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Relion. Thinking beyond the box.

Designed to seamlessly consolidate functions, Relion relays are
smarter, more flexible and more adaptable. Easy to integrate and
with an extensive function library, the Relion family of protection
and control delivers advanced functionality and improved
performance.

© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 l Slide 1
ABB Protective Relay School Webinar Series
Disclaimer
ABB is pleased to provide you with technical information regarding protective
relays. The material included is not intended to be a complete presentation of
all potential problems and solutions related to this topic. The content is
generic and may not be applicable for circumstances or equipment at any
specific facility. By participating in ABB's web-based Protective Relay School,
you agree that ABB is providing this information to you on an informational
basis only and makes no warranties, representations or guarantees as to the
efficacy or commercial utility of the information for any specific application or
purpose, and ABB is not responsible for any action taken in reliance on the
information contained herein. ABB consultants and service representatives
are available to study specific operations and make recommendations on
improving safety, efficiency and profitability. Contact an ABB sales
representative for further information.

© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 l Slide 2
 ABB Protective Relay School Webinar Series

Digital Input sources for protective relays

Bharadwaj Vasudevan
October 15, 2015
© ABB Group
Presenter
Bharadwaj graduated from North Carolina State University with a Master
of Science degree in Electrical Engineering. During his school days, he
worked as a Research Assistant in the FREEDM Systems Center,
designing and maintaining the labs’ automation infrastructure.

He began his career with Areva T&D Ltd in New Delhi, India as a Power
Systems Engineer. He has worked on various EHV substation design
projects throughout India.
Bharadwaj Bharadwaj started at ABB as a consulting engineer for the Power systems
Vasudevan group. With a strong background in real time power system modelling, he
got to work on developing transient system models for a couple of
transmission planning projects under the group.

He is currently working as an application engineer with the Power

Systems Automation group for North America market. He supports all
transmission level Relion relay products from Raleigh, NC. He is a
member of the IEEE power system relay committee and contributes to
various working groups in the relay communications subcommittees.

© ABB
© ABB Group
October 15, | Slide
2015 4
Group
Learning objectives

 What's new in the Sensor Technology ?

 Rogowski Coils, FOCS, MOVT
 Enabling Digital Substation
 Time Synchronization: Why it matters?
 Application Possibilities

© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 | Slide 5
 New Sensor Technology
Non Traditional Instrument Transformers

© ABB Group
New sensor technology

 Traditional instrument transformers were required to

meet the high power output requirements for
electromechanical protection and control apparatus
 Today’s modern digital IEDs and process bus
communications do not require high power sensors
 New sensor technologies are based on “old” proven
concepts applied in new ways
 New sensor technology offers:
 Reduced wiring costs
 Reduced weight
 Designed integration with primary system apparatus
 Immunity to electromagnetic interference
 Greatly improved accuracy

© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 l Slide 7
Evolution of Current and Voltage Transformers
From conventional CTs and VTs to NCITs

© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 l Slide 8
 Sensor Technology
A brief history

Physical principle Faraday Effect

Sensing Medium Optic Fiber Glass Block

Detection Method Diff Phase Shift of left and

right circular light waves
Polarization rotation of linearly
polarized light
Polarization rotation of linearly
polarized light

Reflective Sagnac Sagnac Reflective Oneway Sagnac Reflective Oneway

Fiber Gyro Quadrature Quadrature Passive eg 3X3 Passive Passive Passive Passive Passive Passive
Fiber gyro
technology w. retarder with rotator Sagnac Polarimetric Polarimetric Polarimetric Polarimetric Polarimetric Polarimetric

© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 l Slide 9
 Rogowski Coils

© ABB Group
Rogowski coils

Primary conductor

i(t) i(t)

M
Winding

Single Arm Return wire loop Series Two

v(t) v(t)
Design Arm Design

di (t ) Data Process Bus

v(t )   M Converter
IED
dt

© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 l Slide 11
GIS sensors: Rogowski Coils

