwUK I jvB‡cvjvBwUK GbRvB‡gi mvnv‡h¨ kK©iv,
Avwgl Ges †¯œnRvZxq Lv`¨ cwicvK n‡q h_vµ‡g Møy‡KvR, A¨vwg‡bv GwmW Ges d¨vwU A¨vwmW I wMømvi‡j cwibZ nq|
(iv) Lv`¨mvi †kvlY I eR©¨ wb®‹vkb
cwicvKK…Z Lv`¨e¯‘ †g‡m‡›Ui‡bi Aš©tÍ Mv‡Î †kvwlZ n‡q wn‡gvwm‡ji gva¨‡g mviv †`‡n cwievwnZ nq| ARxY© Lv`¨e¯‘ †Kvj‡bi ‡fZi
w`‡q gjvk‡q †cŠQvi Av‡MB †Kvj‡bi cÖvPxi Zv †_‡K cvwb, jeY, A¨vwg‡bv GwmW I A‰Re Avqb †kvlY K‡i †bq| c‡i KwVb AcvP¨ e¯‘
gjiƒ‡c cvqy c‡_ evB‡i wbM©Z nq|

 i³ msenbZš¿ (Blood circulatory system)

Rxe‡`‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb, cywó `ªe¨, ni‡gvb BZ¨vw` i‡³i gva¨‡g †`n‡Kv‡l †cuŠQv‡bv Ges †`n‡Kvl †_‡K wecv‡K m„ó eR©¨
GKBfv‡e †iPb A‡½ ‡diZ Avmvi cÖwµqvB n‡jv msenb|
i‡³i c_ Abymv‡i cÖvwY‡`‡n `yÕai‡bi i³ msenbZš¿ †`Lv hvq| h_v-
(K) gy³ (Open) ev j¨vKybvi (Lacunar) msenbZš¿
†h msenbZ‡š¿i i³ ürhš¿ †_‡K bvwjKv c‡_ †ei n‡q Db¥y³ †`nMnŸ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges †`nMnŸi †_‡K cybivq bvwjKv c‡_ ürh‡š¿
wd‡i Av‡m Zvi bvg gy³ msenb| A_©vr i³ me©`v i³evwnKvi ga¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq bv| wPwos, cZ½, gjv¯‹v cÖvYxi †`‡n Gai‡bi
msenb †`Lv hvq|
(L) e× (Closed) msenbZš¿
†h msenbZ‡š¿ i³ me©`vB i³evwnKv I ürh‡š¿i gva¨‡g m¤ú~Y© Ave× †_‡K cÖevwnZ nq Ges KL‡bvB †`n MnŸ‡i gy³ nq bv Zv‡K e×
msenbZš¿ e‡j| A¨vwbwjW RvZxq bbK‡W©U cÖvwY‡`‡n Ges K‡W©U cÖvYx‡Z G ai‡bi msenb cvIqv hvq|
gy³ I e× msenbZ‡š¿i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
gy³ msenbZš¿
1| G ai‡bi msenbZ‡š¿ i³ ürhš¿, i³evwnKv I wewfbœ
mvBbv‡m Ae¯’vb K‡i|
2| ürhš¿, mswÿß i³bvwj I mvBbvm wb‡q GwU MwVZ|
3| G‡ÿ‡Î †`nMne‡i i³ cÖ‡ek K‡i; GRb¨ G‡K
wn‡gvwmj e‡j|
4| i³ mivmwi †Kvl-wUmy¨i ms¯ú‡k© G‡m cywó c`v_© I
M¨v‡mi wewbgq NUvq|
5| Arthropoda I Mollusca c‡e©i cÖvYx‡Z †`Lv
hvq|
e× msenbZš¿
1| G ai‡bi msenbZ‡š¿ i³ ürhš¿ I i³evwnKvi Af¨šÍ‡i
Ae¯’vb K‡i|
2| ürhš¿, wkiv, agwb I ‰KwkKRvwjKv mgš^‡q GwU MwVZ|
3| G‡ÿ‡Î †`nMne‡i i³ cÖ‡ek K‡i bv|
4| i³ †Kvl-wUmy¨i mivmwi ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m bv| wUmy¨i‡mi gva¨‡g
cywó c`v_© I M¨v‡mi wewbgq N‡U|
5| Annelida I Chordata c‡e©i cÖvYx‡Z †`Lv hvq|

Nvmdwos Db¥y³ ev j¨vKzbvi ai‡bi AbybœZ i³ msenbZš¿ enb K‡i| ürwcÛ I agwbi gZ e× bvwji ga¨ w`‡q wKQzUv i³ cÖevwnZ n‡jI
i‡³i AwaKvsk Ask †`‡ni mvBbv‡mi g‡a¨ w`‡q cÖevwnZ nq| Avi ZvB Gi i³c~Y© †`n MnŸi ev wm‡jvgwU wn‡gvwmj bv‡g cwiwPZ|
Nvmdwos Gi i³ msenbZ‡š¿ ürwcÛ I agwb i‡q‡Q, †Kv‡bv wkiv ev ˆKwkK bvwj †bB|
Nvmdwos Gi i³ msenbZš¿ gy³ ai‡bi Ges 3wU cÖavb As‡k wef³| h_v-
(K) wn‡gvwmj (Haemocoel)
(L) i³ ev wn‡gvwjç (Blood or Haemolymph)
(M) c„ôxq evwnKv (Dorsal vessel)

(K) wn‡gvwmj (Haemocoel)

åƒYxq weKv‡ki mgq cÖK…Z wm‡jv‡gi cÖvPxi †d‡U wM‡q eøv‡÷vwm‡ji mv‡_ GKvKvi n‡q hvq Ges c~Y©v½ cÖvYx‡Z H mshy³ MnŸi
†cwi‡Uvwbqv‡g Ave„Z _v‡K bv| GiKg wm‡jvg‡K wn‡gvwmj (haem = i³, coel = MnŸi) e‡j| Nvmdwos Gi wn‡gvwmj `ywU AbycÖ¯’ c`©v
(Diaphragm) w`‡q wZbwU cÖ‡Kvô ev mvBbvm (sinus) G wef³|
ürh‡š¿i A¼xq w`‡K Aew¯’Z c`©v‡K c„ôxq c`©v (dorsal diaphragm) e‡j| ¯œvqyi¾yi Dc‡ii w`‡K Aew¯’Z c`©v‡K A¼xq c`©v
(ventral diaphragm) e‡j|
Gme c`©vi Dcw¯’wZi d‡j m„ó mvBbvm wZbwU wb¤œiƒc-
‡cwiKvwW©qvj mvBbvm (Pericardial sinus)
GwU c„ôxq c`©vi wVK Dc‡i ‡`‡ni c„ôw`‡K Aew¯’Z| G‡Z ürhš¿ Ae¯’vb K‡i|
‡cwiwf‡mivj mvBbvm (Perivisceral sinus)
GwU c„ôxq I A¼xq c`©vi gv‡S Aew¯’Z| G‡Z †cŠwóKZš¿, †iPbZš¿ I RbbZš¿ Ae¯’vb K‡i|
‡cwiwbDivj mvBbvm (Perineural sinus)
GwU A¼xq c`©vi wb‡P †`‡ni A¼xq w`‡K Aew¯’Z MnŸi| G‡Z ¯œvqyi¾y Ae¯’vb K‡i|
c`©v¸‡jv wQ`ªhy³ nIqvq i³ cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv GK mvBbvm †_‡K Ab¨ mvBbv‡m hvZvqvZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| A¼xq c`v©wU cv‡qi †fZ‡iI we¯Í…Z|
KvR
(1) wn‡gvwmj †`‡ni mKj AšÍtA½, i³ I jwmKv avib K‡i|
(2) wn‡gvwm‡ji gva¨‡g Lv`¨mvi I eR©¨ c`v_© cwievwnZ nq|

