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https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.31071
Received: 25 August 2017
DOI: 10.1002/mop.31075
Leaf-shaped CPW-fed UWB
antenna with triple notch bands
for ground penetrating radar
applications
Surajit Kundu | Sanjay Kumar Jana
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NIT Sikkim,
South Sikkim, India
Correspondence
Surajit Kundu, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
NIT Sikkim, Ravangla, South Sikkim, India.
Email: surajit.kundu@nitsikkim.ac.in
AND JANA
Abstract
A compact (38.31 mm 3 34.52 mm 3 0.8 mm) leaf
shaped CPW fed ultra-wideband antenna is proposed. The
antenna gives wide impedance bandwidth from 2.58 GHz
to 11.62 GHz with sharp triple notch bands (3.28 GHz–
3.82 GHz, 5.12 GHz–5.4 GHz, and 5.7 GHz–6 GHz) to
eliminate interference from co-existing IEEE 802.16
WiMAX (3.3 GHz–3.8 GHz), IEEE 802.11y (3.65 GHz–
3.69 GHz), IEEE 802.11a WLAN (5.15 GHz–5.35 GHz
and 5.725 GHz–5.825 GHz), and IEEE 802.11p DSRC
(5.85 GHz–5.925 GHz) bands. The antenna provides mini-
mal gain variation (2–5 dBi), flat group delay response
and non-varying transfer function with high average effi-
ciency of 88% in the pass band. Significant drop in gain
and efficiency, nonlinearity in transfer function, and high
variation in group delay are observed at notch bands.
Antenna VSWR, and efficiency are measured in close
proximity of sand, wood, and glass. Satisfactory results
ensure its ability to work as Ground penetrating radar
antenna.
KEYWORDS
frequency notch, ground coupling, ground penetrating radar, leaf shape,
ultra-wideband antenna
1 | INTRODUCTION
Research on ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna design received
extensive research interest after the allocation of 3.1GHz–
10.6 GHz unlicensed band by FCC in 2002.1 UWB antenna
with sharp frequency stop bands in this 7.5 GHz wide unli-
censed bandwidth is a major research challenge. The prop-
erly tuned notch bands can eliminate the possible
interference from co-existing narrowband wireless services
such as IEEE 802.16 WiMAX (3.3GHz–3.8 GHz), IEEE
802.11y (3.65 GHz–3.69 GHz), IEEE 802.11a WLAN
(5.15 GHz–5.35 GHz and 5.725 GHz–5.825 GHz), and
IEEE 802.11p DSRC (5.85 GHz–5.925 GHz). It is better to
use an antenna that provides required frequency notches
instead of integrating the designed antenna with separate fil-
ter circuit to eliminate the interfering frequency bands. Sev-
eral notch creation processes were proposed earlier that
include insertion of slot,2–6 implanting split ring resonators
(SRR),7,8 addition of electronic band gap structures,9 and
loading diverse parasitic elements on the antenna.10 Creation
of frequency notch band by embedding slots in the radiating
element or ground plane is one the simplest and conventional
method due to its simple geometry and easy fabrication.
Multiple sharp notch bands creation using slot cutting was
found very difficult due to strong coupling between different
KUNDU AND JANA | 931

FIGURE 1 Construction of the proposed antenna [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

T A BL E 1 Optimal dimensions of proposed antenna

Parameter Value (mm) Parameter Value (mm)

Antenna length (L) 38.31 Feed length Lf1 6.38

Lf2 5.58

Antenna width (W) 34.52 Lf3 2.32

Substrate thickness (H) 0.8 Feed width Wf1 1.6

Wf2 1.2

Ground plane length (Lg) 12.77 Wf3 0.8

Outer length of big slot (Lsb) 6 Outer length of small slot Lss 3.4

Outer width of big slot (Wsb) 10 Inner width of small slot WSs 6.6

Spacing of big slot Sb 0.7 Spacing of small slot Ss 0.4

Gap in big slot gb 0.8 Gap in small slot gs 1.6

932 | KUNDU AND JANA

FIGURE 2 Fabricated antenna (reference and triple notch) prototypes [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