Voltage and current sensor for GIS

 Single phase primary converter containing two independent sets of voltage
sensors and Rogowski coils
 Two redundant secondary converters mounted directly on the primary
converter, containing signal acquisition, signal processing and digital
transmission circuits
 Due to low inductance, coil can respond to fast-changing currents.
 No iron core to saturate, it is highly linear even when subjected to
large currents
 No danger of opening the secondary winding. Rogowski coil for a
higher current is smaller than an equivalent rating conventional
current transformer.
 CP3 Merging unit to merge and time correlate the data from 3 to 9 sensor
units. Output interface on Ethernet link, according to IEC61850-9-1 / 9-2.
(Separate devices for metering and control & protection applications)

© ABB
| Slide 12
GIS sensors

• Fully redundant, combined current and

voltage sensor with Rogowski coils for
current and capacitive dividers for
voltage
• Redundant secondary converter (sensor
electronics) can be replaced during
peration, no calibration necessary
• Configurable current ratings enable
future adaptation of CT ratios without
the need to replace CT cores or to open
gas compartments
• Covers metering, protection and control
accuracy in a single device)

© ABB
| Slide 13
Rogowski coils

 Advantages
 High measurement accuracy, from less than 1% to 3%
 Wide measurement range, up to 100s of kA
 Wide frequency range, typically 0.1 Hz to 1.0 MHz
 Can withstand unlimited short circuit current
 Can be physically small or large for application flexibility
 Applicable at all voltage levels

© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 l Slide 14
 FOCS
Fiber Optic Current Sensor

© ABB Group
Fiber-optic current sensor
Faraday Effect

© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 l Slide 16
Fiber-optic current sensor measuring principle

© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 l Slide 17
What is FOCS?
 Fiber Optic Current Sensor is a high-voltage digital NCIT for
measurement of AC and DC currents
 Utilizes measurement of phase delay between two polarizations of
a lightwave
 Sensor head contains only passive fiber-optic elements, is small,
flexible and easy adaptable to different applications
 Optoelectronic data-processing unit has only two interfaces:
o optical Ethernet outputs for measured current signals
(IEC61850-9-2LE)
o Optical 1PPS input for synchronization signal
 One sensor head can cover broad current range (till hundreds of
kA) and is applicable for protection as well as for metering
applications
 Broad frequency bandwidth from 0Hz till 13th or 41st harmonic

© ABB Group
 FOCS
Operating Principle of Optical Current Sensor
 Faraday Effect: Left and right circular light waves travel at
different speed through optical material if magnetic field is present
 Primary current produces magnetic field which induces a phase
shift FR of circularly polarized light
 Optical phase shift is proportional to any instantaneous value of
primary current orthogonal linear retarder left and right circular
Michael Faraday light waves light waves
ca. 1842

source birefringence
modulator

photo
diode
current
reflecting conductor
signal fiber end
processor
André-Marie Ampère
R
𝑩 ∙ 𝑑𝒍 = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 fiber coil
𝐶
out
© ABB Group
Current-induced phase shift: R = 4 V N I
 FOCS
Presently existing FOCS technologies in ABB
FOCS G1 Closed-loop circuit with optical modulator to
y
x measure magneto-optic phase shift
Fiber gyro module

Source
Uses complex fiber gyro
Modulator
Fiber
coil
Current Target application: industrial DC measurements up
Detector
Signal
processor
to 600 kA maximal DC current


FOCS G2 y High-end FOCS for AC&DC, max.750 kA pick

x
Source Detectors Modulators current, accuracy 0.2%
Fiber
Closed-loop detection circuit with integrated-
Current
coil
optic phase modulators, gyro replaced with
ABB-owned solution
Signal
processor Simplified optical circuit and use of optics from
 telecom industry (1310 nm) resulting in
substantial cost reduction
IEC61850-9-2 interface
© ABB Group
3-phase electronics
 FOCS
Motivation for use in power area
 Enabling smart grids and digital substations: Digital interface,
Conventional current designed for IEC 61850-9-2LE communication for integration into digital
measurement (at 420 kV) substation automation systems.
 “Plug & Play” solution: Fully redundant system with “hot
swappable” opto-electronics.
 Accurate: Meets key modern performance requirements for accuracy,
in a wide temperature range. The design is inherently free of magnetic
saturation, therefore suitable for capturing fast transient currents, short
circuit currents, and alternating current (AC) with DC-offset.