(L) i³ ev wn‡gvwjç (Blood or Haemolymph)

i³ wn‡gvwmj bvgK †`n MnŸ‡i jwmKv (lymph)-i mv‡_ wgwkÖZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K e‡j Nvmdwos‡qi i³‡K wn‡gvwjç e‡j| wn‡gv‡Møvweb ev
Ab¨ †Kvb ai‡bi k¦vmiÄK bv _vKvq Gi i³ eY©nxb, k¦m‡b †Zgb †Kvb f~wgKv iv‡L bv|
wn‡gvwjç cÖavbZ `yÕwU Dcv`vb wb‡q MwVZ| h_v-
(i) i³ im (Plasma)
GwU eY©nxb| Gi 70% cvwb| G‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi LwbRjeY (Na, K, Ca BZ¨vw`), Lv`¨mvi I †iPb eR©¨ `ªexf~Z Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
(ii) i³ KwYKv ev wn‡gvmvBU (Haemocytes)
G‡`i i‡³ wewfbœ ai‡bi wn‡gvmvBU bv‡g eY©nxb †k¦ZKwYKv _v‡K|
wn‡gvwj‡çi KvR
(1) GwU Lv`¨mvi, †iPb`ªe¨, ni‡gvb BZ¨vw` cwienb K‡i|
(2) Gi wn‡gvmvBU¸‡jv d¨v‡MvmvB‡Uvwmm cÖwµqvq RxevYy aŸsm K‡i|
(3) wn‡gvmvBU i³ RgvU evav I †`‡ni ÿZ wbivg‡q AskMÖnb K‡i|
(4) Wvbvi mÂvjb I †Lvjm †gvP‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|

(M) c„ôxq evwnKv (Dorsal vessel)

†`‡ni ga¨-c„ôxq Ae¯’v‡b iwÿZ GKwU cÖavb ¯ú›`bkxj A½ hv †cwiKvwW©qvj mvBbv‡m g¯ÍK n‡Z cvqy ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z _v‡K|
G A½ `yÕwU As‡k wef³| h_v-
(1) Aw÷qvwenxb †mvRv bjvKvi m¤§yL I cðvr A¨vIU©v
ü`h‡š¿i m¤§y‡L m¤§yL A¨vIU©v Ges c¤ðv‡Z cðvr A¨vIU©v Aew¯’Z| m¤§yL A¨vIU©v m¤§yL cÖvšÍ g¯Í‡Ki mvBbv‡m Db¥y³ wKš‘ cðvr
A¨vIU©vi cðvr cÖvšÍ eÜ|
(2) ü`hš¿ (Heart)
Nvmdwos Gi ü`hš¿ j¤^v‡U Ges 7wU cÖ‡Kv‡ô wef³| ü`h‡š¿i cÖwZwU cÖ‡Kv‡ôi cðvr Ask PIov Ges mb¥yL Ask µgk miæ| cÖwZwU
cÖ‡Kv‡ô cvk¦x©q w`‡K GKwU K‡i †gvU GK‡Rvov wQ`ª we`¨gvb| wQ`ª¸‡jv‡K Aw÷qv (ostia) e‡j| cÖwZwU Aw÷qv‡g KcvwUKv _v‡K, hv
i³‡K ürh‡š¿ †KejgvÎ cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z †`q wKš‘ †ei n‡Z †`q bv| ü`wc‡Ûi cÖwZwU cÖ‡Kv‡ôi cvk©¦fv‡M GK‡Rvov wÎf~RvK…wZi †cwk hy³
_v‡K| G‡`i A¨vjvwi †cwk (allory muscle) e‡j| Nvmdwos G 6 †Rvov A¨vjvwi ‡cwk _v‡K| G‡`i gva¨‡g ü`hš¿ †`n cÖvPx‡ii mv‡_
hy³ _v‡K|
i³ msenb cÖwµqv (Machanism of blood circulation)
ürwcÛ I A¨vjvwi †cwki ms‡KvPb-cÖmvi‡bi d‡jB Nvmdwos Gi †`‡ni wewfbœ A‡j i³ cÖevwnZ nq| ürh‡š¿icÖwZwU cÖ‡Kvô µgvMZ
†XD‡qi g‡Zv msKzwPZ I cÖmvwiZ nq|
i³ msenb cÖwµqvwU wb‡¤œv³fv‡e m¤úvw`Z nq|
(1) A¨vjvwi †cwkmg~‡ni ms‡KvP‡bi d‡j i³ †cwiwf‡mivj mvBbvm †_‡K †cwiKvwW©qvj mvBbv‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i|
(2) Gmgq ürh‡š¿i cÖ‡Kvô¸‡jvi cÖmvi‡bi d‡j i³ Aw÷qvi gva¨‡g †cwiKvwW©qvj mvBbvm †_‡K ürh‡š¿i MnŸ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i|
(3) ürh‡š¿i mKj cÖ‡Kvô i³c~Y© n‡j Gi ‡kl cÖ‡Kvô n‡Z GKwU avivevwnK ms‡KvPbx †XD mvg‡bi cÖ‡Kvô¸‡jvi w`‡K avweZ nq|
(4) d‡j i³ c„ôxq gnvagwb (m¤§yL A¨vIU©v)-i gva¨‡g g¯Í‡Ki mvBbv‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i|
(5) Gici i³ cðvrgyLx n‡q †cwiwf‡mivj mvBbvm I †k‡l †cwiwbDivj mvBbv‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡k mÂvwjZ nq|
(6) A¨vjvwi †cwki Kvh©KvwiZvq i³ †cwiwf‡mivj mvBbvm †_‡K †cwiKvwW©qvj mvBbv‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges P‡µi cybive„wË NUvq|

Nvmdwos‡qi mgMÖ †`‡n Gevi i³cÖevn m¤úbœ n‡Z 30 †_‡K 60 wgwbU mgq jv‡M|

 wm‡jvg I wn‡gvwm‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

wm‡jvg wn‡gvwmj
1| ‡g‡mvWv‡g© D™¢~Z †cwi‡Uvwbqvg Avei‡Y cwie„Z 1| †g‡mvWv‡g© D™¢~Z †cwi‡Uvwbqvg AveiYwenxb †`ncÖvPxi I
†`ncÖvPxi I †cŠwóbvwji ga¨eZ©x wm‡jvwgK Zijc~Y© †cŠwóbvwji ga¨eZ©x i³c~Y© MnŸi|
MnŸi|
2| wm‡jvg †`‡ni †Kvb A½ ev Dcv‡½ cÖmvwiZ nq bv| 2| wn‡gvwmj †`‡ni mKj Dcv‡½ cÖmvwiZ nq|
3| wm‡jvg i³ msenbZ‡š¿i Ask MVb K‡i bv| 3| wn‡gvwmj i³ msenbZ‡š¿i Ask MVb K‡i|
4| wm‡jv‡g cywó c`v_© cwievwnZ nq bv| 4| wn‡gvwm‡j cywó c`v_© cwievwnZ nq|
5| Annelida I Chordata c‡e©i cÖvYx‡Z cvIqv hvq| 5| Arthropoda I Mollusca c‡e©i cÖvYx‡Z cvIqv hvq|
Nvmdwos Gi k¦mbZš¿ (Respiratory system of Grasshopper)
‡h Zš¿ cÖvwY‡`n I cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ k¦mb M¨vm wewbg‡q mvnvh¨ K‡I Zv‡K k¦mbZš¿ e‡j| Nvmdwos Gi i‡³ †Kv‡bv k¦vmiÄK bv _vKvq
G‡`i i³ Øviv †Kv‡bv k¦mb M¨vm cwievwnZ nq bv| UªvwKqv bvgK GK ai‡bi m~² bvwjKv Ges G‡`i kvLv cÖkvLvi gva¨‡g cwi‡ek †_‡K
M„wnZ O2 ‡`n‡Kv‡l cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges †`n‡Kvl †_‡K Drcbœ CO2 GKB c‡_ cwi‡e‡k wbM©Z nq| Nvmdwos‡qi k¦mb Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨
UªvwKqv Ges G‡`i kvLv cÖkvLv mgwš^Z we‡kl ai‡bi k¦mbZš¿‡K UªvwKqvjZš¿ (trachaeal system) e‡j|

Nvmdwos Gi UªvwKqvjZš¿ wb¤œwjwLZ Ask¸‡jv wb‡q MwVZ| h_v-

(i) k¦vmiÜ« ev ¯úvBivKj (Spiracle)t 10 ‡Rvov,
(ii) k¦vmbvwj ev UªvwKqv (Tracheae)t AmsL¨
(iii) evqy_wj (Air sac)t AmsL¨
(iv) cÖvšÍxq †Kvl ev UªvwKIj †Kvl (Tracheole cell)t AmsL¨
(v) UªvwKIj (Tracheole)t AmsL¨