notch creation structures.2,3 Ground penetrating radar (GPR) of 5.85GHz, the dimensions of smaller slot can be obtained
is a subsurface scanning tool that uses UWB antenna to from Equation 2.
transmit and receive electro-magnetic waves.11 c
In this letter, a compact, co-planar waveguide fed, leaf- fnotch 5 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (2)
4½Lss 1Wss 12ss 22gs  Eeff
shaped printed monopole antenna with sharp triple notch
bands using two co-directional rectangular split ring-shaped Here, Lss and Wss represent the outer length and inner
slots at antenna radiator and one circular SRR pairs at the width of smaller slot. A circular SRR pair is incorporated at
back end of feed line is proposed. Antenna parameters like the bottom of substrate, opposite end of feed line to generate
VSWR, radiation pattern, efficiency, gain, transfer function lower WLAN band (5.15GHz–5.35 GHz) frequency
notch. Dimensions of the SRR can be calculated from the
(S21), and group delay were simulated and measured for the
Equation 3.
reference antenna (without slots and resonator) and triple
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
notched antenna. The antenna VSWR and efficiency were c 3d=r
fnotch 5 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (3)
also tested in close proximity of sand, wood and glass that
2p2 r Eeff 1gavg
confirm its suitability as GPR antenna.
Here d5d1 1d2 =2, where d1 and d2 represents spacing
2 | ANTENNA DESIGN between rings. gavg 5g1 1g2 1g3 =2, and r5r1 1r2 =2, where
r1 5ri1 1re2 =2 and r2 5ri2 1re3 =2.
The top and bottom side of the proposed antenna structure The proposed structure is simulated and optimized in
are shown in Figure 1. The leaf shaped antenna radiating ele- CST Microwave Studio Suite simulator.13 Optimal antenna
ment is constructed by adding three circular disks C1, C2, dimensions are given in Table 1. As shown in Figure 2. the
and C3. Radius of C1 and C2 differ by a value that is equal to
the thickness of substrate. Radius of C3 was taken one fourth
of C1. Dual transitions are considered in the feed line to get
the broad impedance bandwidth.12 Bending is introduced at
the upper edges of co-planar ground plane, away from feed
line to minimize the radiation from ground plane. Two sym-
metric rectangular split ring shapes are etched out from the
lower circular part of leaf shaped radiator to introduce
WiMAX, upper WLAN and IEEE 802.11p DSRC band
rejections. For notch center frequency at 3.5 GHz, the dimen-
sions of big slot can be obtained from the Equation 1.
c
fnotch 5 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (1)
4½Lsb 1Wsb 22ðsb 1gb Þ Eeff
Here Eeff 5 Er 211, Er represents relative permittivity of the
substrate material. Lsb and Wsb represent the outer length and
width of big slot, respectively. sb and gb represent the slot F I G U R E 3 Simulated and measured VSWR plot of ref. antenna and
thickness and gap, respectively, as shown in Figure 1. c rep- triple notch antenna [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.
resents speed of light. Similarly, for notch center frequency com]
KUNDU AND JANA | 933

FIGURE 4 Simulated surface current at notch frequency center (3.55, 5.24, and 5.85 GHz) [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

optimized structure is fabricated on cheap and easily avail-
able FR4 substrate that has relative permittivity 4.4, thick-
ness 0.8 mm, and loss tangent 0.02.
3 | RESULTS
Simulated and measured VSWR plot of antenna without
notch and antenna with triple notch is shown in Figure 3.
The antenna provides a wide impedance bandwidth
(VSWR  2) from 2.58 GHz to 11.62 GHz, with sharp notch
bands at 3.28 GHz–3.82 GHz, 5.12 GHz–5.4 GHz, and
5.7 GHz–6 GHz as per the measurement. The notch frequen-
cies are centered at 3.54 GHz, 5.24 GHz, and 5.85 GHz,
respectively. Good matching is observed between the simu-
lated and measured plots.
The simulated surface current distribution at three notch
centered frequencies are shown in Figure 4. Large current
concentration around slots and resonator pair indicates the
creation of strong notch resonance at respective notch
934 | KUNDU AND JANA

F I G U R E 7 Simulated and measured radiation efficiency plot of ref.

antenna and triple notch antenna [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonli-
nelibrary.com]

frequencies. Also the opposite directional current flow at

inside and outside the slots at notch resonating frequencies
3.54 GHz and 5.85 GHz are observed that results suppres-
sion of radiation at those notch frequencies. Poor current
concentration at radiating element and strong current concen-
tration around SRR pair at 5.24 GHz indicates zero contribu-
tion of slots and strong contribution of circular SRR to create
the respective 5.12 GHz–5.4 GHz notch band.
Measured E-plane (yz-plane) and H-plane (xz-plane) co-
pole normalized radiation patterns at four different frequen-
cies 3.9 GHz, 5 GHz, 7 GHz, and 10 GHz are plotted in
Figure 5. Nearly omnidirectional patterns in H plane and
monopole-like E plane patterns are observed that make
F I G U R E 5 Co-pole normalized antenna patterns at 3.9, 5, 7, and
antenna suitable for GPR applications.
10 GHz [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