 Reliable: Simple and robust design with self-diagnosis and alarm

functions; different levels of redundancy possible
 Reduced substation footprint: The compact design requires less
Fiber-optic current sensor kit
space compared to traditional instrument transformers.
 Eco-efficient: Using no oil or SF6 gas FOCS is an eco-efficient
solution.

© ABB Group
 FOCS
Motivation for use in power area
Conventional current
measurement (at 420 kV)
Fiber-optic current sensor kit
© ABB Group
 Safe: As providing a low voltage digital output and filled with nitrogen gas
at ambient pressure, FOCS has zero risk of electrocution and explosion.
 Compatible: Suitable for conventional Air Insulated Substation layouts.
The adopted IEC61850-9-2LE protocol allows interoperability with other
vendors’ equipment.
 Simplified engineering: Rated voltage and rated current are the only
parameters that need to be specified. As a result, projects have simplified
system engineering and are delivered faster. Additionally, the impact of
late changes in specifications is negligible.
 Easy to install: FOCS is light-weight, compact and flexible with
reduced installation costs. Deployment of fiber cables in the substation
does not require splicing with dedicated fiber-optic equipment. The
outdoor placement of the opto-electronics modules near the insulators
reduces the length of sensor fiber cables to a minimum.
Redundancy architecture of FOCS-kit

Optoelectronics Opto-electronic Opto-electronic

module 1 module 2

Fiber connectors

Fiber cables

Sensor heads
(each sensor head
contains two fiber coils)

© ABB Group Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

 ABB’s FOCS
AC FOCS G2 3-Phase Configuration

3x3 Photo 1x2 Fiber Birefringent phase PM fiber 1310 nm fiber

coupler diodes couplers polarizers modulators connector retarder

Source
Current
conductor

1310 nm
sensing fiber

Signal
FOCS sensor heads
processing

IEC61850-9-2 Web interface or ftp (configuration, diagnostics data)

Analog outputs Optical Current

Optoelectronic data-processing unit also for HVDC
ABB Powerlink,

PEC80
Transformer
PEC80 only for
extended interface

© ABB Group
Dedicated Merging Unit
options (Industrial DC)
How is the magneto-optic phase shift measured?
Nonreciprocal phase modulation orthogonal linear
y light waves
x

Optical phase modulator

Polarizer
Light
source Magneto-optic phase shift  ~ current
Photo Reflector
diode Current
Signal
processor conductor

out
Sensing
Open-loop detection
 fiber coil
Signal S

No current S Current S S


~sin 

p 0 p  p 0 p 
Phase difference t Phase difference t
mod mod

Phase Phase
modulation modulation
wm
© ABB Group
t Confidential, only for internal ABB use! t
How is the magneto-optic phase shift measured?
Nonreciprocal phase modulation orthogonal linear
y light waves
x

Optical phase modulator

Polarizer
Light
source Magneto-optic phase shift  ~ current
Photo Reflector
diode Current
Signal
processor conductor

out
Sensing
Closed-loop detection
 fiber coil
Signal S

No current S Current S S

p 0 p  p 0 p 
Phase difference t Phase difference t
mod m

Modulation with
Phase phase ramp
modulation Slope ~ 
wm
© ABB Group
t Confidential, only for internal ABB use! t
 AC FOCS G2 3-Phase kit
Basic system architecture
 A FOCS system consists of two main parts:
 Primary Converter (Optical Current Transformer/Sensor Head: PM-connectors,
FO-cable, Sensing Coil Housing, EEPROM-based calibration data memory)
 Secondary Converter (Merging Unit, consisting of two mutually connected subsystems: Opto-Electronics
and Electronics)
Secondary Converter – PF D300 A

Optoelectronic Part Primary Converter

Fiber connector
Polarizer Modulator
Memory
Electrical connector Busbar
Diode
Depolar Splitter Fiber connector
SLD Polarizer Modulator
izer Memory Sensor
Electrical connector Busbar
Diode Coils

Fiber connector
Polarizer Modulator
Memory
Electrical connector Busbar
Diode

Electronic Part

Power D/A
D/A
A/D A/D
A/D
D/A
Clocks FPGA
Supply

RAM Flash
CPU

© ABB Group
External Interfaces
 Merging Unit of AC FOCS G2 3-Phase kit
Reliability remarks