(i) k¦vmiÜ« ev ¯úvBivKj (Spiracle)

Nvmdwos Gi †`‡ni Dfq cv‡k¦© †gvU 10 †Rvov ¯úvBivKj mvwie×fv‡e Aew¯’Z| Gi g‡a¨ 2 †Rvov eÿxq A‡j Ges 8 †Rvov D`i
A‡j Aew¯’Z| cÖwZwU ¯úvBivKj wW¤^vKvi wQ`ª we‡kl| G¸‡jv KvBwUb wbwg©Z †cwiwUªg (Peritreme) bvgK cÖvPxi Øviv cwi‡ewóZ
_v‡K| ¯úvBivKj¸‡jvi gy‡L m~² †ivghy³ QvKwbhš¿ _vKvq a~‡jvevwj, RxevYy, cvwb BZ¨vw` †fZ‡i cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †ckx wbqwš¿Z
KcvwUKvi mvnvh¨ ¯úvBivKj¸‡jv †Lv‡j ev eÜ nq|
KvRt ¯úvBivKj¸‡jv w`‡q evqy cÖ‡ek K‡i| Giv a~‡jvevwj, RxevYy, cvwb BZ¨vw`i cÖ‡ek †iva K‡i|

(ii) k¦vmbvwj ev UªvwKqv (Tracheae)

UªvwKqv Nvmdwos Gi cÖavb k¦mb A½| cÖwZwU k¦vmiÜ« A¨vwUªqvg bvgK GKwU ÿz`ª cÖ‡Kv‡ô Db¥y³ nq| GLvb †_‡KB w¯’wZ¯’vcK wKDwUKj
wbwg©Z bvwji DrcwË nq| G‡`i UªvwKqv e‡j|
UªvwKqv¸‡jv m~² kvLv-cÖkvLvq wef³ n‡q mviv‡`‡n RvwjKvKv‡i we¯Í…Z _v‡K| G‡`i cÖvPxi wZb¯Íiwewkó| evB‡ii GwcWvwg©m MwVZ
wfwËwSwjø, gvSLv‡b eûf~RvKvi †Kv‡l MwVZ Gwc‡_wjqvg Ges †fZ‡ii wKDwUKj wbwg©Z Bw›Ugv (intima)| UªvwKqvi AšÍt¯’ MnŸi w`‡q
evqy cÖevwnZ nq| G MnŸ‡i wKQzUv cici Bw›Ugv cyiæ n‡q AvswUi g‡Zv ejq m„wó K‡i| G¸‡jvi bvg wUwbwWqv| wUwbwWqv _vKvq UªvwKqv
KLbI Pzc‡m hvq bv| †`‡n UªvwKqv RvwjKvKv‡i web¨¯Í _vK‡jI G‡`i g‡a¨ cÖavb KZ¸‡jv Aby‰`N©¨ I AbycÖ¯’fv‡e web¨¯Í _v‡K|
G¸‡jv‡K UªvwKqvj KvÛ e‡j|
†gvU wZb‡Rvov Aby‰`N©¨ UªvwKqvj KvÛ _v‡K hviv D`ixq MnŸ‡I †`‡ni ˆ`N©¨ eivei we¯Í…Z _v‡K| †hgb-
(1) GK‡Rvov cvk¦x©q Aby‰`N©¨ UªvwKqvj KvÛ (one pair lateral longitudinal trachaeal trunk)
(2) GK‡Rvov c„ôxq Aby‰`N©¨ UªvwKqvj KvÛ (one pair dorsal longitudinal trachaeal trunk)
(3) GK‡Rvov A¼xq Aby‰`N©¨ UªvwKqvj KvÛ (one pair ventral longitudinal trachaeal trunk)
‡`‡ni cÖwZcv‡k Aew¯’Z cvk¦x©q UªvwKqvj KvÛ †_‡K c„ôxq I A¼xq w`‡K KZ¸‡jv AbycÖ¯’ UªvwKqvj KvÛ (transverse tracheal trunk)
m„wó n‡q h_vµ‡g c„ôxq I A¼xq UªvwKqvj KvÛ‡K mshy³ K‡i|

(iii) evqy_wj (Air sac)

UªvwKqvi wKQz kvLv cÖmvwiZ nq eo, Bw›Ugvwenxb I cvZjv cÖvPxihy³ evqy_wj MVb K‡i| Gme _wj‡Z evZvm Rgv _v‡K Ges k¦m‡bi mgq
evqy cÖevn wbqš¿Y K‡i|

(iv) cÖvšÍxq †Kvl ev UªvwKIj †Kvl (Tracheole cell)

UªvwKqv¸‡jv AwZ m~² kvLvq wef³ n‡q me‡k‡l GKwU eûf~RvK…wZi †Kv‡l cwimgvwß NUvq| Gme †Kvl‡K UªvwKIj †Kvl ev cÖvšÍxq †Kvl
e‡j| Ab¨vb¨ cÖvwY‡Kv‡li b¨vq Gme †KvlI cøvRgvwSwjø, mvB‡UvcøvRg, wbDwK¬qvm I Ab¨vb¨ †Kvlxq A½vYy wb‡q MwVZ|
KvRt UªvwKIj †Kvl †_‡K UªvwKIj m„wó K‡i|

(v) UªvwKIj (Tracheole)

UªvwKIj †Kvl †_‡K KZ¸wj m~², miæ bvwj †ei n‡q †`n‡Kv‡li cÖZ¨ÿ ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m| Gme bvwjKv‡K UªvwKIj e‡j| G‡`i cÖvPxi
Bw›Ugv I wUwbwWqvwenxb| UªvwKIj¸‡jvi †`n‡Kvl msjMœ Ask kvLvwš^Z Ges G‡`i cÖvšÍfvM e× _wji g‡Zv| G _wjmg~n UªvwKIj im
(trachaeol juice) bvgK Zij Øviv c~Y© _v‡K| UªvwKIj imc~Y© UªvwKI‡ji cÖvšÍ¸‡jv‡K cÖvšÍxq _wj (end sac) e‡j|
KvRt k¦mb M¨vm (O2I CO2) wewbg‡q UªvwKIj im cÖavb f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

Nvmdwos Gi k¦mb c×wZ (Respiratory Process of Grasshopper)
Nvmdwos Gi i‡³ †Kv‡bv k¦vmiÄK (wn‡gv‡Møvweb) bv _vKvq UªvwKqvjZ‡š¿i wewfbœ As‡ki gva¨‡g k¦mb M¨vm mivmwi †`n‡Kv‡li ms¯ú‡k©
Av‡m| G‡`i k¦vmMÖnY (cÖkv¦ m) I k¦vmZ¨vM (wbtk¦vm) Dfq cÖwµqvq k¦vmiÜ« ev ¯úvBivK‡ji gva¨‡g msNwUZ nq|
AZGe Nvmdwos Gi k¦mb cÖwµqv `yÕwU av‡ci gva¨‡g msNwUZ nq| h_v-

(K) k¦vmMÖnY ev cÖkv¦ m (Inspiration)

k¦vmMÖnY GKwU mwµq cÖwµqv| eÿxq I D`ixq †cwki cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j †`nLÛK¸‡jvi cÖmviY N‡U Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ UªvwKqvi Af¨šÍ‡ii
AvqZb e„w× cvq| Gmgq cÖ_g Pvi‡Rvov k¦vmiÜ« A_©vr cÖkv¦ mx k¦vmiÜ«¸‡jv (inhalatory spiracle) Ly‡j hvq Ges O2 mg„× evqy `ªæZ
UªvwKqv‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i| cÖvšÍxq _wj‡Z we`¨gvb UªvwKIj i‡m O2 `ªexf~Z n‡q e¨vcb cÖwµqvq †`n‡Kv‡l cÖ‡ek K‡i| AZtci UªvwKqvi
kvLv-cÖkvLvi ga¨w`‡q UªvwKIj †Kv‡l Av‡m Ges UªvwKIj n‡q Ae‡k‡l cÖvšÍxq _wj‡Z †cŠuQvq|

