Lista Principalelor Verbe Neregulate in Engleza

Lista principalelor verbe neregulate in engleza
Sunt verbe care nu formeaza trecutul simplu prin adaugarea lui "ed" la sfarsitul formei de infinitiv.
Infinitiv Traducere Trecut Participiu trecut
-forma 1- verb -forma 2- -forma 3-
to abide a astepta, a sta, a locui abode abode
to arise a se ridica arose arisen
to awake a se trezi awoke awoken
awaked awaked
to be a fi was, were been
to bear a se naste bore born
to beat a bate beat beaten
to become a deveni became become
to begin a incepe began begun
to behold a zari, a vedea beheld beheld
to bend a indoi, a curba bent bent
to beseech a implora besought Besought
to bet a paria bet Bet
to bid a oferi, a licita bade Bidden
to bind a lega bound Bound
to bite a musca bit bitten
to bleed a singera bled bled
to bless a binecuvinta blest blest
to blow a sulfa blew blown
to break a sparge broke broken
to breed a creste bred bred
to bring a aduce brought brought
to broadcast a transmite prin radio broadcast broadcast
to burn a arde burnt (burned) burnt (burned)
to burst a izbucni burst burst
to buy a cumpara bought bought
to can a putea could been able to
to cast a arunca cast cast
to catch a prinde caught caught
to choose a alege chose chosen
to cleave a despica cleft cleft
to cling a se lipi clung clung
to come a veni came come
to cost a costa cost cost
to creep a se tara crept crept
to cut a taia cut cut
to deal a se ocupa, a trata afaceri dealt dealt
to dig a sapa dug Dug
to do a face did done
to draw a desena drew drawn
to dream a visa dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed)
to drink a bea drank drunk
to drive a conduce masina drove driven
to dwell a locui, a ramane, a insista dwelt dwelt
to eat a manca ate eaten
to fall a cadea fell fallen
to feed a hrani fed fed
to feel a simti felt felt
to fight a lupta fought fought
to find a gasi found found
to fly a zbura flew flown
to forbid a interzice forbade forbidden
to forecast a prevedea forecast forecast
to foresee a prevedea foresaw foreseen
to foretell a prezice foretold foretold
to forget a uita forgot forgotten
to forgive a ierta forgave forgiven
to forgo a renunta la, a da uitarii forwent forgone
forsake a parasi forsook forsaken
to freeze a igheta froze frozen
to get a primi got got
to give a da gave given
to go a merge went gone
to grind a macina ground ground
to grow a creste grew grown
to hang a spanzura hung (hanged) hung (hanged)
to have a avea had had
to hear a auzi heard heard
to hide a ascunde hid hidden
to hit a lovi hit hit
to hold a tine held held
to hurt a rani hurt hurt
to keep a pastra kept kept
to kneel a igenunchia knelt knelt
to knit a tricota knit knit
to know a sti, a cunoaste knew known
to lay a aseza laid laid
to lead a conduce led led
to lean a se sprijini de leant leant
to learn a ivata learnt (learned) learnt (learned)
to leave a parasi left left
to lend a împrumuta (cuiva) lent lent
to let a permite let let
to lie a fi culcat lay lain
to light a aprinde lit lit
to lose a pierde lost lost
to make a face made made
to mean a isemna meant meant
to meet a intalni met met
to misgive a inspira neicredere misgave misgiven
to mislead a induce in eroare misled misled
to mistake a intelege gresit mistook mistaken
to outdo a intrece outdid outdone
to overcome a invinge overcame overcome
to overdo a face exces overdid overdone
to pay a plati paid paid
to put a pune put put
to read a citi read read
to rend a sfasia, a rupe rent rent
to ride a calari rode ridden
to ring a suna rang rung
to rise a se ridica rose risen
to run a alerga ran run
to say a spune said said
to see a vedea saw seen
to seek a cauta sought sought
to sell a vinde sold sold
to send a trimite sent sent
to set a regla, a fixa set set
to sew a coase sewed sewn (sewed)
to shake a scutura, a clatina shook shaken
to shave a se barbieri shaved shaven
to shed a varsa (lacrimi) shed shed
to shine a straluci shone shone
to shoe a icalta, a potcovi shod shod
to shoot a împusca shot shot
to show a arata showed shown
to shrink a se strange shrank shrunk
to shut a inchide shut shut
to sing a canta sang sung
to sink a se scufunda sank sunk
to sit a sta (pe ceva) sat sat
to slay a ucide slew slain
to sleep a dormi slept slept
to slide a aluneca slid slid
to sling a azvarli slung slung
to slit a despica slit slit
to smell a mirosi smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled)
to smite a lovi smote smitten
to sow a semana sowed sown
to speak a vorbi spoke spoken
to speed a accelera sped sped
to spell a pronunta litera cu litera spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled)
to spend a cheltui spent spent
to spill a varsa spilt spilt
to spin a toarce, a se roti spun spun
to spit a scuipa spat spat
to split a despica split split
to spoil a strica spoilt spoilt
to spread a intinde spread spread
to spring a sari, a tasni sprang sprung
to stand a sta in picioare stood stood
to steal a fura stole stolen
to stick a infige, a se lipi stuck stuck
to sting a itepa stung stung
to stink a mirosi urat stank stunk
to strike a lovi struck struck
to string a insira, a incorda strung strung
to strive a se stradui strove striven
to swear a jura swore sworn
to sweep a matura swept swept
to swim a inota swam swum
to swing a se legana swung swung
to take a lua took taken
to teach a invata, a preda taught taught
to tear a rupe, a sfasia tore torn
to tell a spune told told
to think a gandi, a crede thought thought
to throw a arunca threw thrown
to thrust a îmbranci thrust thrust
to tread a calca trod trodden
to underlie a sustine underlay underlain
to understand a intelge understood understood
to upset a supara upset upset
to wake a se trezi woke woken
to wear a purta wore worn
to weave a tese wove woven
to wet a uda wet wet
to win a castiga won won
to wind a se rasuci wound wound
to wring a frange, wrung wrung
a smulge
to write a scrie wrote written
Concordanta timpurilor in limba engleza

Este acordul obligatoriu al timpului verbului din subordonata cu timpul verbului din regenta sa. In limba
engleza timpul verbului din subordonata trebuie sa se subordoneze timpului verbului din regenta. Cu alte
cuvinte timpurile verbelor din regente dicteaza folosirea anumitor timpuri in subordonatele lor.
Exista in acest sens trei reguli de cunoscut si aplicat.
Regula I: Daca in regenta verbul este la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense in
subordonata se poate folosi orice timp.
REGENTA SUBORDONATA
Verbul este la prezent Verbul poate fi la orice timp (cerut de sens)
(Present Tense Simple, Present Tense
Continuous, Present Perfect Simple,
Present Perfect Continuous )
We all know that = Noi toti stim ca ... he had gone = el mersese
... he went = el a mers
... he will go= el va merge
Regula II: Daca in regenta verbul este la trecut in subordonata el trebuie sa fie la unul din cele
trei timpuri trecute ale limbii engleze: The Past Perfect, The Past Tense, The Future in the
Past.

REGENTA SUBORDONATA
Verbul este la trecut Orice alt timp „past"
(Past Tense Simple, Past Tense
Continuous, Past Perfect Simple,
Past Perfect Continuous)

a) Past Tense – actiune simultana – Past Tense
He said = El a spus ... he was ill = ca este bolnav

b) Past Tense – actiune anterioara – Past Perfect
He said = El a spus ... he had returned home a week before
= ca se intorsese acasa cu o saptamâna inainte
Atentie: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundara cu actiunea anterioara celei din principala, se poate
folosi Past Perfect in mod repetat.
Ex. She said she had forgotten where she had put her glasses.
(Ea a spus ca uitase unde si-a pus ochelarii.)

c) Past Tense–actiunea posterioar –Future-in-the-Past
He said = El a spus ... he would leave the next day = ca va pleca a doua zi
.
Atentie: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundare cu actiune posterioara celei din principala, dintre care
una este temporala sau conditionala.Future-in-the-Past se poate folosi numai o singura data, dupa care (in
temporala sau conditionala) se intrebuinteaza Past Tense (pentru simultaneitate) sau Past Perfect (pentru
anterioritate).

He said = El a spus ... he would buy a car if he had money = ca va cumpara o masina daca va avea bani
Regula III: Daca verbul din regenta este la viitor in subordonatele conditionale si temporale,
el trebuie sa fie la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense, iar daca subordonata este
completiva directa verbul va fi la viitor.
REGENTA SUBORDONATA
Verbul este la viitor Teoretic se poate folosi orice timp cerut de sens, cu exceptia
propozitii temporale sau conditionale, care nu pot include
un verb la viitor.

a) Future – actiune simultana – Present

I will read this book = Voi citi aceasta carte when I have time =când voi avea timp
b)Future – actiune anterioara – Present Perfect

I will go to England = Voi merge in Anglia after I have received a visa= dupa ce voi obtine viza

c) verbul va fi la orice timp in subordonata completiva directa
I shall see what = Eu voi vedea ce I shall do. = voi face.

Nota: In limba engleza contemporana, se poate observa uneori o oarecare tendinta de a nu se respecta concordanta
timpurilor atunci când verbul din propozitia principala este la trecut. Se poate intâlni, de exemplu, o formulare de
tipul: „He said he loves me". Este posibil ca ceea ce apare acum ca tendinta, cu timpul, sa ajunga regula. Pentru
moment insa, sfatuim pe vorbitorii români de limba engleza sa respecte regulile de concordanta a timpurilor asa cum
sunt prezentate mai sus.

EXCEPTII (deci cazuri cand nu se aplica regulile de concordanta a timpurilor)
1. Cand in subordonata se exprima un adevar stiintific /general.

Everybody knew that gold is a metal. = Toata lumea stia ca aurul este metal.
I told you that silver is gray. = Ti-am spus ca argintul este gri.