 Optoelectronic subsystem
 Limited number of active components (SLED, photodiode, modulator, Peltier cooler)
 MTBF of active components estimated using HALT-methods to more than 80 years
 Passive components have much longer MTBF

 Electronic subsystem
 Based on ABB’s proprietary Industrial Computer System (used also for other MV and HV products for
more than 10 years)
 Multiple control functions implemented at Firmware/Software level
o Minor and major alarm levels
o Appropriate setting of validity bits in IEC 61850-9-2 telegram

© ABB Group
 Parameters monitored in FOCS

Alarm Description
24 Volt Power Supply Failure (Input 1) Failure of power from input source 1
24 Volt Power Supply Failure (Input 2) Failure of power from input source 2
Coil ID Access Error Count Detects failures of coil ID read operations
Board temperature Detects temperatures on mainboard
SLD temperature Detects out-of-range temperatures on SLD
SLD current Detects out-of-range SLD current
Detects loss of SLD power (drop in power below
SLD defective
defined threshold)
Detects out-of-range temperatures for all three
Modulator temperature
modulators
Monitors up to 4 external temperature measurements
PT 100 temperature (1-4)
to allow for additional alarms
Broken Fiber Detects breaking damage of optical sensor fiber
PPS synchronization Monitor synchronization status to external PPS clock
Issues alarm if the current exceeds the calibrated
Current out of range
range
Loop gain Detects problems with the modulation feedback loop
Pi voltage Detects problems with the modulation feedback loop
© ABB Group
FOCS Telegram Architecture
IEC 61850-9-2LE Implementation guidelines
Content of an SV Ethernet frame Content of a Data Set

Content of an Application Protocol Data Unit

© ABB Group

ASDU: Application Service Data Units

Sensor reliability (1/4)
Typical reliability related questions/mitigation measures
Light source
 Effective protective circuit (ESD)
 Low optical output level Disruption optical path
 Operate at constant room temperature • Fiber broken
 Extensive accelerated tests • Fiber connector disconnected

Opto-electronics module  Robust design

Optical phase  Effective detection of breakage
Polarizer modulator
Light
source
Photo
diode
Signal conductor
processor

out
EMC immunity Mechanical shock
 Opto-electronic mounted in a metallic & vibration
cubicle
© ABB Group  Reflective sensor design
 Carefully chosen grounding design
Fiber-optic current sensor : Applications

Conventional current
measurement

Circuit breakers

© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 l Slide 32
Fiber-optic current sensor : Applications

Conventional current
measurement

Circuit breakers

© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 l Slide 33
Electro-Optic Voltage Transducer
Pockels effect
eo
Electro-optic crystal
Bi4 Ge3 O12 (BGO)
Orthogonal linearly
polarized light waves x’
Phase shift proportional
to applied voltage
eo = c ⌡E.ds
y’

 Electric field introduces refractive index difference for orthogonal light waves
 Results in different speeds of light and differential phase shift
© ABB Group
Electro-Optic Voltage Transducer measuring principle

© ABB Group
Electro-Optic Voltage Transducer measuring principle
Electro-Optical VTs using Pockel’s Effect
 Electronics support optical signal high speed data capture well
within IEC 61000-4-7
• Electric Field causes phases shift of components of orthogonally
polarized light waves-rotates every 30kV
• Can detect front of wave on switching impulse
• Switching phenomenon occurs at remote end of a HV line when
fast reclosing on the other end on a trapped charge

Blue line = Ratio error Transient Output

Note: Amplitude Error Normalized to 100Hz reflecting high voltage
0.3Pink line = Phase error 8
prism electrode
0.2
6
Percent Error (%)

0.1
Phase Error (degrees)

0
4 BGO crystal
-0.1
-0.2
2
-0.3
-0.4 polarizer ground electrode
0
-0.5 quarter-wave
-0.6 Frequency (Hz) -2 retarder
10 100 1000 10000 100000
2 Optical Signals
© ABB Group collimator
 Digital Substations
From Conventional to Digital

© ABB Group
New sensor technology enables the digital substation

 Types of new sensor  Supporting the digital substation

technologies architecture
 Rogowski coils for current Remote control

measurement
 Fiber-optic current sensors IEC 61850 station
bus
 Provides digital signals to
relays using IEC 61850-9-2LE