(L) k¦vmZ¨vM ev wbtk¦vm (Expiration)

k¦vmZ¨vM GKwU wbw®Œq cÖwµqv| †`n‡Kv‡l Rvi‡bi d‡j m„ó CO2 e¨vcb cÖwµqvq cÖvšÍxq _wj‡Z UªvwKIj i‡m `ªexf~Z nq Ges †mLvb
†_‡K UªvwKIj I UªvwKqvq cÖ‡ek K‡i| eÿxq I D`ixq †ckxi wkw_j ev kø_‡bi d‡j †`nLÛK¸‡jvi ms‡KvPb N‡U Ges mv‡_ mv‡_
UªvwKqvi Af¨šÍ‡i AvqZb n«vm cvq Ges evwK 6 ‡Rvov k¦vmiܪ A_©vr wbtk¦vmx k¦vmiܪ¸‡jv (exhalatory spiracle) Ly‡j hvq| Gmgq
UªvwKqv †_‡K CO2 mg„× evqy k¦vmiÜ« w`‡q `ªæZ †ei n‡q hvq|
 UªvwKqv Ges UªvwKIj Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

cv_©‡K¨i welq UªvwKqv UªvwKIj

1| Ae¯’vb 1| ¯úvBivKj †_‡K m„ó n‡q mgMÖ †`‡n RvwjKvi 1| UªvwKIj †Kvl †_‡K m„ó n‡q mivmwi
g‡Zv we¯Í…Z _v‡K| †`n‡Kv‡li ms¯ú‡k© Av‡m|
2| AvKvi 2| UªvwKqv e„n`vKvi, e¨vm cÖvq 2.5 µm. 2| UªvwKIj ÿz`ªvKvi, e¨vm 1 µm Gi Kg|
3| cÖvPxi 3| UªvwKqvi cÖvPxi cyiæ, Bw›Ugv I wUwbwWqv _vKvq 3| UªvwKI‡ji cÖvPxi cvZjv, Bw›Ugv I
evqyïb¨ Ae¯’vq Pzc‡m hvq bv| wUwbwWqvwenxb nIqvq Zijk~b¨ Ae¯’vq Pzc‡m
hvq|
4| DrcwË I 4| UªvwKqv ¯úvBivKj †_‡K m„wó n‡q UªvwKIj †Kv‡l 4| UªvwKIj¸‡jv UªvwKIj †Kvl †_‡K m„wó n‡q
cwimgvwß cwimgvwß N‡U| †`n‡Kv‡li ms¯ú‡k© cwimgvwß N‡U|
5| KvR 5| k¦vm MÖn‡bi mgq O2 Ges k¦vmZ¨v‡Mi mgq CO2 5| e¨vcb cÖwµqvq O2 I CO2 Gi wewbg‡q
cwienb K‡i| mvnvh¨ K‡i|

Nvmdwos Gi ‡iPbZš¿ (Excretory system of Grasshopper)

Avwgl RvZxq Lv`¨ wecv‡K m„ó bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ eR©¨ c`v_© wb®‹vk‡bi cÖwµqv‡K †iPb e‡j| Ab¨me cZ‡½i g‡Zv Nvmdwos-Gi cÖavb
†iPb A½I g¨vjwcwRqvb bvwjKv| Z‡e †g`cy‡Äi wKQz †Kvl A_©vr BD‡iU †Kvl, BDwi‡KvR MÖwš’, †b‡d«vmvBU Ges wKDwUKj AwZwi³
†iPb A½ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
Avwe®‹viK BZvwjqvb weÁvbx Mercell Malpighi (1628-1694) Gi bvgvbymv‡i G‡`i bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cÖavb †iPb A‡½i MVb
Nvmdwos Gi cÖavb †iPb A½ gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv| ga¨ I cðvr-‡cŠwóKbvjxi ms‡hvM¯’‡j njy` e‡Y©i cÖvq 100wU m~Zvi g‡Zv
g¨vjwcwRqvb bvwjKv wn‡gvwm‡j we¯Í…Z _v‡K| cÖwZwU gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKvi GKcÖvšÍ †cŠwóKbvwji mv‡_ hy³ Ges Ab¨ cÖvšÍ wn‡gvwm‡j gy³
fvmgvb Ae¯’vq _v‡K| bvwjKvi fvmgvb cÖvšÍwU e× cÖK…wZi Ges wn‡gvwmj MnŸ‡i wn‡gvwj‡çi g‡a¨ wbgw¾Z _v‡K| Ab¨cÖvšÍwU
†cŠwóKbvwji MnŸ‡i Db¥y³ _v‡K| bvwjKvi Af¨šÍ‡i duvcv MnŸi‡K jy‡gb (lumen) e‡j| gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKvi cÖvPxi GK¯Íiwewkó
Gwc‡_wjqvg †Kv‡l MwVZ| ‡Kvl¯Í‡ii evB‡ii w`‡K GKwU wfwË c`©v (basement membrane) Ges ‡fZ‡ii w`K AmsL¨
gvB‡µvwfjvB (microvilli) w`‡q Ave„Z| gvB‡µvwfjvB¸‡jv mw¤§wjZfv‡e ˆewkó¨c~Y© eªvk eW©vi MVb K‡i|
 Nvmdwos Gi ‡iPb cÖwµqv
cÖwZwU gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKvi †Mvovi Ask ÿi‡Yi Rb¨ Ges cÖvšÍxq Ask †kvl‡Yi Rb¨ Awf‡hvwRZ| G bvwjKvi e× cÖvšÍ wn‡gvwj‡ç
fvmgvb Ae¯’vq †_‡K e¨vcb cÖwµqvq cUvwmqvg BD‡iU, cvwb I CO2 †kvlb K‡i| bvwjKvi Af¨šÍ‡i G¸‡jv cwiewZ©Z n‡q cUvwkqvg
evBKve©‡bU I BDwiK Gwm‡W cwiYZ nq| bvwjKvi †Mvovi Ask Øviv cUvwkqvg evBKve©‡bU I wKQz cvwb cybt‡kvwlZ n‡q wn‡gvwj‡ç wd‡i
Av‡m| ‡iPb eR©¨iƒ‡c BDwiK GwmW wmwjqvi Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKvi ga¨w`‡q cvwbi mv‡_ †cŠwóK bvwji MnŸ‡i cÖ‡ek
K‡i| cðvr A‡š¿i gjvk‡q AwaKvsk cvwb cybt‡kvwlZ nq Ges cÖvq k³ BDwiK GwmW g‡ji mv‡_ †`n †_‡K wb®‹vwkZ nq|

AwZwi³ †iPb A½
1| DB‡iU †Kvl (Urate cells)
Nvmdwos Gi wn‡gvwm‡j AmsL¨ Pwe©‡Kvl _v‡K| Gme Pwe©‡Kv‡li g‡a¨ wKQz msL¨K †Kvl wn‡gvwmj †_‡K †iPbeR©¨ MÖnY K‡i Ges BDwiK
A¨vwm‡W iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i AvRxeb †Kvlvf¨šÍ‡i Rgv iv‡L| †iPb eR©¨ enbKvix Gme Pwe©‡Kvl‡K BD‡iU †Kvl ev BD‡ivmvBUm e‡j|
2| DBwi‡KvR MÖwš’ (Uricose glands)
cyiæl Nvmdwos Gi gvkiæg MÖwš’i mv‡_ we`¨gvb GK ai‡bi miæ I j¤^v MÖwš’ _v‡K hviv wn‡gvwmj †_‡K †iPbeR©¨ MÖnY K‡i BDwiK
A¨vwmWiƒ‡c wbR †`‡n Rgv iv‡L| Gme MÖwš’‡K BDwi‡KvR MÖwš’ e‡j| m½‡gi mgq Gme MÖwš’i mwÂZ †iPbeR©¨ ïµvYyi mv‡_ evB‡i
wbwÿß nq|
3| †b‡d«vmvBU (Nephrocytes)
G¸‡jv †cwiKvwW©qvj mvBbv‡m ürh‡š¿i mv‡_ A_ev Pwe©i mv‡_ Aew¯’Z mvwie× we‡kl ai‡bi †Kvl hviv bvB‡Uªv‡RbNwUZ eR©ª c`v_© msMÖn
K‡i Ges i‡³i gva¨‡g wb®‹vkb K‡i|
4| wKDwUKj (Cuticle)
wbç `kvq wn‡gvwm‡j fvmgvb A¨vwgev m`„k wKQz A¨vwg‡evmvBU (amoebocyte) †Kvl i³ †_‡K †iPb `ªe¨ msMÖn K‡i wKDwUK‡ji wb‡P
mwÂZ K‡i iv‡L| †Lvjm †gvP‡bi mgq cyivZb wKDwUKjmn mwÂZ †iPb `ªe¨ cwiZ¨³ nq|

gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv I gvjwcwRqvb ewWi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

cv_©‡K¨i welq gvjwcwRqvb bvwjKv gvjwcwRqvb ewW
1| cÖK…wZ Nvmdwosmn mKj cZ‡½i cÖavb †iPb A½| gvbylmn mKj †giæ`Ûx cÖvYxi †iPb A‡½i Ask|
2| Ae¯’vb cÖvYxi A‡š¿i cÖvPx‡i ¸”QvKv‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i| cÖvYxi e„‡°i †bd«‡b GKKfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i|
3| msL¨v Aí, Nvmdwos‡q cÖvq 100wU| AmsL¨, gvby‡li `yB e„‡° cÖvq 20 jÿ|
4| MVb m~² m~Zvi g‡Zv bjvKvi, Gwc‡_wiqvg AveiY I ‡MvjvKvi, Kv‡ci g‡Zv †evg¨vÝ K¨vcmy¨j Ges †Møv‡giæjvm
wfwË c`©v wb‡q MwVZ| wb‡q MwVZ|
5| mshyw³ Gi GK cÖvšÍ wn‡gvwm‡j gy³ _v‡K, Ab¨cÖv‡šÍ A‡š¿i Gi GK cÖvšÍ †bd«‡bi cÖw·gvj cu¨vPv‡bv bvwjKvi mv‡_ Ges
mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| Ab¨ cÖvšÍ i³bvwjKvi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K
Nvmdwos Gi cyÄvwÿ (Compound Eye)-MVb I `k©b †KŠkj
Nvmdwos Gi cyÄvwÿ (Structure of compound Eye)
Nvmdwos Gi gv_vi c„ôfv‡Mi Dfq cv‡k Aew¯’Z eo, e„šnÍ xb, e„°vKvi, DËj, Kv‡jv i‡Oi ‡h Av‡jvK ms‡e`x A½ _v‡K Zv‡K cyÄvwÿ
e‡j| cÖwZwU cyÄvwÿ cÖvq 2000 (cÖRvwZ‡f‡` msL¨v wewfbœ) lof~RvKvi IgvwUwWqv (omatidia) wb‡q MwVZ| IgvwUwWqvg (GKeP‡b)
cyÄvwÿi MVb I Kv‡Ri GKK| mgMÖ cyÄvwÿi DcwifvM ¯^”Q wKDwUKj (cuticle) Øviv Ave„Z _v‡K| cyÄvwÿ‡Z Aew¯’Z cÖwZwU
IgvwUwWqv‡gi MVb I Kvh©c×wZ Awfbœ ai‡bi|

GKwU Av`k© IgvwUwWqvg

GKwU Av`k© IgvwUwWqvg wb¤œwjwLZ Ask¸‡jvi mgš^‡q MwVZ|
1| Kwb©qv (cornea)t GwU IgvwUwWqv‡gi evB‡ii w`‡Ki eY©nxb, ¯^”Q, DËj I Qq‡KvYv wKDwUKj AveiYx|
KvRt GwU †j‡Ýi g‡Zv KvR K‡i|
2| Kwb©qv‡Rb †Kvl (corneagen cell)t Giv KwY©qvi wb‡P cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z 1 ‡Rvov P¨vÞv AvK…wZi †Kvl|
KvRt G‡`i ÿiY †_‡K KwY©qv m„wó nq|
3| wµ÷vjvBb †KvY †Kvl (Crystalline cone cell)t KwY©qv‡Rb †Kv‡li wb‡P wµ÷vjvBb †KvY‡K wN‡i Aew¯’Z 4wU j¤^vK…wZi †Kvl|
KvRt Gme †Kv‡li ÿiY †_‡K wµ÷vjvBb †KvY m„wó nq|

4| wµ÷vjvBb †KvY (crystalline cone)t GwU †KvY †Kv‡l cwi‡ew÷Z GKwU ¯^”Q, †gvPvK…wZi A½|
KvRt GwU cÖwZmibkxj A½ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Gi gva¨‡g Av‡jvK iwk¥ Kwb©qv †_‡K i¨ve‡Wv‡g †cuŠQvq| GwU wØZxq †jÝ wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i|
5| AvBwik iÄK AveiY (Irish pigment sheath)t Kwb©qv‡Rb †Kvl Ges wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb‡Kvl¸‡jv GKwU Kv‡jv e‡Y©i AveiYx Øviv
cwie„Ë _v‡K| G‡K AvBwik iÄK AveiYx e‡j|
KvRt Zxeª Av‡jv‡Z G AveiY cÖmvwiZ n‡q †KvY †Kvl¸‡jv‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Ave„Z K‡i, Avevi g„`y Av‡jv‡K msKzwPZ n‡q AvswkK Db¥y³
iv‡L|
6| †iwUbvj †Kvl (Retinal cell)t wµ÷vjvBb †KvY‡Kvl¸‡jvi wb‡P 7/8 wU †Kvl e„ËvKv‡i mw¾Z _v‡K| G‡`i †iwUbyjvi †Kvl e‡j|
Gme †Kvl GKw`‡K †KvY †Kv‡li mv‡_ Ab¨w`‡K ¯œvqyZš‘i mv‡_ hy³|
KvRt †iwUbyjvi †Kv‡li ÿiY †_‡K i¨ve‡Wvg MwVZ|
7| i¨ve‡Wvg (Rhabdome)t ‡iwUbyjvi †Kvl Øviv cwi‡ewóZ `ÛvK…wZi, ¯^”Q I j¤^v MVb‡K i¨ve‡Wvg e‡j|
KvRt Gi gva¨‡g Av‡jv M„nxZ nq Ges e¯‘i cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó nq|
8| †iwUbvj iÄK AveiYx (Retinal pigment sheath)t GwU †iwUbyjvi †Kvl‡K wN‡i Kv‡jv e‡Y©i GKwU AveiY|
KvRt Av‡jvi ZxeªZv Abyhvqx GwU msKzwPZ I cÖmvwiZ n‡q cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
9| wfwËc`©v (Basal membrane)t IgvwUwWqvg †h cvZjv c`©vi Dci Ae¯’vb K‡i Zvi bvg wfwËc`©v|
KvRt GwU IgvwUwWqvg‡K avib K‡i|
10| ¯œvqyZš‘ (Nerve fibre)t cÖwZwU †iwUbyjvi †Kvl †_‡K ¯œvqyZš‘ †ewi‡q AcwUK ¯œvqyi mv‡_ hy³ nq|
KvRt ¯œvqyZš‘ IgvwUwWqv‡gi gva¨‡g M„nxZ cÖwZwe¤^ gw¯Í‡®‹ †cÖiY K‡i|
`k©b †KŠkj (Mechanism of Vision)
cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó K‡i cÖvYx e¯‘‡K Ae‡jvKb K‡i| Nvmdwos w`evPi cÖvYx| w`‡bi D¾¡j (Zxeª) Av‡jv I w`‡bi †k‡l w¯ÍwgZ (g„`y) Av‡jv-
`ymg‡qB G‡`i `„wókw³ Kvh©Ki _v‡K| GRb¨ `y‡Uv wfbœ `k©b †KŠkj i‡q‡Q| Giv gvby‡li †P‡q ¯úófv‡e †Kv‡bv Pjgvb e¯‘ †`L‡Z
cv‡i| mvavibZ Nvmdwos GKwU IgvwUwWqvg w`‡q c~Y©v½ e¯‘‡K †`L‡Z cvqbv| cÖwZwU IgvwUwWqv‡g e¯‘i LwÛZ cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó nq| mKj
IgvwUwWqv‡gi mw¤§wjZ cÖwZwe¤^ e¯‘wU‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c †`L‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| m¤ú~Y©fv‡e MwVZ cÖwZwe‡¤^i ms‡e`b AcwUK ¯œvqyi (optic
nerve)-i gva¨‡g gw¯Í‡®‹ †cuŠQv‡j Nvmdwos Zv †`L‡Z cvq| Av‡jvi ZxeªZv Abymv‡i cyÄvwÿ‡Z `yÕai‡bi cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó nq| h_v-
1| ‡gvRvBK cÖwZwe¤^ Ges
2| mycvicwRkb cÖwZwe¤^|