2. Cand subordonata este:
a) cauzala
He will not go to school because he didn't learn his lessons. = El nu va merge la scoala pentru ca nu si-a invatat
lectiile.
We shall go on the trip because they gave us the money. = Vom merge in excursie pentru ca ei ne-au dat banii.
b) atributiva
You will see the man who wrote that book. = Il vei vedea pe omul care a scris cartea aceea.
I saw the girl who will play the piano. = Am vazut fata care va canta la pian.
c) comparativ modala
Tomorrow I shall work more than I worked yesterday. = Maine voi munci mai mult decat am muncit ieri.
Conjugarea verbelor in engleza- Modul indicativ
Trecut/ Past
Forma afirmativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
Persoana Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous
I singular I came I was coming I had come I had been coming
II singular You came You were coming You had come You had been coming
III
singular He/She/It came He/She/It was coming He/She/It had come He/She/It has been coming
I plural We came We were coming We had come We had been coming
II plural You came You were coming You had come You had been coming
III plural They came They were coming They had come They had been coming
Forma negativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
I singular I did not come I was not coming I had not come I had not been coming
II singular You did not come You were not coming You had not come You had not been coming
He/She/It did not He/She/It was not He/She/It had not
III singular come coming come He/She/It has not been coming
I plural We did not come We were not coming We had not come We had not been coming
II plural You did not come You were not coming You had not come You had not been coming
III plural They did not come They were not coming They had not come They had not been coming
Forma interogativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
I singular Did I come? Was I coming? Had I come? Had I been coming?
II singular Did you come? Were you coming? Had you come? Had you been coming?
III Was he/she/it
singular Did he/she/it come? coming? Had he/she/it come? Has he/she/it been coming?
I plural Did we come? Were we coming? Had we come? Had we been coming?
II plural Did you come? Were you coming? Had you come? Had you been coming?
III plural Did they come? Were they coming? Had they come? Had they been coming?
Prezent/ Present
Present Perfect
Persoana Present Simple Present Continuous Simple Present Perfect Continuous
I singular I come I am coming I have come I have been coming
II singular You come You are coming You have come You have been coming
III singular He/She/It comes He/She/It is coming He/She/It has come He/She/It has been coming
I plural We come We are coming We have come We have been coming
II plural You come You are coming You have come You have been coming
III plural They come They are coming They have come They have been coming
Persoana Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continuous
I singular I don't come I am not coming I have not come I have not been coming
II singular You don't come You are not coming You have not come You have not been coming
III He/She/It doesn't He/She/It is not
singular come coming He/She/It has not come He/She/It has not been coming
I plural We don't come We are not coming We have not come We have not been coming
II plural You don't come You are not coming You have not come You have not been coming
III plural They don't come They are not coming They have not come They have not been coming
Present Perfect
Persoana Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Simple Continuous
I singular Do I come? Am I coming? Have I come? Have I been coming?
II singular Do you come? Are you coming? Have you come? Have you been coming?
III Does he/she/it
singular come? Is he/she/it coming? Has he/she/it come? Has he/she/it been coming?
I plural Do we come? Are we coming? Have we come? Have we been coming?
II plural Do you come? Are you coming? Have you come? Have you been coming?
III plural Do they come? Are they coming? Have they come? Have they been coming?
Viitor/ Future

Persoana Be Going To Future Simple Future Future Continuous
I singular I am going to come I will come I will be coming
II singular You are going to come You will come You will be coming
III singular He/She/It is going to come He/She/It will come He/She/It will be coming
I plural We are going to come We will come We will be coming
II plural You are going to come You will come You will be coming
III plural They are going to come They will come They will be coming
Persoana Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous "Be about to" Future
I singular I will have come I will have been coming I am about to come
II singular You will have come You will have been coming You are about to come
III singular He/She/It will have come He/She/It will have been coming He/She/It is about to come
I plural We will have come We will have been coming We are about to come
II plural You will have come You will have been coming You are about to come
III plural They will have come They will have been coming They are about to come
Persoana Be Going To Future Simple Future Future Continuous

I singular I am not going to come I will not come I will not be coming
II singular You are not going to come You will not come You will not be coming
III
singular He/She/It is not going to come He/She/It will not come He/She/It will not be coming
I plural We are not going to come We will not come We will not be coming
II plural You are not going to come You will not come You will not be coming
III plural They are not going to come They will not come They will not be coming
Persoan
a Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous "Be about to" Future
I singular I will not have come I will not have been coming I am not about to come
II singular You will not have come You will not have been coming You are not about to come
III He/She/It is not about to
singular He/She/It will not have come He/She/It will not have been coming come
I plural We will not have come We will not have been coming We are not about to come
II plural You will not have come You will not have been coming You are not about to come
III plural They will not have come They will not have been coming They are not about to come
Persoan
a Be Going To Future Simple Future Future Continuous
I singular Am I going to come? Will I come? Will I be coming?
II singular Are you going to come? Will you come? Will you be coming?
III
singular Is he/she/it going to come? Will he/she/it come? Will he/she/it be coming?
I plural Are we going to come? Will we come? Will we be coming?
II plural Are you going to come? Will you come? Will you be coming?
III plural Are you going to come? Will they come? Will they be coming?
Persoan
a Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous "Be about to" Future
I singular Will I have come? Will I have been coming? Am I about to come?
II singular Will you have come? Will you have been coming? Are you about to come?
III
singular Will he/she/it have come? Will he/she/it have been coming? Is he/she/it about to come?
I plural Will we have come? Will we have been coming? Are we about to come?
II plural Will you have come? Will you have been coming? Are you about to come?
III plural Will they have come? Will they have been coming? Are they about to come?
Verbul in engleza – gramatica
Timpurile verbelor in orice limba sunt folosite pentru a exprima diferite situatii legate de succesiunea
evenimentelor, a actiunilor pe scara timpului. Vei observa ca timpurile verbelor in limba engleza nu
corespunde in mod direct unui timp din limba romana. Asta nu e o problema. Invatand si exersind
intelegerea timpurilor se poate face relativ usor. Academia de Engleza va ofera o serie de articole pentru
intelegerea timpurilor limbii engleze.
Verbul in engleza: Diatezele
Diateza activa: Subiectul gramatical face actiunea exprimata de verb. Actiunea se rasfrange asupra altui
lucru. Ex: I have seen a tree.
Subiectul (cel care face actiunea) = eu ("I")
Actiunea "se rasfrange" asupra copacului ("tree").
Yesterday, he broke his bicycle.
Subiectul (cel care face actiunea) = el ("he")
Actiunea "se rasfrange" asupra bicicletei sale ("his bicycle").
Diateza pasiva: Actiune este realizata de subiectul logic ( complementul de agent ).

Ex: I have seen a tree. (diateza activa).
The tree has been seen by me. (diateza pasiva).

Yesterday, he broke his bicycle. (diateza activa).
Yesterday, his bicycle was broken by him. (diateza pasiva).

I will buy a car. (diateza activa).
The car will be bought by me. (diateza pasiva).
Diateza reflexiva: La diateza reflexivă acţiunea este realizată şi suportată de subiect. Diateza reflexiva se

foloseste cu verbe reflexive. Ex: Mary washes herself.
Maria s-a spalat.

Jen and Greg kiss each other.
Jen si Greg se saruta.

He shaved himself.
El s-a barbierit.
Atentie: Timpurile verbelor in limba romana nu sunt 100% identice cu cele din limba engleza . O traducere a
timpurilor verbelor din limba romana in limba engleza se face in functie de anumite nuante/ particularitati ale
actiunii. Intelegerea verbului in limba engleza (mai exact a timpurilor limbii engleze) se face studiind articolele de mai
jos:
Verbul in engleza: Timpurile verbelor (la modul indicativ) in limba engleza – gramatica
Simple_Present_Tense Simple_Present_Continuous_Tense
Present_Perfect_Tense Present_Perfect_Continuous_Tense
Simple_Past_Tense Past_Continuous_Tense
Past_Perfect_Tense Past_Perfect_Continuous_Tense
Simple_Future_Tense Future_Continuous_Tense
Future_Perfect_Tense Future_Perfect_Continuous_Tense
Future_in_the_Past_Tense
Verbul in engleza: Modul conditional in limba engleza – gramatica
Present_Real_Conditional Present_Unreal_Conditional
Past_Real_Conditional Past_Unreal_Conditional
Future_Real_Conditional Future_Unreal_Conditional
Verbul in engleza: Modul subjonctiv in limba engleza – gramatica

Subjonctivul se foloseste cand avem :
o actiune posibila in viitor
o actiune nerealizata (ireala) in trecut sau prezent
o recomandare, un sfat
Ex: It is necessary that the work be done. (recomandare, sfat, deci AVEM subjonctiv)

He speaks as if he were not from Bucharest. (situatie ireala in prezent, deci AVEM subjonctiv)
El vorbeste ca si cum nu ar fi din Bucuresti, dar e din Bucuresti.

He speaks as if he is not from Bucharest. (situatie reala in prezent, deci NU AVEM subjonctiv)
El vorbeste ca si cum nu ar fi din Bucuresti, dar nici nu e din Bucuresti.

It's time you went to bed. (recomandare, sfat, deci AVEM subjonctiv)
Comentarii:
Subjonctivul in engleza se formeaza cu :

a) Infinitivul scurt al verbului

1) dupa constructii ca: It is necessary, It is advisable, It is recommendable, It is possible, It is unsure, It is
probable ( ca si formularile de genul "He recommends", "He advices", "He requests" );

2) in propozitii de scop (so that ...); ex.: Come earlier so that you find him at home. (forma americana)
Come earlier so that you can find him at home. (forma britanica)

3) in propozitii concesive ( however ... ); ex.: I go there however difficult it be.

4) in exclamatii afective: ex.: Bless you !

5) In formulas (short infinitive):
Long live the queen. (Trăiască regina!)
So be it. (Aşa să fie.)
Come what may. (Fie ce o fi.)
Suffice it to say. (Este suficient de zis.)
Be that as it may. (Fie ce o fi.)
Say what you will. (Spune ce vrei.)
b) Forma de "Past Tense" a verbului, pentru a exprima:

1) un regret prezent

I wish I knew her address. ( ... nu-i stiu adresa si regret);

If only he was faithful to me!
(Dacă mi-ar fi fidel!)

If only I had known about her mischance!
(Dacă aş fi ştiut de ghinionul ei!)

2) ceva ce e ireal in prezent (cu constructiile "as if", "as though");

3) preferinta (cind se folosesc constructiile "would rather/ sooner", "it is time", "had better", "I'd prefer").

You had better go home.
(Mai bine ai merge acasă.)

I’d prefer if you didn’t go.
(Aş prefera să nu mergi.)
c) Forma de "Past Perfecte Tense" a verbului, pentru a exprima un regret vis-a-vis de o actiune anterioara
timpului din propozitia principala:
ex.: I wish(ed) you had written to him. (As dori/ As fi dorit ca tu sa-i fi scris lui.)

d) Alte forme de imperativ:
Somebody bring me a glass of water!
(Cineva să îmi aducă un pahar cu apă!)

Come on everybody, leave the room!
(Haideţi, toată lumea să părăsească încăperea!)

e) After verbs expressing a desire that someone should do something: ask, advise, desire, intend, order,
recommend, request, require, suggest, urge, want; after verbs expressing plans: arrange, leave word, pland; after
adjectives expressing feelings: anxious, willing, eager, pleased, glad.

They demanded that the meeting be held in our new conference room.
(Au cerut ca întâlnirea să se ţină în sala nouă de conferinţe.)
We planned that they should see the room beforehand.
(Am plănuit să vedem camera înainte.)

She was anxious that they should see her dancing.
(Era emoţionată că o vor vedea dansând.)

f) cu "may/might"

May you live long!
(Să trăieşti mult!)