IEC 61850 process

bus

© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 l Slide 39
Evolution of Substation Automation
From Wire to Optical communication

© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 l Slide 40
Digital Substation and IEC61850
Today IEC 61850 Station Bus
Replace wiring and legacy
protocols between bays
IEC 61850-8-
by digital communication
1
670 series REB500 650 series

Interface to field
Hardwired point to point
connections between
primary and all secondary
equipment
Digital Substation and IEC61850
Tomorrow

IEC 61850-8-
1
670 series REB500 650 series

IEC 61850-8-1
IEC 61850-9-2
Digital substation
1) All signals digital, station and process
2) Analog, status and commands
3) Acquire once, distribute on a bus

FOCS
SAM600

FOCS ABB FOCS NCIT sensor

SAM600 SAM600 – Standalone merging unit
Introduction to process bus
Station- and process bus: physical allocation

Station bus
 Serial connection between station
level devices…
Station bus IEC 61850
 eg, station computer, gateway
 … and bay level IEDs
 eg, protection and control IEDs

Process bus
Serial connection between bay level
Process bus IEC 61850
IEDs and process interfaces of at the
primary apparatus
Disconnectors, earthing switches,
I/O MU I/O MU circuit breaker, …
Power transformers, current and
NCIT
voltage transformers, …
© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 | Slide 43
NCIT: non-conventional instrument transformer
Introduction to process bus
IEC 61850 services on station bus
Station bus
 Data is transferred mainly according
IEC 61850-8-1:
Station bus IEC 61850
 Control service
 Commands
 Report service
 Indications to IEC 61850 clients
 GOOSE service
 Indication and information
Process bus IEC 61850
exchange between bay level
IEDs
 File transfer service
BIED MU BIED MU  Transmission of disturbance
records
NCIT

© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 | Slide 44
Introduction to process bus
IEC 61850 services on process bus

Process bus
 Data transfer according
IEC61850-8-1 for:
Station bus IEC 61850
 GOOSE service
 Binary states like switch
positions
 Trips
 Commands

Process bus IEC 61850

 Data transfer according
IEC61850-9-2 for:

MU  Sampled value service

I/O MU I/O

NCIT  Sampled current- and voltage

measurements
© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 | Slide 45
Introduction to process bus
IEC 61850-9-2 process bus for sampled analog values

 IEC 61850-9-2 describes the

transmission of sampled analogue
values over Ethernet

Bay level  Sampled analog values are transferred

as multicast messages and can be
received by all IEDs on the same
network
IEC 61850-9-2  The receiving IEDs decide whether to
process bus
process the data or not
 The transmission time of the messages
Process level MU MU on the network is not deterministic
NCIT NCIT  A time reference is required to align
samples from different sources

© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 | Slide 46
Introduction to process bus
IEC 61850 on station and process level

 The station bus connects IEDs and

Station level
substation automation system
 It transmits information between the
IEC 61850
station bus station level and the bay level as
well as between IEDs (GOOSE)

Bay level  The process bus connects the

process to the bay level

 Binary data as GOOSE messages

between merging units and IEDs
IEC 61850-9-2
process bus
 Sampled analog values are
transferred via Ethernet according
IEC 61850-9-2
MU MU
Process level
MU
NCIT
 Implemented according to UCAIug
implementation guideline
MU = merging unit
“IEC 61850-9-2LE”
© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 | Slide 47 NCIT = non-conventional instrument transformer
Introduction to process bus
What is a merging unit
IEC 61850-9-2
Communication interface according to
Sync IEC 61850-9-2
Merging Unit
Merging and timely correlation current
and voltage values from the three
phases

Sampling or re-sampling of current

and voltage values

Technology specific interface between

NCIT/CIT and MU
NCIT NCIT NCIT
Time synchronization
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Synchronize IEDs or other MUs
when acting as time master, if
required
Receive time synchronization when
acting as time slave, if required
© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 | Slide 48
Definitions
SAMU, MU, BIED and IED