1| A¨v‡cvwRkb ev †gvRvBK cÖwZwe¤^ (Aposition or mosaic image)

Zxeª ev D¾¡j Av‡jv‡Z Nvmdwos Gi †Pv‡L †Kv‡bv `k©bxq e¯‘i †h cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq Zv‡K A¨v‡cvwRkb ev †gvRvBK cÖwZwe¤^ e‡j| GB
cÖwµqvq cÖwZwU IgvwUwWqvg ¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR K‡i| Zxeª Av‡jv‡Z AvBwik iÄK AveiYx I †iwUbvj iÄK AveiYx Awew”Qbœfv‡e cÖmvwiZ
n‡q KwY©qv‡Rb †Kvl I wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb †Kvl¸‡jv‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Ave„Z K‡i iv‡L| d‡j cÖwZwU IgvwUwWqvg ci¯úi n‡Z m¤ú~Y©fv‡e
c„_K _v‡K| G Ae¯’vq `k©bxq e¯‘i †Kv‡bv ÿz`ª Ask †_‡K AvMZ †Kej j¤^fv‡e cwZZ Av‡jvKiwk¥ IgvwUwWqv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges KwY©qv
I wµ÷vjvBb †Kvb n‡q i¨ve‡Wv‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i| wKš‘ H we›`y †_‡K AvMZ Zxh©K Av‡jvKiwk¥ cvk¦©eZx© IgvwUwWqv‡gi KwY©qv †f` Ki‡jI
AvBwik I †iwUbvj Awew”Qbœ AveiYx KZ…K © †kvwlZ nq| d‡j cÖwZwU IgvwUwWqv‡g `k©bxq e¯‘i wfbœ wfbœ As‡ki ÿy`ª ÿy`ª (a, b, c c„_K
i¨ve‡Wv‡g) cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq| mKj IgvwUwWqv‡gi Gme LwÛZ cÖwZwe¤^ GKwÎZ n‡j Nvmdwos e¯‘wU‡K ¯úó †`L‡Z cvq|
†gvRvB‡Ki g‡Zv we›`y we›`y K‡i cy‡iv cÖwZwe¤^wU MwVZ nIqvq G ai‡bi cÖwZwe¤^ †gvRvBK cÖwZwe¤^ Ges GKwU GKwU K‡i eû cÖwZwe‡¤^i
mgš^‡q c~Y©v½ cÖwZwe¤^ ˆZwi nIqvq Gai‡bi cÖwZwe¤^‡K A¨v‡cvwRkb cÖwZwe¤^ ejv n‡q _v‡K|
mycvicwRkb cÖwZwe¤^ (Superposition image)
g„`y ev w¯ÍwgZ Av‡jvq Nvmdwos Gi †Pv‡L †Kv‡bv `k©bxq e¯‘i †h cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq Zv‡K mycvicwRkb cÖwZwe¤^ e‡j| g„`y ev w¯ÍwgZ
Av‡jv‡Z †iwUbvj iÄK AveiYx I AvBwik iÄK AveiYx msKzwPZ n‡q h_vµ‡g wfwË c`©v I KwY©qvi w`‡K msKzwPZ n‡q hvq| d‡j cÖwZwU
IgvwUwWqv‡gi AwaKvsk Abve„Z n‡q c‡o| G Ae¯’vq `k©bxq e¯‘ †_‡K AvMZ j¤^fv‡e cwZZ Av‡jvK iwk¥¸‡jv wbw`©ó IgvwUwWqv‡gi
KwY©qvi g‡a¨ w`‡q mivmwi i¨ve‡Wv‡g †cuŠQvq Ges †mLv‡b GKwU ÿy`ª As‡ki cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó nq| wKš‘ H we›`y †_‡K AvMZ Zxl©K
Av‡jvKiwk¥ GKwU IgvwUwWqv‡gi Kwb©qvi gva¨‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i cv‡ki IgvwUwWqv‡gi i¨ve‡Wv‡g G‡m c‡o| iÄK AveiYx `ywU Abve„Z
_vKvq Av‡jvKiwk¥i G ai‡bi PjvPj m¤¢e nq| d‡j GKwU IgvwUwWqv‡g Zvi wbR¯^ KwY©qvi ga¨w`‡q AvMZ Djw¤^K Av‡jvKiwk¥icÖwZwe¤^
QvovI cvk¦©eZ©x IgvwUwWqv‡gi KwY©qv †_‡K AvMZ Zxh©K Av‡jvK iwk¥i cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq| d‡j GKwU IgvwUwWqv‡gi i¨ve‡Wv‡g e¯‘i
GKvwaK ÿy`ª As‡ki (a, b, c GKB i¨ve‡Wv‡g) cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq| GKwU IgvwUwWqv‡g e¯‘i GKvwaK ÿz`ª As‡ki cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nIqvq
cÖwZwe¤^wU A¯úó I Svcmv ‡`Lvq| GKwUi Dci Av‡iKwU cÖwZwe¤^ covi d‡j m¤ú~Y© cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó nIqvq G ai‡bi cÖwZwe¤^‡K
mycvicwRkb cÖwZwe¤^ ejv n‡q _v‡K|

 mycvicwRkb Ges A¨vcwRkb cÖwZwe‡¤^i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

cv_©‡K¨i welq mycvicwRkb cÖwZwe¤^ A¨vcwRkb cÖwZwe¤^

1| Av‡jvi Ae¯’v 1| g„`y ev w¯ÍwgZ Av‡jv‡Z cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq| 1| Zxeª ev D¾¡j Av‡jv‡Z cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq|

2| iÄK AveiYx 2| ‡iwUbvj I AvBwik AveiYx msKywPZ nq| 2| ‡iwUbvj I AvBwik AveiYx cÖmvwiZ nq|
3| Av‡jvKiwk¥ 3| wZh©K I Djw¤^K Dfq Av‡jvKiwk¥ IgvwUwWqv‡g 3| ‡Kej Djw¤^K Av‡jvKiwk¥ IgvwUwWqv‡g cÖwZwe¤^
cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó K‡i| m„wó K‡i|
4| cÖwZwe‡¤^i aiY 4| e¯‘i m¤ú~Y© As‡ki A¯úó, mvgwMÖK I Svcmv 5| e¯‘i wfbœ wfbœ As‡ki c„_K I my¯úó cÖwZwe¤^
cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq| MwVZ nq|
 cyÄvÿx (RwUj †PvL) I mijvwÿ (mij †PvL)-i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

cv_©‡K¨i welq cyÄvÿx mijvwÿ

1| Ae¯’vb Av‡_©ªv‡cvW‡`i gv_vi c„ô ev cvk¦© w`‡K| ‡giæ`Ûx cÖvYx‡`i gv_vi `ycv‡k, †KvU‡ii wfZ‡i|
2| MVb ‡Mvj ev e„°vKvi AmsL¨ IgvwUwWqv GKK wb‡q MwVZ| cÖvq †Mvj, mijvwÿ wb‡RB GKwU GKK|
3| GK‡Ki Dcv`vb KwY©qv, KwY©qv‡Rb †Kvl, †KvY †Kvl, wµ÷vjvBb †KvY, Kwb©qv, AvBwik, †jÝ, †iwUbv, †Kvi‡qW, †¯‹¬iv, †cwk,
AvBwik AveiYx, †iwUbvj AveiYx, i¨ve‡Wvg BZ¨vw`| cÖ‡Kvô BZ¨vw`|
4| AvBwik AveiYx AmsL¨ I j¤^v| GKwU Ges †Mvj|
5| †¯‹¬iv I †Kvi‡qW Abycw¯’Z| Dcw¯’Z|
6| cÖwZwe¤^ g„`y Av‡jv I D¾¡j Av‡jv‡Z wfbœ ai‡bi cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ me‡ÿ‡Î GKB ai‡bi cÖwZwe¤^ MwVZ nq|
nq|