However tired might he be, he must come down.
(Oricât de obosit ar fi, trebuie să vină jos.)
Verbul in engleza: Modul imperativ in limba engleza – gramatica
Verbele din infinitiv se gasesc in propozitii exclamative ce reprezinta ordine, sfaturi ce trebuiesc executate.
Ex: Let him go ! =( Lasa-l sa se duca ! ) Take it easy ! = Usor !
Lock the door ! = ( Incuie usa ! )
Go there ! = ( Du-te acolo ! )
Let me know ! = (Da-mi voie sa stiu !)
Don't worry be happy! = Nu te ingrijora, fii fericit!
Leave me alone ! = Lasa-ma in pace!
Verbul in engleza: Verbele modale in limba engleza - gramatica

Caracteristicile generale ale verbelor modale:
- Au numai infinitiv scurt (nu au particula "to");
- Nu au forma cu "-ing" si nici participiu;
- Au aceeasi forma pentru toate persoanele (nu au "-s", "-es" la persoana a 3-a singular);
- In forma negativa nu folosesc verbul "do", ci numai NOT (I cannot dance tonight.);
- Fac interogativul numai prin inversare (May I have this dance?);
- Formarea lui "nu-i asa" in propozitiile care folosesc verbe modale, se face folosind verbul modal (I
can play the game, can't I? -> Pot sa joc jocul, nu-i asa?)
- Verbele modale nu pot forma anumite timpuri, de aceea, se inlocuiesc cu alte verbe.
can se inlocuieste cu to be able to
may se inlocuieste cu to be allowed to
must se inlocuieste cu to have to

- CAN si MAY au forme de trecut:
can -> could
may -> might

CAN - Verbele modale in engleza
1. exprima capacitatea fizica sau intelectuala
I can speak English.
I can swim very well.
2. pentru a exprima imposibilitatea sau neincrederea
Can Tom make such a mistake ?
3. pentru a exprima permisiunea in limbajul neoficial
Can I borrow your book ?
4. pentru a exprima continuitatea verbelor de perceptive
I can see somebody near my car.
MAY - Verbele modale in engleza

1. cand se cere permisiunea in mod oficial, politicos
May I go home now ?
Nota: Permisiunea se poate cere si cu "Can" insa in mod neoficial, protocolar.
2. exprima posibilitatea
It may rain in the afternoon.
( Se poate sa ploua in dupa-amiaza )
Nota: Daca se foloseste "might" probabilitatea e mai mica decat "may", insa diferenta nu e foarte mare:
It might rain in the afternoon.
( S-ar putea sa ploua in dupa-amiaza )
3. exprima o dorinta
May all your wishes come true.
( Fie ca ... )

MUST - Verbele modale in engleza
1. cand se exprima o obligatie interna (subiectiva, personala)
I must go.
(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca asta e decizia mea)
Nota: Daca obligatia e externa in loc de must se va folosi "to have to":
I have to go.
(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca cineva ma asteapta, pentru ca trebuie sa ajung undeva; nu e o decizie subiectiva, ci una
obiectiva)
2. pentru a exprima o deductie logica, o concluzie

John always at this hour is at home. Now must be at home as well.
(logic John ar trebui sa fie acasa, dar poate nu e).

OUGTH TO - Verbele modale in engleza
1. "Ought to" se foloseste cu precadere pentru a exprima o recomandare
Margaret ought to exercise more.
Margaret trebuie sa exerseze mai mult; este o recomandare si nu are semnificatie imperativa.
- Shall I go to this funeral ?
- Well, you ought to.
Este o recomandare si nu are semnificatie imperativa; insa e ceva ce trebuie facut caci asa e bine din punct de vedere
moral.
Nota: Daca s-ar raspunde "Well you have to." semnificatia ar fi: "Trebuie sa te duci, nu ai de ales." (obligatia e
exterioara in acest caz)
SHALL - Verbele modale in engleza

1. pentru a exprima solicitarea unui sfat, o ofertă sau o sugestie (Folosit cu persoana I,
interogativ)
What shall I do? (Ce sa fac?)
Shall I listen to you? (Să te ascult ?)
2. pentru a exprima o promisiune, o obligaţie sau o ameninţare care provin de la cel care vorbeşte
( Folosit cu persoanele II şi III)
You shall have a great surprise if you keep your promise to me.
(Vei avea o mare surpriza daca iti tii promisiunea fata de mine.)
He shall not see his children again if he treats them like that.
(Nu isi va mai vedea copiii daca ii trateaza asa.)
You shall hear from me again!
(Vei mai auzi tu de mine!)
3. pentru a exprima o hotarare
The gates shall not open . (Usile nu se vor deschide.)
4. pentru a exprima o interdictie in acte oficiale

The candidates shall not have more than 5 paper sheets to write on, during the examination.
Candidatii/Participantii nu vor avea mai mult de 5 foi in timpul examinarii.
WILL - Verbele modale in engleza

1. pentru a exprima vointa, hotarare
I will climb this mountain even if it’s the last thing I do.
Voi urca acest munte, chiar daca va fi ultimul lucru pe care il fac.
2. pentru a exprima o promisiune

I will not let you down.= Nu te voi dezamagi .
3. pentru a exprima o posibilitate, presupunere
This boy looks very much like Tom. He will be his brother.
Acest baiat seamana foarte bine cu Tom. O fi fratele lui.
4. pentru a exprima ceva inevitabil
Polar bears will perish. = Ursii polari vor disparea.

5. pentru a inlocui prezentul simplu pentru o actiune obisnuita, repetata
I always drink coffee in the morning . (= I will drink coffee in the morning)
(Intotdeauna beau cafea dimineata. Voi bea cafea dimineata.)
6. pentru a exprima o invitatie, cerere politicoasa
Will you sit down? (Vrei sa iei loc?)
NEED, USED TO, DARE - Verbele modale in engleza

NEED / NOT NEED - este folosit pentru a exprima necesitatea sau lipsa acesteia
USED TO - este folosit doar la Past Tense, pentru a exprima:
1) o actiune repetata, un obicei trecut, care nu mai este precticat in prezent
2) o actiune repetata, un obicei trecut, care mai este practicat si in prezent
DARE - se foloseste cu sensul de "a indrazni", in special in propozitii interogative si negative
You needn't come early to the meeting. (Nu trebuie sa vii devreme la sedinta.)
She doesn't need to come. ( Nu este necesar sa vina si ea.)

You don't need to go there tomorrow. (Nu e necesar sa mergi maine acolo.)


I used to swim in the Olt river when I was a child, but I don't do this any longer.
(Obisnuiam sa inot in Olt cand eram copil, dar acum nu mai inot.)


They used to spend their holidays in the mountains.
(Obisnuiau sa isi petreaca vacantele la munte; poate ca inca si le mai petrec.)

The boy dared not tell his father what he had done.
Baiatul nu a indraznit sa ii spuna tatalui sau ce a facut.

They dared not speak to him ugly.
Ei nu au indraznit sa vorbeasca urat cu el.

How dare you contradict me ?
Cum indraznesti sa ma contrazici?
Verbul in engleza: Conjugarea verbelor in limba engleza (pag )
Verbul in engleza: Concordanta timpurilor in limba engleza

Primele 3 cele mai folosite verbe in limba engleza sunt "to be" (a fi), "to have" (a avea) and "to do" (a face); de aceea noi va
oferim aici formele celor 3 verbe la timpul prezent (afirmativ, negativ, interogativ):
Verbul "TO BE" - a fi
Forma afirmativa: Forma interogativa: Forma negativa:

I am (I'm) - Eu sunt Am I ? - Sunt eu? I am not (I'm not) - Eu nu sunt
You are (You're) - Tu esti Are you ? - Esti tu? You are not (You aren't) - Tu nu esti
He is (He's) - El este Is he ? - Este el? He is not (He isn't) - El nu este
She is (She's) - Ea este Is she ? - Este ea? She is not (She isn't) - Ea nu este
It is (It's) - El/ Ea este Is it ? - Este el/ ea? It is not (It isn't) - El/ Ea nu este
We are (We're) - Noi suntem Are we ? - Suntem noi? We are not (We aren't) - Noi nu suntem
You are (You're) - Voi sunteti Are you ? - Sunteti voi? You are not (You aren't) - Voi nu sunteti
They are (They're) - Ei/Ele sunt Are they ? - Sunt ei/ele They are not (They aren't) - Ei/Ele nu sunt
Verbul "TO HAVE" - a avea

I have (I've) - Eu am Have I ? - Am eu ? I have not (I haven't) - Eu nu am
You have (You've) - Tu ai Have you ? - Ai tu ? You have not (You haven't) - Tu nu ai
He has (He's) - El are Has he ? - Are el ? He has not (He hasn't) - El nu are
She has (She's) - Ea are Has she ? - Are ea ? She has not (She hasn't) - Ea nu are
It has (It's) - El/ Ea are Has it ? - Are el/ ea ? It has not (It hasn't) - El/ Ea nu are
We have (We've) - Noi avem Have we ? - Avem noi ? We have not (We haven't) - Noi nu avem
You have (You've) - Voi aveti Have you ? - Aveti voi ? You have not (You haven't) - Voi nu aveti
They have (They've) - Ei/Ele au Have they ? - Au ei/ele ? They have not (They haven't) - Ei/Ele nu au
Verbul "TO DO" - a face

I do - Eu fac Do I ? - Fac eu ? I do not (I don't) - Eu nu fac
You do - Tu faci Do you ? - Faci tu ? You do not (You don't) - Tu nu faci
He does - El face Does he ? - Face el ? He does not (He doesn't) - El nu face
She does - Ea face Does she ? - Face ea ? She does not (She doesn't) - Ea nu face
It does - El/Ea face Does it ? - Face el/ ea ? It does not (It doesn't) - El/Ea nu face
We do - Noi facem Do we ? - Facem noi ? We do not (We don't) - Noi nu facem
You do - Voi faceti Do you ? - Faceti voi ? You do not (You don't) - Voi nu faceti
They do - Ei/Ele fac Do they ? - Fac ei/ele ? They do not (They don't) - Ei/ Ele nu fac
Adjectivul in engleza
Felurile adjectivelor:
Adjectivul calitativ in limba engleza: Adjectivele din aceasta categorie sunt adjective care descriu
proprietati ale obiectelor ce pot avea grade, nivele, intensitati ale acelei proprietati.
Ex: big (mare) dry (uscat)

clever (destept) good (bun)
profound (profund) activ (activ)
small (mic) blue (albastru)
Adjectivul posesiv: Adjectivele posesive sunt cele care arata o posesie; arata al cui e un obiect (al meu, al tau,
etc ...);
Ex: my book (cartea mea)

your book (cartea ta, cartea voastra)
his book (cartea lui)
her book (cartea ei)
its book (cartea lui, ei -> pentru lucruri, animale, abstractiuni)
our book (cartea noastra)
our books (cartile noastre)
your books (cartile voastre)
their book (cartea lor)
their books (cartile lor)
Adjectivul deomonstrativ: Adjectivele deomonstrative sunt cele care arată depărtarea sau apropierea unui
obiect. Adjectivul demonstrativ arată depărtarea sau apropierea unui obiect.
Adjectivul demonstrativ are numai 4 forme:

singular plural
these
this
closer (acestia/
(acesta/ aceasta)
acestea)
that those
farther
(acela/ aceea) (aceia/ acelea)
this house (aceasta casa) that house (acea casa) these houses (aceste case) those houses (acele casa)
Adjectivul nehotarat: Adjectivul nehotarat este adjectivul care însoţeste substantivul fără să individualizeze
obiectul denumit de acesta.
There are some Canadians here.

We need some water. How much do we need ?

There are a few doctors in town.
We need some paper. How much do we need ?

How many cigarettes do you smoke a day ?
I have enough knowledge to do it.
Comparatia adjectivelor:
Raportul de inferioritate al adjectivelor calitative. Raportul de inferioritare in limba engleza se

formeaza folosind constructiile:
NOT SO/AS+ adj. + AS + subst./ pronume
LESS + adj. +THAN + subst./ pronume
( mai putin (de) ... decat .... )
THE LEAST + adj. -> se traduce prin cea/ cel mai putin
Ex: It is less cold than it might look.

E mai putin rece decat pare.

She said it was colder there but less windy than Kansas.
Ea a spus ca vremea a fost mai rece acolo, dar a batut mai putin vantul decat in Kansas.