BIED
XCBR

Func (IO)
Pos/Alarm

Com

IEC 61850-8-1
IO
Open/Close

SAMU IED
I TVTR PTOC

Processing
TCTR PDIS
Filter

Func
ADC

Com

Com
Com

Pre
U
PTRC

IEC 61850-9-2
© ABB
October 15, 2015 | Slide 49
Standardization and interoperability
Allocation of logical nodes
Station Bus

Protection Protection
PDIS
PDIS IED PDIS
PDIS IED
PTOC PDIS PTOC PDIS

PTRC PTRC

with Process Bus

TVTR TCTR XCBR

Merging
Unit IED
TVTR TCTR XCBR Breaker
hardwired IED

© ABB Group
2 August 2012 | Slide 53
 Time Synchronization
Why it matters?

© ABB Group
Time synchronization
Synchronization of sampling

Analog value
 The time synchronization is used
current/ voltage to synchronize the sampling of
analogue values
Time  It enables synchronous sampling
by different physical devices
 Reference to absolute time is not
required
0s 1s
 Synchronization on process level
can be separate from station level
Sampled value  The need to synchronize depends
current/ voltage on the application
… Sample No

 IEC 61850-9-2 LE specifies for

synchronization:
0 0  One pulse per second through
a separate optical fiber
 Time source accuracy: 1μs
1PPS 1PPS  System accuracy: 4μs
© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 | Slide 56
Time synchronization
Synchronization error

I Synchronization error
 Maximum error of 4μs results
in:
 Angle error:
t 0.07° (= 4.3`)
 Max. amplitude error:
0.125%
(eg, 125A at 100kApeak)

 Errors of CT/VT with accuracy

4μs class 0.2:

0.125%  CT:
10 to 30` (0.17 to 0.5°)
 VT:
10`(0.17°)
© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 | Slide 57
Time synchronization
Example without synchronization
SV stream U line

Sample No
0 U diff
Action:
Result:
Comparison of
SV stream U bus Voltage/phase Sample No
samples with
difference
same sample No
Sample No
0

IEC 61850-9-2

SV stream U line SV stream U bus

Sample No Sample No

0 0

NCIT
MU MU

U line U bus

Time Time
© ABB Group
NCIT
October 15, 2015 | Slide 58
Time synchronization
Example with synchronization
SV stream U line

Sample No
0 U diff
Action:
Result:
Comparison of
SV stream U bus No voltage/phase Sample No
samples with
difference
same sample No
Sample No

0
IEC 61850-9-2

SV stream U line SV stream U bus

Sample No Sample No

0 0

NCIT
MU MU
1PPS
U line U bus

Time Time
© ABB Group
NCIT
October 15, 2015 | Slide 59
Dissecting IEC 61850-9-2LE

IEDs configuration for SV

- svID
- Destination (multicast)
- Source (some)

Validity Detail
Good Bad Reference
V Q Invalid Failure
Substituted
Test
4I Derived

4U

IED application RE.670

- Quality (good) - Application (!) blocked if one
- smpSync of values in subscribed
- smpCnt stream is invalid

© ABB
October 15, 2015 | Slide 60
Protocol characteristics

8-1 GOOSE 9-2 SV

Characteristics Event driven Streaming

Information Binary, Enum Analog

transmitted
Update rate On data change Continous
Repetitive Sampling rate
Update intervals 1ms ... 1s 200-250us

© ABB
October 15, 2015 | Slide 61
The digital substation enabler
Efficient upgrade for conventional substations

SAM600 modules in
outdoor cubicle

IEC 61850-9-2LE

Relion Series IEDs and

REB500 with process
and station bus

Application example with SAM600 modules

mounted in outdoor marshalling kiosk.

© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 | Slide 63
The digital substation enabler
Integration with modern sensors

IEC 61850-9-2LE

Relion Series IEDs and

DCB with SAM600 modules in REB500 with process
integrated FOCS outdoor cubicle and station bus

SAM600 can integrate currents from ABBs

FOCS optical CT and combine it with
conventional voltage measurements.
© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 | Slide 64
 Thank you for your participation
Shortly, you will receive a link to an archive of this presentation.
To view a schedule of remaining webinars in this series, or for more
information on ABB’s protection and control solutions, visit:
www.abb.com/relion

© ABB Group
October 15, 2015 l Slide 65
© ABB Group