Nvmdwos cÖRbb I iƒcvšÍi (Reproduction and Metamorphosis)

cÖRbbZš¿ (Reproductive organ)
Nvmdwos †hŠbRb‡bi gva¨‡g eske„w× K‡i| G‡`i cys Ges ¯¿x RbbZš¿ Avjv`v †`‡n Ae¯’vb K‡i|
wb‡¤œ Nvmdwos Gi cys Ges ¯¿x RbbZ‡š¿i Ask¸‡jvi bvg D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvt

cys RbbZš¿ (male reproductive organ)

Nvmdwos Gi cys RbbZš¿ wb¤œwjwLZ Ask¸‡jv wb‡q MwVZ|
h_v-
(i) ïµvkq (testis),
(ii) ïµbvwj ev fvm wWdv‡iÝ (vas deferens),
(iii) ïµ_wj ev ‡mwgbvj †fwmKj (seminal vesicle),
(iv) mnvqK MÖwš’ (accessory gland),
(v) †ÿcYbvwj (ejaculatory duct) I
(vi) cyiælv½ (penis) wb‡q MwVZ|

¯¿x RbbZš¿ (female reproductive organ)

Nvmdwos Gi ¯¿xRbbZš¿ wb¤œwjwLZ Ask¸‡jv wb‡q MwVZ|
h_v-
(i) wW¤^vkq (ovary),
(ii) wW¤^bvwj (oviduct),
(iii) ‡hvbx (vagina),
(iv) ïµavbx ev ¯úvg©vw_Kv (spermatheca) I
(v) mnvqK MÖwš’ (accessory gland)|
cÖRbb cÖwµqv (Process of reproductrion)
Nvmdwos Gi †hŠb cÖwµqvq cÖRbb NUvq| Gi cÖRbb cÖwµqv wb‡P ewY©Z K‡qKwU ch©v‡q m¤úbœ nq|
1| ‡hŠb wgjb ev m½g (Copulation)
MÖx‡®§i †klw`‡K Nvmdwos‡qi †hŠb wgjb N‡U| Gmgq GKwU cyiæl dwos ¯¿x dwos Gi wc‡V D‡V AvU‡K _v‡K Ges G Ae¯’vq wkkœc‡_ ¯¿x
dwos Gi †hvwbc‡_ †mwgbvj d¬zBW Z¨vM K‡i| †mwgbvj d¬zB‡W ïµvYy _v‡K| wWg bv cvov ch©šÍ ïµvYy¸‡jv ¯úvgv©w_Kvq Rgv _v‡K| wWg
cvovi c~‡e© K‡qKevi †hŠb wgjb msNwUZ n‡q _v‡K|
2| wb‡lK (Fertilization)
†hŠb wgj‡bi GK ch©v‡q cyiæl cÖvYx‡`n †_‡K ïµvYy ¯¿x-cÖvwY‡`‡n ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Ges ïµvYy I wW¤^vYyi wbDwK¬qv‡mi ci®úi GKxfe‡b
wb‡lK m¤úbœ nq| Nvmdwos Gi wb‡lK AšÍt¯’| 3-5 wgwjwgUvi j¤^v wW¤^vYywU Kzmyg mg„× Ges wW¤^bvwj w`‡q †ewi‡q Avmvi mgq
fvB‡UjvBb wSwjø (vitelline membrane) I k³-bgbxq ewnt¯’ ‡Kvwiqb (chorion) G Ave„Z _v‡K| ¯úvg©vw_Kvi i‡Ü«i Dci w`‡q
hvIqvi mgq wWg wbwl³ nq| ‡KvwiI‡bi GKwU ÿz`ª wQ`ªc‡_ ïµvYy wW¤^vYy‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i| G wQ`ªwU‡K gvB‡µvcvBj (micropyle) e‡j|
3| wWg cvov (Oviposition)
wgj‡bi ci †_‡K wKQzw`b ci ci ¯¿x Nvmdwos j¤^v, ev`vwg is‡qi wWg cvo‡Z ïiæ K‡i| kirKvj ch©šÍ wWgcvov Ae¨nZ _v‡K| ¯¿x dwos
IwfcwRU‡ii mvnv‡h¨ 10 †m.wg. Mfxi GKwU MZ© K‡i Gi wfZ‡i My”QvKv‡i 20wU wWg cv‡o| AvVv‡jv c`v‡_©i mvnv‡h¨ wWgMy‡jv ci¯ú‡i
AvU‡K _v‡K| GKwU ¯¿x dwos Gfv‡e 10wU ¸‡”Q †gvU 200wU wWg cv‡o| ‡hŠb wgjb I wWg cvovi wKQzw`b ci cyiæl I ¯¿x Dfq
NvmdwosB gviv hvq|

4| åƒYxq cwiõyUb (Embryonic development)

Nvmdwos-Gi wW¤^vYy †m‡›Uªv‡jwm_vj (centrolecithal) ai‡bi A_¨©vr Gi Kzmyg †K‡›`ª mxgve× _v‡K| wbwl³ wW¤^vYyi wK¬‡fR (wefvRb)
ïiæ nIqvi ci cÖvq wZb mßvn a‡i cwiùzUb Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| kxZKv‡j cwiùzUb eÜ _v‡K| G mgqKvj‡K WvqvcR (diapause) e‡j|
WvqvcR Nvmdwos Gi GK we‡kl ai‡bi Awf‡hvRb hvi d‡j G‡`i wk︇jv cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡ki cÖPÛ kxZ I Lv`¨vfv‡ei nvZ n‡Z iÿv
cvq| em‡šÍi AvMg‡b Dò cwi‡ek wd‡i G‡j Avevi e„w× ïiæ nq Ges AwZ ÿz`ªvKvq wkï Nvmdwos Gi Rb¥ nq| wkï Nvmdwos‡K wbç
e‡j|