Chinese is the least easy language.
Chineza e cea mai putin usoara limba.

Residents say this street is the least noisy in the town.
Locuitorii acestei strazi spun ca strada e cea mai putin zgomotoasa in oras.

My homework is not as easy as yours.
Tema mea nu e la fel de usoara ca a ta.

This lesson is less interesting than the previous one.
Acest curs e mai putin interesant decat cursul anterior.
Raportul de egalitate/ inegalitate al adjectivelor calitative

Raportul de egalitate in limba engleza se formeaza folosind constructia:
... as/so ... as ...
(... asa de/ la fel de ... ca/cum ...)

Raportul de inegalitate in limba engleza se formeaza folosind constructia:
... not as/so ... as ...
(... nu asa de/ nu la fel de ... ca/cum ...)
Nota: Aceste moduri de comparatie se numesc si "regulate" deoarece o regula se foloseste in

formarea comparatiei.
Ex: It is not so cold as it might look.

Nu e chiar asa de rece cum ar parea.

She said it was colder there but not so windy as Kansas.
Ea a spus ca vremea a fost mai rece acolo, dar nu asa de vantoasa ca in Kansas.

Learning Chinese is as difficult as you think.
Invatatul Chinezei e chiar asa de dificil cum crezi.

Residents say this street is as noisy as it was in the war time.
Locuitorii acestei strazi spun ca strada este asa de galagioasa cum a fost in timpul razboiului.
Raportul de superioritate al adjectivelor calitative.

Pentru adjective monosilabice comparatia se face prin adaugarea de sufixe:

big -> bigger -> the biggest (Nota: consoana "g" se dubleaza deoarece are o vocala in fata)
(mare -> mai mare -> cel mai mare)

tall -> taller -> the tallest
(inalt -> mai inalt -> cel mai inalt)
Pentru adjective ce au 3 sau mai multe silabe comparatia se face cu "more" si "the most":
important -> more important -> the most important
(important -> mai important -> cel mai important)

Pentru adjective ce au 2 silabe terminate in ED, ING, RE, FUL, OUS comparatia se face cu "more"
si "the most":
famous -> more famous -> the most famous
(faimos -> mai faimos -> cel mai faimos)
Pentru adjective ce au 2 silabe terminate in ER, Y, LE, OW comparatia se face prin adaugarea de
sufixe:
simple -> simpler -> the simplest
(simplu -> mai simplu -> cel mai simplu)
 Adjective ca cheerful, common, cruel, pleasant, quiet formeaza comparativul de

superioritate cu ajutorul lui "more" si "the most"
Adjective cu comparatia neregulata. Trebuie cunoscuta forma de comparativ si superlativ a adjectivelor.

Iata mai jos lista celor mai cunoscute adjectivelor cu comparatia neregulata:
Adjectiv Comparativ Superlativ

(“mai …”) (“cel mai …”)
good (=bun) better the best

well (=sanatos)
bad (=rau) worse the worst

ill (=bolnav)
far further the furthest

(=departe; pt. distanta
metaforica, nefizica)
far farther the farthest

(=departe; pt. distanta fizica)
old elder the eldest

(=in virsta; in familie)
old older the oldest

(=vechi, batran; la modul
general )
many more the most

(=multi, numeric)
much
(mult, cantitativ)
little less the least

(=putin, cantitativ)
Exemple

This is the best way to fix that problem.
(Aceasta este cea mai buna modalitate de a rezolva acea problema)

This is a better way to fix this problem.
(Aceasta este o mai buna modalitate de a rezolva acea problema)

This is the worst thing that could happen.
(Acesta este cel mai rau lucru care se poate intampla)
Adjectivul in engleza - Forma adjectivului
Adjectivele sunt invariabile. Ele nu îsi schimba forma în functie de numar sau gen.
Ex.: a good book, some good books.
Pentru acentuarea sensului unui adjectiv se folosesc cuvintele very sau really:

Ex.: a really good book, a very good book
Adjectivul in engleza - Pozitia adjectivului in limba engleza
- De regula, adjectivul sta in fata substantivului pe care il determina:

Exemplu: A good book.
- Dupa substantiv in expresii fixe:

Exemplu: the court martial, the President elect
- Dupa verbe auxiliare:

Exemplu: The book is good.
- Unele adjective in engleza isi schimba sensul in functie de pozitia pe care o ocupa.
Adjectivele involved, present, concerned au sens diferit daca sunt plasate in fata substantivului sau dupa
acesta.
- Unele adjective in engleza pot sta numai dupa un verb auxiliar: asleep, upset, awake, afraid, alike, alive,
alone, annoyed, ill, well, sorry
Adjectivul in engleza - Forme neregulateale adjectivelor in limba engleza
Unele adjective in limba engleza au forme de comparativ si superlativ care nu respecta regula
generala. Printre acestea avem adjectivele: good, bad, little, far, much, many si old.
Pozitiv Comparativ Superlativ
good better the best

bad worse the worst
little less the least
far further / farther the furthest / farthest
much / many more the most
old older / elder the oldest / eldest
Adverbul in limba engleza
Adverbul se poate defini astfel:

Este partea de vorbire care:
 Arata o caracteristica a unei actiuni, a unei stari sau a unei calitati;
 Poate avea categoria gramaticala a comparatiei.
Ca si in limba romana, si in limba engleza exista o clasificare a adverbelor:
- adverbe de mod (Adverbs of manner);
- adverbe de loc (Adverbs of place);
- adverbe de timp (Adverbs of time);
- mai putem considera si adverbele de durata, adverbele de frecventa, adverbele
de comparatie si adverbele de probabilitate.
Adverbul de mod in engleza indica modalitatea propriu-zisa. Cele mai multe adverbe de mod in engleza se
formeaza prin adaugarea sufixului –ly la forma adjectivului:

Ex: She touched him sweetly on the hand. (L-a atins usor pe mana.)
He danced so beautifully! (A dansat atat de frumos.)
They behaved foolishly. (S-au comportat proseste.)
After the party he left sadly. (Dupa petrecere, a plecat suparat.)
You should do that carefully! (Ar trebui sa faci acel lucru cu grija !)
Adverbele de mod pot fi:

- de intarire: actually (de fapt), certainly (in mod sigur), obviously (evident), really (intr-adevar) ;
- de amplificare: absolutely (absol), completely (com.), barely (cu greu),hardly (cu greu), scarcely (cu dificultate);
- de afirmatie sau negatie: yes (da), no (nu), of course (desigur), not at all (deloc);
- de probabilitate: maybe (poate), perhaps (posibil), probably (probabil).
Adverbul de loc in engleza indica locul propriu-zis (there, here), altele indica directia (aside, forward,
behind), insa majoritatea adverbelor de loc pot fi folosite pentru a indica atat locul cat si
directia. Iata cateva adverbe de loc in limba engleza: backwards (inapoi), forwards (inainte),
westwards (spre vest), homewards (spre casa), onwards (incepand cu), downwards (in jos),
northwards (spre nord), southwards (spre sud), eastwards (spre est), upwards (in sus), inwards (spre
interior), outwards (spre exterior).
Ex: I bought a house somewhere. (Am cumparat o casa undeva.)
I will wait for you here. (Am sa te astept aici.)
Move aside! (Da-te la oparte!)
Clothes models like this one are anywhere. (Modele de haine ca acesta gasesti oriunde.)
Diana was found crying there. (Diana a fost gasita plangand acolo.)
Read forward, you will find the information. (Citeste mai departe, vei gasi informatia.)
Please wait for her out! (Te rog asteapt-o afara!)
She lived a long period abroad. (A trait o perioada lunga in strainatate.)
They found the terrorists hidden underground. (Au gasit teroristii ascunsi sub pamant.)
Can you go downstairs and smoke there? (Poti sa mergi jos si sa fumezi acolo?)
Please come home for that special party. (Te rog vino acasa pentru acea petrecere speciala.)
You won't find that car nowhere. (Nu vei gasi acea masina nicaieri.)
Sheila went far in the woods to pick up mushrooms. (Sheila s-a dus departe in padure sa culeaga ciuperci.)
Adverbul de timp in engleza indica:
- momentul actiunii: now (acum), nowadays (in zilele nosatre), never (niciodata);

- plasarea in timp a actiunii: afterwards (dupa aceea), before (inainte), soon (curand).
I expect my friends soon. (Ii astept pe prietenii mei curand.)

I never go to that museum. (Nu merg niciodata la acel muzeu.
They are always asking for money. (Intotdeauna cer bani.)
I called you before. (Te-am sunat inainte.)
She saw him again. (L-a vazut din nou.)
Comparatia regulata a adverbelor in engleza: Gradul comparativ in engleza:
Comparativul de superioritate se formeaza cu ajutorul:

- sufixului –er in cazul adverbelor monosilabice (si a adverbului early):
fast -> faster (repede -> mai repede)
early -> earlier (devreme -> mai devreme)

- cuvantului more in cazul adverbelor bi- si plurisilabice:
quickly -> more quickly (rapid -> mai rapid)
carefully -> more carefully (cu atentie -> cu mai mare atentie)
Comparativul de egalitate se formeaza cu ajutorul lui as… as:
She plays piano as beautifully as her mother. (Canta la pian la fel de frumos ca si mama sa)

Comparativul de Inferioritate se formeaza cu ajutorul lui not so/as..as sau less … than:
She doesn't learn as fast as her classmates. (Nu invata la fel de repede ca si colegii ei de clasa.)
He drives less carefully than his wife. (Nu conduce la fel de grijuliu ca si nevasta sa.)
Gradul superlativ in engleza:
Superlativul absolut se formeaza cu ajutorul unor adverbe ca very (foarte), quite (destul de), most (cel mai) Aceste
adverbe preced adverbul respectiv:

She sings very beautifully.
She sings most beautifully.
She sings quite beautifully.
Superlativul relativ de superioritate este exprimat prin:
- (the) (adverb)+est in cazul adverbelor monosilabice si a adverbului early:
He runs (the) fastest (of all). (El fuge cel mai repede (dintre toti)).

- (the) most + adverb in cazul adverbelor bi- si plurisilabice:
He answers (the) most intelligently (of all). (El raspunde cel mai intelligent (dintre toti)).

