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Chemical Formulae, Equations,

Calculations
Question paper 1
Level
Subject Chemistry
Exam Board Edexcel IGCSE
Module Double Award (Paper 1C)
Topic Principles of Chemistry
Sub-Topic Chemical Formulae, Equations, Calculations
Booklet Question paper 1

Time Allowed: 53 minutes

Score: /44

Percentage: /100

> % % 70% 60% % % % % %

 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
Fo mo e a e ome GCSE and A le el e o ce ii a . a em e am .co. k/

The apparatus in the diagram is used to heat a sample of hydrated copper(II) sulfate
crystals, CuSO4.5H2O
The equation for the reaction that takes place is

CuSO4.5H2O(s) CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l)

hydrated
copper(ll) sulfate

open tube

ice
water

(a) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show where heat is applied.

(b) What is the purpose of the ice?

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(c) Calculate the maximum mass of water that could be collected when a sample of
hydrated copper(II) sulfate of mass 2.50 g is heated.
[Mr of CuSO4.5H2O is 250]

mass of water = ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
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Potassium hydrogencarbonate (KHCO3) decomposes on heating.

Three possible equations for the decomposition are

equation 1 2KHCO3(s) K2O(s) + 2CO2(g) + H2O(g)
equation 2 KHCO3(s) KOH(s) + CO2(g)
equation 3 2KHCO3(s) K2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)
When 8.00 g of potassium hydrogencarbonate is heated until it is fully decomposed,
5.52 g of solid is formed.
(a) Complete the table by calculating the amount, in moles, of each solid.

KHCO3 100 8.00

K 2O 94 5.52

KOH 56 5.52

K2CO3 138 5.52

(b) Use the information in the table to explain which equation, 1, 2 or 3, represents
the decomposition of potassium hydrogencarbonate.

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
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A student used this apparatus to make and collect a sample of hydrogen gas.

hydrogen

dilute
sulfuric
acid

water

zinc

(a) The reaction in the flask can be shown by this word equation.

metal + acid ! salt + hydrogen

(i) The name of the salt formed in the student’s experiment is

zinc sulfate
zinc sulfide
zinc sulfite
zinc sulfur

(ii) The student could have used other metals in this experiment.
Place crosses ( ) in boxes to show the names of two other metals that
could be safely used to make hydrogen.

copper
iron
magnesium
potassium
silver
 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
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(b) Describe a test to show that the gas collected is hydrogen.

. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) Water is formed when hydrogen combines with oxygen.

Balance the equation for this reaction.

..................... H2 + . . . . . . ............... O2 ! ..................... H 2O

(d) Equation 1 represents a reaction using cobalt(II) chloride that can be used to
show a liquid contains water.

Equation 1 CoCl2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(l) ! CoCl2.6H2O(s)

In this reaction there is a colour change from blue to pink.

(i) Which word describes cobalt compounds in equation 1?

anhydrous
aqueous
hydrated
saturated

(ii) When the product in equation 1 is gently heated, another reaction occurs.
Equation 2 represents this reaction.

Equation 2 CoCl2.6H2O(s) ! CoCl2.2H2O(s) + 4H2O(g)

What do equations 1 and 2 suggest about the reactions?

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 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
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The piece of apparatus shown contains 0.010 mol / dm3 hydrochloric acid.

cm3

50

40

30

20

10

(a) (i) Give the name of this piece of apparatus.

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(ii) What volume of hydrochloric acid is in the apparatus?

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(iii) Use your answer in (a)(ii) to calculate the amount, in moles, of hydrochloric acid
in the apparatus.

Amount = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol
 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
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(b) A student poured a solution containing 0.010 mol of hydrochloric acid into a beaker.
He then added 0.0075 mol of zinc powder and collected the hydrogen given off in
a gas syringe.
The equation for the reaction is

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ! ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Is the zinc or the hydrochloric acid in excess? Explain your answer.

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(c) The student repeated the experiment with 0.0075 mol of magnesium powder
with the same total surface area as the zinc.
The equation for the reaction is

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) ! MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

(i) What effect would this change have on the rate at which the hydrogen is
given off?

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(ii) What effect would this change have on the volume of hydrogen produced?

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 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
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A student carries out an investigation into the reaction between magnesium carbonate
and dilute sulfuric acid. He uses this apparatus.

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

gas syringe

magnesium
carbonate dilute sulfuric acid

The student carries out seven experiments. In each experiment he uses the same mass of
magnesium carbonate but a different volume of acid. He measures the total volume
of carbon dioxide collected in each experiment. The table shows his results.