iƒcvšÍi (Metamorphosis)
‡Kv‡bv cÖvYxi RxebP‡µi cÖv_wgK `kv I c~Y©v½ `kvi g‡a¨ MVbMZ cv_©K¨ _vK‡j cÖv_wgK `kv †_‡K c~Y©v½ Ae¯’vq †cuŠQv‡Z †hme ˆ`wnK
cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq ZLb Zv‡K iƒcvšÍi e‡j| cZ½, gvQ, e¨vO BZ¨vw` cÖvYx‡Z iƒcvšÍi †`Lv hvq|
iƒcvšÍi cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v-
1| m¤ú~Y© iƒcvšÍi (complete metamorphosis) Ges
2| Am¤ú~Y© iƒcvšÍi (Incomplete metamorphosis)
1| m¤ú~Y© iƒcvšÍi (complete metamorphosis)
wkï cÖvYx hLb †`L‡Z c~Y©v½ cÖvYx †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ ai‡bi nq Ges G‡`i weKv‡ki mgq ˆewk‡ó¨i e¨vcK cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq
ZLb Zv‡K m¤ú~Y© iƒcvšÍi e‡j| m¤ú~Y© iæcvšÍ‡ii 4wU avc i‡q‡Q| h_v-wWg→jvf©v→wcDcv→B‡gv‡Mv (c~Y©v½)|
D`vniY: ‡gŠgvwQ I cÖRvcwZi iƒcvšÍi| m¤ú~Y© iƒcvšÍ‡ii wkï cÖvYx‡K jvf©v (larva) e‡j|
2| Am¤ú~Y© iƒcvšÍi (Incomplete metamorphosis)
wkï cÖvYx hLb †`L‡Z cÖvq c~Y©v½ cÖvYxi g‡Zv †`Lvq Ges G‡`i weKv‡ki mgq Lye mxwgZ ˆewk‡ó¨i cwieZ©b N‡U ZLb Zv‡K Am¤ú~Y©
iƒcvšÍi e‡j| Am¤ú~Y© iæcvšÍ‡ii 3wU avc i‡q‡Q| h_v-wWg→wbç→c~Y©v½ cÖvYx|
D`vniYt Nvmdwos I †Zjv‡cvKvi iƒcvšÍi| Am¤ú~Y© iƒcvšÍ‡i wkï cÖvYx‡K wbç (nymph) e‡j|
Nvmdwos Gi iƒcvšÍi
Nvmdwos Gi iƒcvšÍi Am¤ú~Y© ev †nwg‡gUv‡evjvm (Hemimetabolus) ai‡bi, KviY G‡`i AcwiYZ wbç AvswkK cwiùzU‡bi gva¨‡g
c~Y©v½ Nvmdwos G iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| A_v©r Nvmdwos‡qi Rxeb BwZnv‡m wZbwU avc Av‡Q| wWgwbçc~Y©v½ cÖvYx|
ewn©MV‡bi w`K †_‡K wbç Ges c~Y©v½ Nvmdwos †`L‡Z cÖvq GK iKg| †hgb- gy‡Lvcv½, mijvwÿ, cyÄvwÿ, A¨v‡›Ubv, cvqy cÖf„wZ|
Abyiƒcfv‡e, wb‡çi RxebaviY, Lv`¨vfvm, Lv`¨ I emwZ GK iKg|
wbç Ges c~Y©v½ Nvmdwos Gi cv_©K¨ n‡jv-
1| †`‡ni eY© ev`vwg nq, 2| †`‡ni Zzjbvq gv_v ‡ek eo, 3| Wvbv _v‡K bv, 4| Rbb A½mg~n _v‡K bv|
wbç g~j cÖvYxi b¨vq ¯^vfvweK Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i Ges `ªæZ e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| AvKvi †ewk e„w× †c‡j KvBwUb wbwg©Z †Lvjm Z¨vM K‡i Ges
bZzb †Lvjm m„wó nIqv ïiæ nq| †Lvjm Z¨vM Kivi GB cÖwµqv‡K wb‡gv©Pb ev gwës ev GKWvBwmm e‡j| GB wb‡g©vPb cÖwµqv wewfbœ
cÖKvi ni‡gvb Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| `ywU wb‡g©vP‡bi ga¨eZ©x Ae¯’v‡K Bb÷vi (instar) e‡j| cÖwZevi †Lvjm cwieZ©‡bi mgq G‡`i
AvK…wZMZ cwieZ©b Av‡m| †hgb-
1| gv_v †QvU n‡Z _v‡K, 2| Wvbv MRv‡Z I e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K I 3| Rbbv½mg~n m„wó I e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K|
Gfv‡e cuvPevi †Lvjm cwieZ©‡bi ci wbç c~Y©v½ Nvmdwos G iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| Nvmdwos Gi G iƒcvšÍi m¤úbœ n‡Z 2 gvm mgq jv‡M|

wbç Ges c~Y©v½ Nvmdwos Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

Zzjbxq welq wbç (Nymph) c~Y©v½ Nvmdwos
1| AvKvi 1| Zzjbvg~jK AvKv‡i †QvU| 1| Zzjbvg~jK AvKv‡i eo|
2| Wvbv 2| Abycw¯’Z| 2| Dcw¯’Z|
3| ‡`n eY© 3| ev`vwg| 3| meyR|
4| Rbbv½ 4| AcwiYZ _v‡K| 4| cwiYZ _v‡K|
5| ‡Lvjm †gvPb/‡gvwës 5| N‡U| 5| N‡U bv|
iƒcvšÍ‡i ni‡gv‡bi f~wgKv
Nvmdwos-Gi †`‡n 4 ai‡bi AšÍtÿiv MÖwš’ cvIqv hvq| h_v-B›Uvi‡mwieªvj MÖwš’‡Kvl, †cÖv‡_vivwmK MÖwš’, Ki‡cviv A¨vjvUv Ges
Ki‡cviv KvwW©qvK| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖ_g 3wU MÖwš’ wbtm„Z ni‡gvb Nvmdwos-Gi iƒcvšÍ‡ii cÖavb f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
wb‡P G¸‡jvi m¤ú‡K© eY©bv †`qv n‡jv|
1| B›Uvi‡mwieªvj MÖwš’‡Kvl (Intercerebral gland cells)
gw¯Í‡®‹ Ae¯’vbKvix I MÖwš’‡Kvl¸‡jv †cÖv‡_vivwm‡KvUªwcK ni‡gvb ev gw¯Í®‹ ni‡gvb (Prothoracicotropic hormone or Brain
hormone) ÿiY K‡i hv ‡cÖv‡_vivwmK MÖwš’‡K ni‡gvb ÿi‡Y DÏxwcZ K‡i|
2| †cÖv‡_vivwmK MÖwš’ (Prothoracic glands)
AMÖe‡ÿ Aew¯’Z G MÖwš’‡Kvl¸‡jv GKWvB‡mvb ni‡gvb (ecdyson hormone) ÿiY K‡i hv wbç `kvq †Lvjm †gvPb ev †gvwës
(ecdysis or moulting) wbqš¿Y K‡i| d‡j †`‡ni wUmy¨i e„w× NU‡Z _v‡K|
3| Ki‡cviv A¨vjvUv (Corpora allata)
wbç `kvq G MÖwš’ †_‡K Ry‡fbvBj ni‡gvb (Juvenile hormone) ÿwiZ nq hv ‡`‡ni A¯^vfvweK `ªæZ e„w× cÖwZnZ K‡i| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ G
ni‡gv‡bi cÖfv‡eB Nvmdwos Gi wbç `kv `xN© nq| cÖvßeq¯‹ Nvmdwos Gi K‡c©viv A¨vjvUv †_‡K †Mvbv‡WvUªwcK ni‡gvb
(gonadotropic hormone) wbtm„Z nq hv cÖvßeq¯‹‡`i Rbb A‡½i cwibwZ NUvq|
4| Ki‡cviv KvwW©qvKv (Corpora cardiaca)
gw¯Í‡®‹i cðvrfv‡M MÖvmbvwji `yÕcv‡k Aew¯’Z G MÖwš’¸‡jv †MÖv_ ni‡gvb (Growth hormone) wbtmiY K‡i|

Nvmdwos Gi ms‡e`x A½ (Sensory organs of Grasshopper)

cÖvwY‡`‡ni †hme A‡½i gva¨‡g cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ DÏxcbv †hgb-¯úk©, MÜ, ¯^v`, kã, ZvcgvÎv I Av‡jvi ZxeªZv BZ¨vw` M„wnZ n‡q
‡Kw›`ªq ¯œvqyZ‡š¿ ‡cÖwiZ nq Ges Dchy³ cÖwZ‡e`b m„wó K‡i †mme A½‡K ms‡e`x A½ ev Áv‡bw›`ªq e‡j|
Nvmdwos Gi wb¤œwjwLZ ms‡e`x A½ †`Lv hvq-
1| Av‡jvKms‡e`x A½ (Photorecetors): g¯Í‡K Awe¯’Z cyÄvwÿ I I‡mjvm|
2| ¯úk© ms‡e`x A½ (Thigmoreceptors): †`‡ni wewfbœ A‡½ we`¨gvb weªmj I ‡ivg
3| MÜ ms‡e`x A½ (Olfactoreceptors): A¨v‡›Ubvq we`¨gvb †ivg|
4| ¯^v` ms‡e`x A½ (Gastatoreceptors): g¨vw·jvwi cví I j¨vweqv‡g we`¨gvb †ivg|
5| Zvc ms‡e`x A½ (Thermoreceptors): cv‡qi Uvm©v‡m we`¨gvb cøv›Uzwj c¨vW Ges A¨v‡›Ubvi wKQz †ivg|
6| kÖeY ms‡e`x A½ (Chordotonal receptors): Nvmdwos Gi 1g D`ixq LÛ‡Ki cÖwZcv‡k GKwU K‡i wW¤^vKvi wUg‡cwbK c`©v
(tympanic membrane) _v‡K hv kÖe‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ kÖeY _wj ev wUg‡cbvg (tympanum)-‡K †X‡K iv‡L| G Qvov cvqy mviwK‡Z
Aew¯’Z we`¨gvb †ivg|