Superlativul relativ de Inferioritate este exprimat prin (the) least + adverb:
She spells words (the) least correctly (of all) (Ea scrie cuvintele cel mai putin corect (dintre toti)).
Ex:
I arrived to my uncle more quickly than my cousin. (Am ajuns la unchiul meu mai repede decat verisorul meu.)
They drive more slowly than her. (Ei conduc mai incet decat ea.)
She speaks English as fluently as her brother. (Vorbeste engleza la fel de fluent ca si fratele ei.)
He dances quite beautifully. (El danseaza destul de frumos.)
 We do everything we do more carefully. (Noi tot ceea ce facem, facem cu o mai mare atentie.)
Comparatia neregulata a adverbelor in engleza. In limba engleza exista adverbe care formeaza gradele de
comparative in mod neregulat, adica isi schimba radacina in momentul in care intra in structura unor
grade de comparatie. Mai jos este prezentat un tabel cu cele mai utilizate astfel de adverbe:
Gradul pozitiv Gradul comparativ Gradul superlativ

well (bine) better (mai bine) the best (cel mai bine)
badly (rau) worse (mai rau) the worst (cel mai rau)
much (mult) more (mai mult) the most (cel mai mult)
little (putin) less (mai putin) the least (cel mai putin)
far (departe) farther (mai departe) the farthest (cel mai departe)
Ex:
Darius sings better than Florina. (Darius canta mai bine decat Florina.)
Marina corrected the exercise the worst of all. (Marina a corectat exercitiul cel mai rau dintre toti.)
He ran farther than the mentioned place. (A fugit mai departe de locul mentionat.)
Sofia worked more than yesterday. (Sofia a lucrat mai mult decat ieri.)
He is the best. (El este cel mai bun.)
Adverbe mai putem considera:

- Adverbe de durata -> arata perioada de timp a unei actiuni
(exemple: shortly, permanently, forever)
- Adverbe de comparatie -> arata intensitatea unei actiuni

(exemple: partially, extremely, greatly, strongly, totally, almost, very, entirely, perfectly)
- Adverbe de frecventa -> arata intervalul de timp la care o actiune se repeta

(exemple: rarely, always, never, constantly, seldom, often, rarely, regularly, sometimes)
- Adverbe de probabilitate -> arata in ce masura o actiune se poate realiza sau nu (parere obiectiva sau subiectiva)
(exemple: certainly, maybe, perhaps, possibly)
Substantivul in engleza
Pluralul substantivelor in limba engleza
La forma de singular este adaugat:
1. "s" : regula generala;
"es" : daca singularul substantivelor au terminatia in ch, sh, s, ss, z, x;
2.
"ies" : daca singularul are terminatia y si inaintea lui e o consoana;
3.
"es" : daca singularul are terminatia o iar substantivul e intrat de mult in folosire;
4.
"ves" : majoritatea substantivelor terminate in f sau fe (exceptii: roof/ roofs dwarf/
5.
dwarfs);
6. la substantivele de origine greaca, substantivele terminate in sis, la plural sis e inlocuit
de ses.
Exemple:
inainte de "s" avem o consoana surda (p, t, k, f, th): cats, roofs, boats, books, cups ("-s" se pronunta
1
"s")
1 inainte de "s" avem altceva decat in cazul anterior: ideas, boys, balls, days ("-s" se pronunta "z")
2 boxes, buses, dashes, prizes ("-es" se pronunta "iz")
3 babies, ladies, factories, spies (from baby, lady, factory, spy) ("-ies" se pronunta "iz")
4 tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, volcanoes (from tomato, potato, hero, volcano) ("-es" se pronunta "z")
wives, elves, loaves, lives, thieves, knives (from wife, elf, loaf, life, thief, knife) ("-ves" se pronunta
5
"vz")
analyses, hypotheses, bases (plural from analysis, hypothesis, basis) (la singular "-sis" se pronunta
6
"sis", iar la plural "-ses" se pronunta "siz")
1.O serie de substantive au pluralul neregulat:

child (copil) - children, man (barbat)-men, woman (femeie) - women, die (zar) - dice, foot (picior) - feet,
goose(gasca) - geese, mouse (soarece) - mice, ox (bou) - oxen, tooth (dinte) - teeth
2.Unele substantive au aceeasi forma si pentru singular si pentru plural: sheep, fish (se adauga forma de
plural “es” cand este vorba de mai multe specii de peste), fruit (se adauga forma de plural “-s” cand este
vorba de mai multe soiuri de fructe), species,deer, series.

Ex: His favourite was a big white sheep.
The sheep were grazing in the field.
3.Unele substantive au deja forma de plural (sunt urmate de un verb la plural); denumind lucruri formate
din doua parti: n trousers, pants, shorts,(sun)glasses, pyjamas, slacks, scissors, tongs, compasses, scales.
4.Unele substantive nu primesc niciodata forma de plural

(money, information, news, progress, luggage, furniture,homework, advice, knowledge); ideea de
plural se va realiza prin folosirea sintagmelor: a piece of/ two pieces of, an item of, two items of (pentru
substantive ce denumesc lucruri abstracte), a bit of. In acest caz, verbul folosit in fraza va fi totdeauna la
singular.

Ex: The money is on the table.
I need a piece of valuable information.
5.Unele substantive se termina deja in “-s”, dand astfel impresia de plural. La plural ele nu isi schimba
forma: mathematics, physics, politics, billiards, darts, gymnastics, diabetes, measles, mumps.
Articolul substantivelor in limba engleza
Articolul este partea de vorbire care constituie un mijloc de individualizare a fiintelor, obiectelor si
fenomenelor intr-un anumit context.

In limba engleza sunt 2 tipuri de articole:
1) articolul hotarat : the
2) articolul nehotarat: an (in fata substantivelor care incep cu o vocala)
a (in fata substantivelor care incep cu o consoana)
Exceptii:
An inainte de un "h" mut: - an hour (o ora), an honor (o onoare).
A inainte de "u" sau "eu" atunci când se pronunta ca "you": - a European, a university, a unit, a one-way street.
Exemple:
-- Articole nehotarate in limba engleza
a book = o carte
a boy = un baiat
an elephant = un elefant
an apple = un mar
-- Articole hotarate in limba engleza

the book = cartea
the boy = baiatul
the elephant = elefantul
the apple = marul
Nominativul substantivelor in limba engleza. Intr-o propozitie substantivul in nominativ este

subiectul actiunii.
Exemple:
Mark read a book.
The tree has a lot of flowers.
Water freezes at 32°F (0°C).
Acuzativul substantivelor in limba engleza: Indica obiectul asupra caruia se rasfrange actiunea intr-un
mod direct. Acuzativul este un caz ce exprimă complementele direct, indirect şi circumstanţiale.

Intrebarile cu care se identifica: ce? pe cine? unde? de unde? pana unde? de cand? pe cine? pe ce? cu
ce? cu cine? de ce? de cine? de la cine? cand? pana cand?
Exemple:
Max fixed the car.
The girl sells the big box.
The girl hugs the boy.
I eat the pizza you gave me.
The boy gives the book.
Dativul substantivelor in limba engleza: Dativul indica obiectul asupra caruia se rasfrange actiunea
intr-un mod indirect. Identificarea se face cu intrebarea "Cui ?".
Exemple:
1. I have baked Mary a cake.
(Am gatit o prajitura pentru Mary. Cui i-am gatit prajitura ?)

2. The king gave his son his kingdom.
(Regele i-a dat regatul fiului sau. Cui i-a dat regele regatul sau ?)

3. Give the ball to Mary.
(Da-i mingia lui Mary. Cui sa-i dau mingea ?)

4. Give Mary the ball.
(Da-i mingia lui Mary. Cui sa-i dau mingea ?)
Genitivul substantivelor in limba engleza:Exprima o posesie (ceva/cineva apartine cuiva).
Exemple:
1. Mark's shop (magazinul lui James)
2. John's car (masina lui John)
3. the sailors' boat (barca pescarilor)
4. the chemist's guide (ghidul chimistului)
5. the window of the house (fereastra casei)
6. the firm’s new project (noul proiect al firmei)
7. the gift of the girl who... (darul fetei care ...)
Genul substantivelor in limba engleza

Genul masculin:
 fiintele de gen masculin
 fenomene cu caracter puernic, de regula negativ
Genul feminin:
 substantive reprezentand genul feminin
Genul neutru:
 obiecte fara suflet
Genul comun:
 substantive care pot fi atat masculine cat si feminine
Pronumele in limba engleza

Pronumele personal: Pronumele personal in engleza face referire la o persoana care face
actiunea (cazul A) sau asupra careia se rasfrange actiunea (cazul B).
Exemple:
I will go to the sea. (cazul A)
Tom will tell me something. (cazul B)
This idea belongs to him. (cazul B)
We will go shopping. (cazul A)
I know them. ( "I" = cazul A, "them" = cazul B )
Pronumele impersonal: Este un pronume care nu face referire la cineva anume. Afirmatiile/

negatiile/ intrebarile sunt facute la modul general.
Exemple:
One can't always do what one wants.
You can't always do what you want.
People can't always do what they want.
We can't always do what we want.
Pronumele interogativ: Pronumele interogativ in engleza este un pronume folosit in constructiile

interogative (Atentie: pronumele este partea de vorbire flexibila care tine locul unui substantiv).
Principalele pronume interogative din limba engleza sunt:
Referire se face Referire se face la
Cazul
la o persoana un lucru, actiune
N who ? = care, cine ? which ? = care ?
Ac whom ? = pe care ? which ? = care, pe care ?
D to whom = caruia, careia ? to which ? = caruia, careia ?
G whose ? = al, a, ale, (...) careia, caruia, (...) ? whose ? = al, a, ale, (...) careia, caruia, (...) ?
Exemple:
What did you say?
Which car are we talking about ?
Who is this girl ?
Pronumele nehotarat: Un pronume nehotarat face referire la ceva ce nu e definit, specific sau exact.
Pronumele nehotarate cele mai utilizate in engleza sunt: any, all, anybody, anyone, everybody, everyone,
everything, nobody, some, somebody, someone.
Exemple:
Has anybody seen that movie ?
Do you have some ? No, I don't have any.
Somebody will take the pie.
Some get it and some just refuse to open their eyes !
Pronume nehotarat Traducere Variante Traducere
all toti
someone cineva
somebody cineva
some unii
something ceva
somewhere undeva
anyone cineva
anybody cineva
any oricare
anything ceva
anywhere undeva
everyone fiecare
everybody toata lumea
every fiecare
everything totul
everywhere peste tot
each fiecare (in parte)
Pronumele reflexiv si de intarire: Aceste tipuri de pronume se folosesc in propozitii in care

referirea la subiect se face de 2 ori. (A doua oara se foloseste acest pronume reflexiv si/sau de intarire).
Formele pronumelui reflexiv (si/sau de intarire) sunt:
Pronume personal Pronume reflexiv/ de intarire
I myself
you (singular) yourself
you (plural) yourselves
Exemple: he himself
I hurt myself. (M-am ranit singur.)
she herself
I'll do it myself. (O voi face eu.)
She did it by herself. (Ea it itself a facut-o singura.)
He did it by himself. (El a we ourselves facut-o singur.)
they themselves
Pronumele relativ: Pronumele relativ se refera la un substantiv mentionat anterior, caruia ii adauga
informatii suplimentare. Principalele pronume relative din limba engleza sunt:
Referire se face Referire se face la
Cazul
la o persoana un lucru, actiune
N who = care, cine which = care
Ac whom = pe care which = care, pe care
D to whom = caruia, careia to which = caruia, careia
G whose = al, a, ale, (...) careia, caruia, (...) whose = al, a, ale, (...) careia, caruia, (...)
Exemple:
I'm talking about the car which is parked over there.
I talked to the girl whose car is red.
This is the girl who comes from Halifax.
I wrote this book for people who like history.
I have written a lot about this place to which we belong.
Pronumele posesiv: Aceste tipuri de pronume se folosesc in propozitii in care se doreste identificarea
unui obiect prin referirea la posesor. Formele pronumelui posesiv sunt:
Exemple:
John has a red car. Mine is green.
That is your book. This is hers.
That computer is his.
This book is not mine. This book is yours.
Pronume personal Pronume posesiv

I mine (al meu)
you (singular) yours (al tau)
you (plural) yours (al vostru)
he his (al lui)
she hers (a ei)
it its - is, however, rarely used
we ours (ale noastre)
they theirs (al lor)
Numeralul in limba engleza