F I G U R E 8 Measured group delay and S21 magnitude response plot

FIGURE 6 Simulated and measured gain plot of ref. antenna and tri- of triple notch antenna [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.
ple notch antenna [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] com]
KUNDU AND JANA
F I G U R E 9 Phase response of S21 plot [Color figure can be viewed at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Simulated and measured gain of reference antenna (with-
out slots and SRR) and proposed triple notch antenna are
plotted in Figure 6. Gain variation of 2dBi–5dBi at pass
band and significant drop at triple notch bands are observed.
Antenna radiation efficiency was measured following the
Wheeler’s cap method.14 Simulated and measured efficiency
of reference and triple notched antenna are plotted in Figure
7. High measured efficiency of more than 88% was achieved
at pass frequency band and major reduction was observed at
frequency stop bands.
Measured group delay and magnitude response of S21 are
shown in Figure 8. Non-varying responses at pass band and
high variation at frequency notch bands are observed.
Antenna transfer function (S21) was measured by keeping
two antenna prototypes face to face along 1z direction at a
distance of 30 cm and connecting both the antenna to the
FIGURE 10 VSWR comparison plot for ground coupling GPR test
[Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
| 935
F I G U R E 1 1 Radiation Efficiency comparison plot for ground cou-
pling GPR test [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
R&S ZVL 13 VNA. As plotted in Figure 9, linear S21 phase
response over pass band indicates low dispersion. Nonlinear
phase responses are observed at triple notch bands.
A test bed of dimension 6 inch 3 6 inch 3 1 inch with
very thin (0.2 mm) aluminum sheet at bottom end was pre-
pared for ground coupling GPR test. VSWR and radiation
efficiency were measured by keeping the antenna in touch
condition to the upper layer of sand, wood and glass that
were kept in the test bed. As shown in Figure 10, the VSWR
plots indicates that the pass band and triple frequency notch
bands remain almost same in the ground coupling GPR test
condition for varying surfaces. WIMAX band rejection was
not achieved for wood. Average radiation efficiency of more
than 88% for sand, 76% for glass and 65% for wood were
achieved at pass frequency band as plotted in Figure 11.
High reduction in efficiency was observed at notch bands.
4 | CONCLUSION
A compact leaf shaped co-planar waveguide fed UWB
antenna with triple notch bands using two symmetric rectan-
gular ring shaped slots and a circular SRR pair is proposed.
The antenna provides wide impedance bandwidth from 2.58
GHz–11.62 GHz, covering the unlicensed UWB spectrum of
3.1 GHz–10.6 GHz with triple notches at 3.28 GHz–3.82
GHz, 5.12 GHz–5.4 GHz, and 5.7 GHz–6 GHz to eliminate
the chances of interference from co-existing WiMAX, IEEE
802.11y, WLAN, and DSRC bands. Flat gain variation, low
dispersion, high efficiency and nearly omnidirectional pat-
terns make the proposed antenna a possible candidate for
GPR applications. Ground coupling GPR test of the pro-
posed antenna in close proximity of sand, wood and glass
provides almost same performance which indicate its ability
to work as GPR antenna.
936 | GRANJA ET AL.

O R CI D Received: 25 August 2017

DOI: 10.1002/mop.31068
Surajit Kundu http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3575-717X

R EF ERE NC ES Compact high-speed envelope

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How to cite this article: Kundu S, Jana SK. Leaf-
shaped CPW-fed UWB antenna with triple notch bands
for ground penetrating radar applications. Microw Opt
Technol Lett. 2018;60:930–936. https://doi.org/10.
1002/mop.31075
detector architecture for ultra-
wideband communications
Angel Blanco Granja1,2 |
Bruno Cimoli2 | Sebasti

an Rodríguez2 |
Rolf Jakoby1 | Jesper Bevensee Jensen2 |
Andreas Penirschke3 |
Idelfonso Tafur Monroy4 |
Tom Keinicke Johansen2
1
Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Hesse 64289, Germany
2
Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen,
Denmark
3
Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Friedberg, Hessen 61169, Germany
4
Institute for Photonics Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology,
5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Correspondence
Angel Blanco Granja, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Institut f€
ur
Mikrowellentechnik und Photonik, Merckstraße 25, S306425 Darmstadt,
Germany.
Email: blanco-granja@imp.tu-darmstadt.de
Funding information
H2020 ITN CELTA, Grant/Award Number: 675683 of Call: H2020-
MSCA-ITN-2015; H2020 ITN FiWiN5G, Grant/Award Number: 642355
Abstract
This article describes a Schottky diode based envelope
detector architecture able to demodulate single-ended sig-
nals adopting a single balanced configuration without the
use of an external balun. The proposed architecture com-
bines the functionality of a balun and, simultaneously, the
rectification of the input signal. The dual functionality of
the Schottky diodes applied, leads to a compact configura-
tion that, according to the authors’ knowledge, has not
been shown before. The manufactured prototype is able to
demodulate error free a 2.5 Gbps amplitude shift keying
signal at 8 GHz carrier frequency, achieving a bitrate to
frequency carrier ratio (Db) of 31.25%.
KEYWORDS
amplitude modulation, envelope detector, microwave detector, Schottky
diode, ultra-wideband