Volume of sulfuric acid used in cm3 0 5 15 20 25 30 35 40

Volume of carbon dioxide collected in cm3 0 16 47 61 64 78 80 80

(a) Plot the results on the grid and draw a curve of best fit.

80

70

60

50

Volume of
carbon dioxide 40
in cm3

30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40
Volume of sulfuric acid in cm3
 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
Fo mo e a e ome GCSE and A le el e o ce ii a . a em e am .co. k/

(b) (i) Which volume of sulfuric acid produces an anomalous result?

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(ii) Explain what the results with 35 cm3 and 40 cm3 of sulfuric acid indicate about
the reaction.

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(iii) Use the graph to find the volume of carbon dioxide that would be collected if
10 cm3 of acid were used.

volume of carbon dioxide = ........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

(iv) Use the graph to find the volume of sulfuric acid that would result in 55 cm3 of
carbon dioxide being collected.

volume of sulfuric acid = ........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3

 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
Fo mo e a e ome GCSE and A le el e o ce ii a . a em e am .co. k/

In 1774, the scientist Joseph Priestley produced oxygen by heating mercury(II) oxide, (HgO).
When heated, mercury(II) oxide breaks down into its elements.
(a) (i) Write a chemical equation for the breakdown of mercury(II) oxide into its elements.

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(ii) What name is given to this type of reaction?

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(b) Priestley’s method of producing oxygen is no longer used because of the high toxicity
of mercury and mercury compounds.
A student prepares oxygen by adding hydrogen peroxide solution to solid
manganese(IV) oxide.
The diagram shows the apparatus used.

hydrogen peroxide
solution
oxygen

water
manganese(IV) oxide

The equation for the reaction is

2H2O2(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

(i) Give the name of the apparatus that contains the hydrogen peroxide solution.

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(ii) Suggest how the first sample of gas collected may be different from the
samples collected later.

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 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
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(c) A catalyst increases the rate of decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide.

Describe a method you could use to show that the manganese(IV) oxide is acting
as a catalyst in this reaction.

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(d) Sulfur burns in oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide (SO2).

Sulfur dioxide is very soluble in water.
(i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction that takes place when sulfur dioxide
dissolves in water.

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(ii) Universal indicator is added to the solution formed in (d)(i).

Explain the effect that the solution has on the universal indicator.

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Chemical Formulae, Equations,

Calculations
Question paper 2
Level
Subject Chemistry
Exam Board Edexcel IGCSE
Module Double Award (Paper 1C)
Topic Principles of Chemistry
Sub-Topic Chemical Formulae, Equations, Calculations
Booklet Question paper 2

Time Allowed: 46 minutes

Score: /38

Percentage: /100

> % % 70% 60% % % % % %

 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
Fo mo e a e ome GCSE and A le el e o ce ii a . a em e am .co. k/

Zinc is added to dilute hydrochloric acid. The equation for the reaction is

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

An experiment is carried out using
0.12 g of powdered zinc
an excess of 0.2 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid
a temperature of 20 C
The volume of hydrogen collected in the experiment is measured at regular time intervals.
Curve B shows the results obtained.

40

A
30 B
Volume of
hydrogen C
20
in cm3

10

0
Time

(a) The experiment is repeated using

0.12 g of powdered zinc
an excess of 0.2 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid
a temperature of 40 C
Explain which curve, A, B or C, shows the results obtained.

. . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. .............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. .............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. .............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. .............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. .............................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
Fo mo e a e ome GCSE and A le el e o ce ii a . a em e am .co. k/

(b) The experiment is repeated again, using

0.06g of powdered zinc
an excess of 0.2 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid
a temperature of 20 C
Explain which curve, A, B or C, shows the results obtained.

. . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................. ............................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
Fo mo e a e ome GCSE and A le el e o ce ii a . a em e am .co. k/

A student uses this apparatus to determine the volume of one mole of carbon dioxide gas.

250 cm3
delivery tube measuring
bung cylinder

water
dilute nitric acid

sodium carbonate

This is the student’s method.

a solid lump of sodium carbonate of mass 0.53 g is placed into the conical flask
an excess of dilute nitric acid is added and the bung is put in place
when all of the sodium carbonate has reacted, the volume of carbon dioxide
collected is measured

The equation for the reaction is

Na2CO3 + 2HNO3 2NaNO3 + H2O + CO2

(a) (i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium carbonate that reacts.
[Mr : Na2CO3 = 106]

amount of sodium carbonate = ...................................................... . . . . . . . . . . mol

(ii) The volume of carbon dioxide collected is 110 cm3.