Numeralul cardinal in engleza: Numeralul cardinal este partea de vorbire care exprima un numar
de obiecte, persoane (numeralul cardinal).
Exemple:
1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one 100 one hundred
2 two 12 twelve 22 twenty-two 350 three hundred and fifty
3 three 13 thirteen 23 twenty-three 500 five hundred
4 four 14 fourteen
5 five 15 fifteen 30 thirty 1,000 one thousand
6 six 16 sixteen 40 forty 2,652 two thousand six hundred
7 seven 17 seventeen 50 fifty and fifty-two
8 eight 18 eighteen 60 sixty 5,000 five thousand
9 nine 19 nineteen 70 seventy
10 ten 20 twenty 80 eighty 1,000,000 one million
90 ninety 2,000,000 two million

Numeralul ordinal in engleza : Numeralul ordinal in limba engleza arata locul pe care se afla un
obiect, un eveniment, o actiune dintr-o multitudine de obiecte, evenimente, etc. Numeralul ordinal se
formeaza prin adaugarea sufixului "th" la numeralul cardinal.
Exemple:
Numeral Numeral
Numeral
Ordinal Ordinal
Cardinal
( forma I ) ( forma II )
1 the1st the first
2 the 2nd the second
3 the 3rd the third
4 the 4th the fourth
5 the 5th the fifth
6 the 6th the sixth
7 the 7th the seventh
8 the 8th the eighth
9 the 9th the ninth
10 the 10th the tenth
11 the 11th the eleventh
21 the 21st the twenty-first
100 the 100th the hundredth
Numeralul multiplicativ in engleza : Numeralul multiplicativ in engleza arata de cate ori se
repeta un eveniment, o actiune, etc.
Exemple:
once = o data sixty times = de saizeci de ori
twice = de doua ori a hundred times = de o suta de ori
three times = de trei ori a thousand times = de o mie de ori
four times = de patru ori double = twofold ( dublu )
five times = de cinci ori triple = threefold ( triplu )
ten times = de zece ori fourfold = impatrit
fifty times = de cincizeci de ori
Numeralul iterativ in engleza : Arata pentru a cata ora ceva s-a intamplat (se intampla, se va

intampla) o actiune.
Exemple:
(for) the first time
(for) the second time
(for) the third time
(for) the fourth time
(for) the fifth time
(for) the sixth time
Numeralul adverbial in engleza : Arata "in al catelea rand" se doreste sa se precizeze, sublinieze

ceva.
Exemple:
first(ly) = in primul rand
second(ly) = in al 2-lea rand
third(ly) = in al 3-lea rand
fourth(ly) = in al 4-lea rand
fifth(ly) = in al 5-lea rand
sixth(ly) = in al 6-lea rand
Numeralul distributiv in engleza : Numeralul distributiv exprima gruparea, repartizarea

obiectelor (distributia).
Exemple:
one at a time = cate unul o data
one by one = unul cate unul
two at a time = cate doi o data
two by two = doi cate doi
Numeralul nehotarat in engleza : Numeralul nehotarat in engleza face referire la un numar

indefinit de obiecte.
Exemple:
how many = câţi, câte (mulţi, multe)
several days = mai multe zile
not so many = nu atât(ea) (de mulţi, multe)
too many = prea mulţi, multe
several = mai mulţi, mai multe (necomparat, nedefinit)
so many = aţâţi, atâtea (de mulţi, multe)
tens of = zeci de cărţi
Numeralul fractional in engleza : Numeralul fractional in engleza reprezinta numere ce se pot

scrie ca fractii.
Exemple: one whole (1/1) = un intreg one half (1/2) = o jumatate
Conjunctia in limba engleza

Conjunctia :

a) exprima raporturi de coordonare sau de subordonare intre doua propozitii, raporturi de coordonare
intre doua parti de propozitie sau intre o parte de propozitie si o propozitie;

b) este neflexibila din punct de vedere morphologic;

c) nu indeplineste nicio functie sintactica in propozitie dar marcheaza raporturile de coordonare si
subordonare in cadrul propozitiei ai al frazei.
Exemple: Dorina went to mall but she forgot the money at home.

Dorina a plecat la mall, dar si-a uitat banii acasa.
Will you come or should I come?

Vii tu sau sa vin eu?

I didn't call you yesterday because I was busy.
Nu te-am sunat ieri pentru ca am fost ocupata.
A. Conjunctiile coordonatoare (Coordinating Conjunctions)

Conjunctiile coordonatoare leaga parti de propozitie cu aceeasi functie sintactica sau propozitii de acelasi fel.

1. Dupa relatiile pe care le stabilesc, conjunctiile coordonatoare pot fi:
a) copulative: and (si), as well as (precum), both … and (atat… cat si), not only …but also (nu numai …dar si)
b) disjunctive: or (sau); either…or (sau…sau), neither…nor (nici…nici)
c) adversative: but (dar, ci).

Either… or indica doua alternative din care numai una este posibila, in propozitii pozitive sau interogative:
We can either have a snack now, or we can have lunch at noon.
Putem lua o gustare acum sau putem lua pranzul la amiaza.

either…or + verb negativ sau
neither…nor + verb pozitiv se folosesc pentru a exprima o negatie:
I can't travel either by air or by sea. (Nu pot calatori prin aer sau pe mare.)
I can travel neither by air nor by sea. (Nu pot calatori nici prin aer nici pe mare.)
B. Conjunctiile subordonatoare (Subordinating Conjunctions)
Conjunctiile subordonatoare leaga propozitiile secundare din fraza de elementele lor regente.

1. Dupa felul propozitiilor pe care le introduce, conjunctiile subordonatoare pot fi:

a) universale: that (ca); if, whether (daca); -> Aceste prepozitii pot introduce mai multe tipuri de propozitii
subordonate.

b) specializate:
 De loc: where (unde), wherever (oriunde);
 De timp: when (cand), since (de cand), till/ until (pana cand), while/as (in timp ce), before (inainte
ca), after (dupa ce)
 De mod: exactly/just as (exact cum)
 De cauza: as, since, because (deoarece, fiindca)
 De scop: so that, in order that/ so (that) (mai formal) (pentru ca, cu scopul ca)
for fear (that) (de teama sa), in case, lest (formal) (ca sa nu)
 Conditionale: if (daca), provided (that) /on condition (that), as long as/ so long as (cu conditia ca,
atata timp cat); unless (afara daca, numai daca nu)
 Consecutive: so that (incat), so (familiar) (incat), so/ such… (that) (asa/ astfel…incat)
 Concesive: though, although (mai formal), while, whereas (formal), even if/ though (desi, cu toate ca,
chiar daca)
 Comparative: as… as (la fel de ... ca ...); as if/ as though (ca si cum, de parca)

When indica: simultaneitatea a doua actiuni:
When I am tired I go for a walk.
Cand sunt obosit fac o plimbare.
When she rang the bell, he came to the door.
Cand ea a sunat la sonerie, el a venit la usa. ---> Accentual este pe momentul actiunii sau succesiunea lor imediata
in timp.

As este folosit pentru actiuni paralele:
She wept as she spoke.
Plangea in timp ce vorbea.
sau sinonim al lui “while”:
As I was crossing the street, I heard somebody call my name.
In timp ce/ Pe cand traversam strada, am auzit pe cineva strigandu-mi numele.
Since presupune un argument admis de interlocutor:

Since you need this book, i'll get it for you.
Deoarece ai nevoie de carte, am sa ti-o iau.

Cand folosim conjunctia unless, verbul din propozitia conditionala este la forma pozitiva:
You can't see me unless you call me first.
Nu ma poti vedea decat daca ma suni inainte.
Interjectia in limba engleza

Prin interjectie se exteriorizeaza sentimente, manifestari, sau se reproduc sunete din natura.
Interjectiile sunt scurte exclamatii ca si : Oh!, Um sau Ah!
Ele nu au o valoare gramaticala reala, dar le folosim chiar des, de obicei mai mult in vorbire decat in
scris.
Exemple:
 surpriza: Wow! Oh! - Uau!
 bucurie: Ah! Ooh! - Ah!
 mirare: Oh dear! Indeed! - Vai draga! Intradevar!
 admiratie: Whew!
 dispret: Pshaw! What a same! - Ce pacat!
 aprobare: Well done! - Foarte bine!
 manifestari de vointa: Oh! Help! Look out! Cheer up! - Oh! Ajutor! Ai grija! Capul sus!
 zgomote: Bang! Click! Miaow! - Bang! Clic! Miau!
Verbele modale in limba engleza

Caracteristicile generale ale verbelor modale:

- Au numai infinitiv scurt (nu au particula "to");
- Nu au forma cu "-ing" si nici participiu;
- Au aceeasi forma pentru toate persoanele (nu au "-s", "-es" la persoana a 3-a singular);
- In forma negativa nu folosesc verbul "do", ci numai NOT (I cannot dance tonight.);
- Fac interogativul numai prin inversare (May I have this dance?);
- Formarea lui "nu-i asa" in propozitiile care folosesc verbe modale, se face folosind verbul
modal (I can play the game, can't I? -> Pot sa joc jocul, nu-i asa?)
- Verbele modale nu pot forma anumite timpuri, de aceea, se inlocuiesc cu alte verbe.
can se inlocuieste cu to be able to
may se inlocuieste cu to be allowed to
must se inlocuieste cu to have to

- CAN si MAY au forme de trecut:
can -> could
may -> might

CAN - Verbele modale in engleza
1. exprima capacitatea fizica sau intelectuala
2. pentru a exprima imposibilitatea sau neincrederea
3. pentru a exprima permisiunea in limbajul neoficial
4. pentru a exprima continuitatea verbelor de perceptie

MAY - Verbele modale in engleza
1. cand se cere permisiunea in mod oficial, politicos
2. exprima posibilitatea
3. exprima o dorinta

MUST - Verbele modale in engleza
1. cand se exprima o obligatie interna (subiectiva, personala)
2. pentru a exprima o deductie logica, o concluzie

OUGTH TO - Verbele modale in engleza
1. "Ought to" se foloseste cu precadere pentru a exprima o recomandare

SHALL - Verbele modale in engleza
1. pentru a exprima solicitarea unui sfat, o ofertă sau o sugestie (Folosit cu persoana I, interogativ)
2. pentru a exprima o promisiune, o obligaţie sau o ameninţare care provin de la cel care vorbeşte
( Folosit cu persoanele II şi III)
3. pentru a exprima o hotarare
4. pentru a exprima o interdictie in acte oficiale

WILL - Verbele modale in engleza
1. pentru a exprima vointa, hotarare
2. pentru a exprima o promisiune
3. pentru a exprima o posibilitate, presupunere
4. pentru a exprima ceva inevitabil
5. pentru a inlocui prezentul simplu pentru o actiune obisnuita, repetata
6. pentru a exprima o invitatie, cerere politicoasa
NEED, USED TO, DARE - Verbele modale in engleza



Infinitivul si gerunziul in limba engleza

Infinitive and Gerund
Sunt verbe in limba engleza care cer infinitivul iar altele care cer gerunziul. Iata mai jos modul in care verbele limbii
engleze se folosesc fie cu gerunziul, fie cu infinitivul.

1) Verbs which may take either infinitive or gerund:
(Verbe care folosesc fie infinitivul fie gerunziul )
advise, agree, allow, begin, can/could bear, cease, continue, forget, hate, intend, like, love, mean,
need, permit, prefer, propose, recommend, regret, remember, require, start, stop, try, used to
- verbs taking infinitive or gerund without changing meaning:
(verbe care folosesc infinitivul sa gerunziul fara sa-si modifice intelesul)
o begin, start, continue, cease
I began working./ I began to work. (Am început să lucrez.)
He continued living/ to live above the shop. (A continuat să locuiască deasupra magazinului.)
o can’t bear
I can’t bear waiting./ to wait. (Nu suport să aştept.)
o intend
I intend selling it./ to sell it. (Intenţionez să îl vând.)
o advise, allow, permit, recommend
They don’t allow us parking here./ to park here. (Nu ni se permite să parcăm aici.)
o it needs/requires/wants
The grass needs cutting./ to be cut. (Iarba trebuie tunsă.)
2) Verbs which take only gerund:

(Verbe care folosesc numai gerunziul )
o regret, remember, forget (when the action expressed by the gerund is the earlier action)
I regret spending so much money. (Îmi pare rău că am cheltuit atâţia bani.)
I remember reading about the earthquake in the newspapers. (Îmi amintesc că am citit de cutremur în ziare.)
I’ll never forget waiting to find out the results. (Nu o să uit niciodată aşteptarea rezultatelor.)

o go on, stop
He went on to tell us about his new plans. (A continuat să ne spună despre planurile lui noi.)
I can’t stop him talking to the press. (Nu pot să îl opresc să nu vorbească cu presa.)

o admit, adore, appreciate, avoid, celebrate, commence, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest, dislike, dread,
endure, enjoy, face, fancy, finish, go, imagine, involve, keep, lie, loathe, mention, mind, miss, practice, report.
resent, resist, risk, postpone, stand, sit, suggest.
!!! when regret, remember, forget themselves express the earlier action, they are followed by an infinitive:
I regret to say that you have failed your exam. (Îmi pare rău să te anunţ că ai picat examenul.)
I often forget to sign my cheques. (Adesea uit să semnez cecurile.)
3) Verbs which take only infinitive:

(Verbe care folosesc numai infinitivul)
o agree (to), mean, propose, refuse (to)
Tom agreed to wait a week. (Tom a fost de acord să aştepte o săptămână.)
I mean to get to the top by sunrise. (Vreau să ajung până să răsără soarele.)
I propose to start tomorrow. (Mi-am propus să încep mâine.)

o try, used to
They tried to put wire netting all round the garden. (Au încercat să pună gard de sârmă în jurul grădinii.)
I used to swim all the year around. (Obişnuiam să înot tot anul.)
Pronuntia lui '-ed' la sfarsitul verbului

Pronunţarea şi ortografierea terminaţiei -ed este оn funcţie de terminaţia infinitivului.

-ed se pronunţă:
a) [d] cвnd verbele se termină оn vocală sau consoană sonoră [b,g,l,m,n,v,z,dz,_dj_]: play - played [pleid];
arrived [_ă_’raivd];
b) [t] cвnd verbele se termină оn consoană surdă [f,k,p,s,sh,ch,_ş_,t_ş_] like - liked [laikt], cross - crossed
[kr_o_st];
c) [id] cвnd verbele se termină оn -t sau -d: want - wanted [‘w_o_ntid]; nod - nodded [‘n_o_did].

Particularităţi ortografice ale terminaţiei -ed:

Consoana finală a formei de infinitiv se dublează cвnd vocala care o precede este scurtă şi accentuată: stop -
stopped; prefer - preferred

Consoana finală se dublează la cвteva verbe, deşi silaba finală nu este accentuată: kidnap - kidnapped;
handicap - handicapped; worship - worshipped; iar la verbe terminate оn ic,
=c se dublează оn ck: picnic - picnicked.

Оn engleza britanică, verbele terminate оn -l dublează această consoană, indiferent de accent: control -
controlled; travel - travelled
Prepozitia in engleza
Prepozitia de TIMP in limba engleza: Se utilizeaza pentru a specifica timpul unei actiuni.
Exemple: at, on, in

at
- folosim "at" pentru a arata timpul exact (ora exacta)
She arrived at 8.00 a.m. (when?)
Ea a ajuns la ora 8 A.M.
on - folosim "on" pentru date sau zile
Tom left on Monday. (when?)
Tom a plecat luni.
in - folosim „in” pentru o perioada de timp nespecificata, necunoscuta din timpul unui an, zi, luna, anotimp
It is very warm in August.
Este foarte cald in august.
Prepozitia de LOC in limba engleza: Arata locul in care se situeaza obiectele definite.

Alte prepozitii de loc in limba engleza:
after, below , in front of , between , among, beside ,behind, between,
in front of, next to, above , beside, by, over, above, under, from, onto
Exemple: at, on, in
at - folosim "at" pentru

 a arata o anumita pozitie
Someone is at the door.

 un eveniment
Dan is at the concert.

 a arata un anumit loc, o adresa exacta
John is at home, watching TV.
Tom lives at 121 Herring Cove Road in London. (adresa exacta !)
on - folosim "on"

 pentru a arata pozitia pe o suprafata verticala sau orizontala (inclusiv strazi, sosele, alei, bulevarde)
The plate is on the table.
Tom lives on Herring Cove Road in London. (adresa nu e foarte exacta !)

 pentru a arata un oras langa un rau
London lies on the Thames.

 pentru a arata etajul
We live on the second floor.

 pentru transportul in comun
They are already on the plane.

 pentru TV, RADIO, telephone
I am on the phone with Jane.
in - folosim "in" pentru a arata ca un anumit obiect este imprejmuit sau inchis (inclusiv orase, judete, state, continente,
regiuni)
The dress is in the closet.
She lives in Halifax.
Prepozitii de miscare in limba engleza

Se foloseste numai cu verbe de miscare
to – la, catre (presupune atingerea locului, chiar ajungi acolo):
I go to my house.
towards – catre (nu presupune atingerea locului, nu ajungi acolo):
I go towards the light.
into – in (se intra fizic intr-un spatiu):
Tom go far into the cave.
onto – pe (pentru miscare pe o suprafata; daca nu e miscare se pune “on”):
The dog is running onto the floor.
along – de-a lungul (miscare pe/ pe linga o suprafata):
I’m walking along the river. (nu trec riul)
through – prin (presupune inrarea/iesire, patrundere):
I walk through the river. (trec riul, prin apa)
across – traversare (presupune inrarea/iesire, nu si patrundere):
I run across the road. (trec strada, dar nu intru in asfalt)
off – presupune desprinderea de o suprafata:
The plane takes off.
from – de la, de pe, din
out of – presupune iesirea dintr-un volum.:
Get out of my house !
past – langa (presupune apropierea imediata prin miscare)
about – prin (arata o miscare nedefinita, fara un tel precis)
around – in jurul (presupune o miscare circulara)
Prepozitii cu substantive, verbe in limba engleza

In limba engleza sunt verbe si substantive care tot timpul sunt folosite cu prepozitii. Iata mai jos citeva exemple:

believe in - cred in. Ex: I belive in God (Eu cred in Dumnezeu)
talk about - a discuta. Ex: What are they talking about ? (Despre ce dicuta ei ?)
interest in - interesat in/de. Ex: Consumers lose interest in this technology. (Consumatorii si-au pierdut interesul in
aceasta tehnologie.)
Vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in limba engleza

Direct and indirect (reported) speech
Sunt 2 moduri in care putem reda ceea ce o persoana a spus: modul direct (vorbirea directa) si modul
indirect (vorbirea indirecta).

Ø In direct speech, we repeat the original speaker’s exact words: - vorbirea directa
He said, "I have lost my umbrella." (El spuse: “Mi-am pierdut umbrela”.)

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks (" ... "). Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in
plays and in quotations.

Ø In indirect speech, we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using the speaker’s
exact words:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella. (El spuse că şi-a pierdut umbrella.) - vorbirea indirecta
There is no comma after say in indirect speech. That can usually be omitted after say and tell + object. But it
should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is normally used
when conversation is reported verbally, although direct speech is sometimes used for a more dramatic effect.
When we turn direct speech into indirect (reported) speech, some changes are usually necessary.
 TENSE CHANGES
1. Indirect Speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense:

He sais that …. (El a spus că….) - vorbirea indirecta
= reporting a conversation that is still going on
= reading a letter and reporting what it sais
= reading instructions and reporting them
= reporting a statement that someone makes very often: Tom sais that he’ ll never get married.
2.Indirect Speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense: - vorbirea indirecta
Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbirea indirecta

Simple Present - Vorbirea directa Simple past - Vorbirea indirecta
"I never eat meat" he explained. = He explained that he never ate meat.
(“Eu niciodată nu mănânc carne” explică (El explică faptul că nu mânca niciodată carne.)
el).
Present Continuous - Vorbirea directa Past Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta
‘"I’ m waiting for Ann" he said. = He said (that) he was waiting for Ann.
(“O aştept pe Ana” spuse el). (Spuse că o aştepta pe Ann).
Present Perfect - Vorbirea directa Past Perfect - Vorbirea indirecta
‘"I have found a flat" she said. = She said (that) she had found a flat.
(“Am găsit un apartament” spuse ea). (Ea spuse că îşi găsise un apartament).
Present Perfect Continuous - Vorbirea Past Perfect Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta
directa = He said (that)he had been waiting for ages.
He said "I’ ve been waiting for ages". (El spuse că aşteptase o groază de timp).
(El spuse: “Am aşteptat o groază de timp.”)
Simple Past - Vorbirea directa Past Perfect - Vorbirea indirecta
‘"I took it home with me" she said. = She said she had taken it home with her.
(“L-am luat acasă cu mine” spuse ea.) (Ea spuse că îl luase acasă cu ea.)
Future - Vorbirea directa Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta
He said, ‘"I shall/will be in Rome on = he said he would be in Rome on Monday.
Monday". (El spuse că va fi în Roma luni.)
(El spuse: “Voi fi în Roma luni.”)
Future Continuous - Vorbirea directa = Conditional Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta
"I will/shall be using the car on the 1st " she She said she’d be using the car on the 1st.
said. (Ea spuse că va folosi maşina pe data de 1).
(“Voi folosi maşina pe data de 1” spuse ea)
Conditional - Vorbirea directa Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta
I said, ‘"I would/should like to see it" . I said I would/should like to see it.
(Eu am spus: “Aş vrea să o văd.”) (Eu am spus că aş vrea să o văd.)
Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbirea indirecta
3.Note on I/we shall/should

I/ we shall normally becomes he/she/they would in indirect speech:
"I shall be 21 tomorrow" said Bill = Bill said he would be 21 the following day.
(“Voi împlini 21 ani mâine”. Spuse Bill. = Bill spuse că va împlini 21 ani în ziua următoare.)
But if the sentence is reported by the original speaker, I/we shall can become either I/we should or I/we would.
 PAST TENSES SOMETIMES REMAIN UNCHANGED

1. In spoken English, past tenses usually remain unchanged.
He said, "Ann arrived on Monday". = He said Ann (had) arrived on Monday.
(El spuse: “Ann a ajuns luni.” = El spuse că Ann ajunsese (a ajuns) luni.)
He said, "When I saw them they were playing tennis" . = He said that when he saw them they were playing
tennis.
(El spuse: "Când i-am văzut eu, jucau tenis.” = El spuse că atunci când i-a văzut, jucau tenis.)