Use this information and your answer to (a)(i) to calculate the volume, in cm3,
of one mole of carbon dioxide.

volume of one mole of carbon dioxide = ...................................................... . . . . . . . . . . cm3

 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
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(b) The correct value for the volume of one mole of carbon dioxide, under the conditions
used in the experiment, is 24000 cm3.
Suggest two reasons why the volume calculated from the experiment is less than
the correct value.

1 ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................................... ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................................ ........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................................ ........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................................... ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................................................ ........................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
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This apparatus can be used to make and collect carbon dioxide.

This is done by adding dilute hydrochloric acid to calcium carbonate.

dilute
A hydrochloric
acid

water

calcium
carbonate

(a) Give the names of the pieces of apparatus labelled A, B and C.

A. . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................................................................................................... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C . . ......................................................................................................... ................... ........................................................................................................................ . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
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(b) When an excess of carbon dioxide is bubbled through limewater, reaction 1 occurs,
followed by reaction 2.
The equations for these reactions are
reaction 1 Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
reaction 2 CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
Suggest two observations that would be made when excess carbon dioxide is bubbled
through limewater.

1 . . ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................ . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2 . . ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................ . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) Carbon dioxide is used in some fire extinguishers because it does not support combustion.
State another property of carbon dioxide that makes it suitable for use in fire extinguishers.

. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(d) Carbon dioxide is slightly soluble in water. The solution formed has a pH of 5.6
Which is the best description of a solution of carbon dioxide in water?

strongly acidic
strongly alkaline
weakly acidic
weakly alkaline
 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
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Magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. The equation for the reaction is

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

(a) 0.0960 g of magnesium was added to 25.0 cm3 of 0.400 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid.

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of magnesium used.

amount of magnesium = ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

(ii) Calculate the amount, in moles, of HCl in the 25.0 cm3 of hydrochloric acid.

amount of HCl = ....................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

(b) Use your answers from (a) to determine which of the reactants is in excess.
Show your reasoning.

The reactant in excess is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................. ......................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
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Sodium thiosulfate solution and dilute hydrochloric acid react together slowly to
form a precipitate of sulfur. This precipitate eventually makes the mixture go cloudy.
A student uses this method.
• place 20 cm3 of sodium thiosulfate solution and 20 cm3 of water in a conical flask
• add 10 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid to the flask
• place the flask on a piece of paper marked with a black ×
• time how long it takes before the × can no longer be seen

eye

conical flask

sodium thiosulfate solution

paper with ×
marked on it

(a) The equation for the reaction is

Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + S(s) + SO2(g)
Before starting her experiments, the student considers the risk to her of sulfur dioxide
escaping from the flask. She uses this information.
concentration of sodium thiosulfate solution = 0.300 mol/dm3
volume of sodium thiosulfate solution = 20 cm3
volume of water = 20 cm3
volume of hydrochloric acid = 10 cm3

(i) Calculate the mass of sulfur dioxide formed in this experiment.

The hydrochloric acid is in excess.
(3)

mass of sulfur dioxide formed = ................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
Fo mo e a e ome GCSE and A le el e o ce ii a . a em e am .co. k/

(ii) The solubility of sulfur dioxide at room temperature is 100 g/dm3.

Use this additional information to explain whether any sulfur dioxide gas
escapes from the flask.
(2)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(b) At what point in the experiment should the student have started a timer?
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) She repeats the experiment using the same volumes and concentrations of
solutions, but at different temperatures. The graph shows her results.

80 –

60 –

Time
in s 40 –

20 –

0–
–

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Temperature in °C

(i) The result at (14, 42) is anomalous.

Explain one mistake the student may have made to cause this anomalous result.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) Use the graph to find the time taken for the × to be no longer seen at 35 °C.
(1)

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 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
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(d) The student repeats the experiments using nitric acid in place of hydrochloric acid.
She records the times for the × to no longer be seen, then uses the times to
calculate the rate of reaction at each temperature.
The graph shows the results she plots.

0.20 –

Relative rate
in s–1

0.10 –

0–
–

–
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Temperature in °C

(i) Suggest two reasons why the results are least accurate at higher temperatures.
(2)

1 . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2 . . ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................ . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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 Sa e M E ams The Home of Re ision
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(ii) The student wrote this explanation for the shape of the graph.

As the temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases.

This is because there are more frequent collisions between
particles of reactants.
Use the particle collision theory to explain another more important reason for
the increase in reaction rate.
(2)

. . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(e) Another student uses the same reaction to investigate the effect of changing the
concentration of the sodium thiosulfate solution on the rate of reaction.
Give three variables that the student must control in this investigation to obtain
valid results.
(3)

1 . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2 . . ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................ . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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3 . . ......................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................ . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Total for Question = 15 marks)