2.A past tense used to describe a state of affairs which still exists when the speech is reported remains
unchanged:
She said, "I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road". = She said that she had decided not to
buy the house because it was on a main road.
(Ea spuse: “M-am hotărât să nu cumpăr casa pentru că era pe strada principală.” = Ea spuse că s-a hotărât să nu
cumpere casa pentru că era pe strada principală).
 SUBJUNCTIVES IN INDIRECT SPEECH - vorbirea indirecta

1.Unreal past tenses after wish, would rather/sooner and it is time do not change:
"It’ s time we began planning our holidays" he said. = He said that it was time they began planning their
holidays.
(“Este timpul să începem să ne planificăm concediul”. Spuse el. = El spuse că era timpul să înceapă să îşi planifice
concediul.)

2.I/he/she/we/they had better remains unchanged.
You had better can remain unchanged or be reported by advise + object + infinitive.
"You’d better not drink the water" she said = She advised us not to drink water.
(“Mai bine nu ai bea apă.” Spuse ea. = Ne sugeră să nu bem apă.)

3. Conditional sentences remain unchanged.
"If my children were older, I would emigrate" he said. = He said that if his children were older, he would
emigrate.
(“Dacă ar fi mai mari copiii mei, aş emigra”. Spuse el. = el spuse că dacă ar fi mai mari copiii lui, ar emigra.)
 MIGHT, OUGHT TO, SHOULD, WOULD, USED TO IN INDIRECT STATEMENTS

1. Might remains unchanged except when it is used as a request form:
He said, "Ann might ring today." = He said that Ann might ring that day.
(El spuse: “S-ar putea să sune Ann astăzi.” = El spuse că s-ar putea să sune Ann în acea zi.)

2. Ought to/should for obligation or assumption remains unchanged:
"They ought to widen this road" I said. = I said that they ought to widen this road.
(“Ar trebui să lărgească strada.” Spuse el. = El spuse că ar trebui să lărgească strada.)

3. Would in statements does not change.
"I’d be very grateful if you’d keep me informed" he said. = He asked me to keep him informed.
(“Aş fi foarte recunoscător dacă m-ai ţine la curent.”Spuse el = El mă rugă să îl ţin la current.)

4. Used to does not change.
"I know the place well because I used to live here" he explained. = He explained that he knew the place well
because he used to live there.
(“Cunosc bine locul pentru că am stat acolo.” Explică el. = El explică faptul că ştia locul pentru că a stat acolo.)
 PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Pronouns and possessive adjectives usually change from first or second to third person, except when
the speaker is reporting his own words:

I said, "I like my new house" = I said that I liked my new house.
(Am spus: “Îmi place casa mea nouă.” = El a spus că îi plăcea casa lui nouă.)
This used in time expressions usually becomes that. This, these used as pronouns can become it, they/them.
He said, "We will discuss them tomorrow". = He said that they will discuss it (the matter) the next day.
(El a spus: “Vom discuta (problema) mâine.” = El a spus că vor discuta (problema) yiua următoare.)
 EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbire indirecta

Today That day
Yesterday The day before
The day before yesterday Two days before
Tomorrow The next day/ the following day
The day after tomorrow In two days’ time
Next week/ year etc. The following week/ year etc.
Last week/ year etc. The previous week/ year etc.
A year ago A year before/ the previous year
Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbire indirecta
 SAY AND TELL

1. Say and tell with direct speech
Say can introduce a statement or follow it, while tell requires the person addressed. Inversion of say and noun
subject is possible, when say follows the statement, but inversion with tell is not possible.
"I’m leaving at once" Tom said. (“Plec odată.” A spus Tom) - vorbirea directa
"I’m leaving at once" Tom told me. (“Plec odată.” Mi-a spus Tom) - vorbirea directa

2. Say and tell with indirect speech
Indirect statements are normally introduced by say, or tell + object.
Say + to + object is also possible, but much less usual than tell + object.
Exprimarea opiniei in limba engleza

Articolul "Exprimarea opiniei in limba engleza" va prezinta succint modul in care opinia (parerea personala)
se exprima in limba engleza. Exercitii cu timpurile verbelor la indicativ cu explicatii (I)
Formal ways of expressing opinion, characteristic of written English:

In my view(dupa mine) ..., from my point of view(din punctul meu de vedere)..., in my opinion(dupa
parerea mea)...

From my view point I believe that the company achieved its target for 2010.
(Din punctul meu de vedere compania si-a realizat scopul pentru 2010.)
In my opinion he did what he could to save the situation.
(Dupa parerea mea el a facut tot posibilul sa salveze situatia)

Less formal equivalents more characteristic of spoken English include the following:

to my mind(pentru mine) ..., I reckon(eu consider) ..., I feel(eu cred)..., if you ask me(daca ma
intrebi pe mine)..., to be honest (with you)(sa fiu sincer) ..., as far as I'm concerned (in ceea ce ma
priveste)...

If you ask me I do not approve that kind of behavior.
(Dupa mine, nu sunt de acord cu acest tip de comportament. )
As far as I'm concerned my job is done.
(In ceea ce ma priveste eu mi-am facut treaba .)
If one is required to write an essay in which one has to express an opinion use the alternatives:
I think that(eu cred ca)… It seems to me that (mi se pare ca)… I do not believe that(nu
cred ca)… I do not agree that (nu sunt de acord cu)…

It seems to me that a mistake has been made, the accounts are still empty.
(Mi se pare ca s-a facut o greseala, conturile sunt inca goale.)
I do not believe that they are supposed to raise the prices in order to survive on the market.
(Nu cred ca ei ar trebui sa cresca preturile pentru a supravietui pe piata.)

Making concessions: Of course, some people argue (bineinteles, unii cred ca)… While (In timp ce)
… Admittedly (Dupa cum se stie)…

Of course, some people argue that is better to start the campaign right now.
(Bineinteles, unii cred ca ar fi mai bine sa incepem campania acum.)
Admittedly, your product is expensive but maybe if we negotiate we can reach an agreement.
(Dupa cum se stie, produsul dumneavoastra e scump dar poate daca negociem ajungem la o intelegere .)
Clarifying an opinion: By this I mean (Prin asta, vreau sa spun)… Here I'm referring to
(Si aici ma refer la)… To be more precise… (Mai precis) That is to say…(Adica..)
That is to say they left without saying goodbye.

(Adica, au plecat fara sa isi ia la revedere.)
To be more precise we are interested in the outcome of this discussion.
(Mai precis, pe noi ne intereseaza rezultatul discutiei.)
Agreeing with an opinion: Of course (Bineinteles)… You are absolutely right (Ai dreptate.)…. I
couldn't agree more (Sunt de acord)… Exactly (Exact)… That’s true (E adevarat)… I
agree with you entirely (Sunt de acord cu tine in totalitate)…. That is just what I was thinking (Exact la
asta ma gandeam si eu)…

You are absolutely right; Sam is the one who should receive the prize.
(Ai perfecta dreptate, Sam e cel care ar trebui sa primeasca premiul )
I agree with you entirely, the best way to succeed is to promote the products on other markets.
(Sunt complet de acord cu dumneavoastra cea mai buna cale spre success e promovarea produselor pe alte piete.)

Disagreeing with an opinion: I don’t agree with you (Nu sunt de accord cu tine)… However
(Totusi)… On the contrary (Dimpotriva)… I’m sorry to disagree with you, but (Imi pare rau ca
nu sunt de acord, dar)… Yes, but don’t you think (Da, dar nu crezi ca)…. I’m afraid I have to
disagree (Ma tem ca nu sunt de acord.)

However, it was not supposed to end like this.
(Totusi, nu trebuia sa se termine asa.)
I’m afraid I have to disagree with you; the students are not ready yet for a final test.
(Ma tem ca nu sunt de acord cu dumneavoastra, studentii nu sunt pregatiti pentru testul final.)
I am not tired; on the contrary I am eager to start working on the project.
(Nu sunt obosita, dimpotriva sunt nerabdatoare sa incep munca la proiect .)
Exercitii cu timpurile verbelor la indicativ
Atunci când avem de stabilit ce timp şi ce aspect avem de pus într-o propoziţie, trebuie avute în vedere
următoarele criterii:
- când se foloseşte acel timp şi/sau aspect
- ce cuvinte cheie avem în propoziţie
1. Apa fierbe ...
Apa fierbe la 100 de grade Celsius. - Water boils at 100 C.
Explicatie: Pentru ca se refera la un adevăr general valabil.

Apa fierbe (acum) - The water is boiling now.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru acţiunea este prezentă şi se desfăşoară acum, sau în jurul
momentului (acum).

2. Soarele răsare ...
Soarele răsare la est. - The sun rises in the east.
Explicatie: Pentru ca se refera la un adevăr general valabil.

Soarele rasare. - The sun is rising.
Explicatie: Soarele rasare acum, in acest moment.
3. Plec mâine dimineata ...
Plec mâine dimineata la Londra cu avionul. - I leave to London tomorrow morning by plane.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Simple pentru ca este o actiune, care depinde de orarul unui aeroport, sau
programul turistic făcut de o agenţie de turism.

Plec mâine dimineata la Londra. - I am leaving to London tomorrow morning.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru ca este o acţiune viitoare, planificată de subiect, şi care nu
depinde de programul altcuiva.

4. Ea face curat în casă ...
Ea face curat în casă in fiecare zi - She does the housework every day.
Explicatie : S-a folosit Present Simple pentru ca este o acţiune prezentă, generală, repetabilă în prezent

Ea face curat în casă, acum, că mama ei este în concediu - She is doing the housework now that her
mother is in vacation.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru ca acţiunea este prezentă şi se desfăşoară acum, sau în jurul
momentului acum

5. Lucrez in gradina ...
Lucrez in gradina. - I am working in the garden.
Folosind verbul in engleza la prezentul continuu indica faptul ca te referi la clipa asta.

Lucrez in gradina. - I work in the garden. - inseamna ca asta e ocupatia ta. De exemplu ca esti gradinar.
6. El locuieste la Londra ...

El locuieste la Londra. - He lives in London.
Explicatie: : Idem 4

El locuieste la Londra (in acest moment) - He is living in London at the moment.
Explicatie: Idem 4

7. Ploua ...
Ploua des in Marea Britanie - It often rains in the Uk.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Simple pentru ca este un obicei in prezent, cuvantul cheie fiind „often”

Ploua (acum) - It is raining.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru ca acţiunea este prezentă şi se desfăşoară acum

8. Nu m-am trezit devreme azi dimineata ...
Nu m-am trezit devreme azi dimineata - I haven’t got up early this morning. (Este ora 10 a.m.)
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, efectuata intr-o perioada de
timp neterminata (este ora 10 a.m., dimineata inca nu a trecut)

Nu m-am trezit devreme azi dimineata - I didn’t get up early this morning. (Este ora 2 p.m.)
Explicatie: S-a folosit Past Tense Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp
terminata (este ora 2 pm, dimineata s-a inchiat, este trecut de amiaza)
9. Mi-am pierdut umbrela. Trebuie sa-mi cumpar una noua

I have lost my umbrella . I must buy a new one.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, terminata, care are rezultate
in prezent

Trebuie precizat faptul ca, daca se mentioneaza momentul trecut in care a avut loc actiunea care intereseaza in
prezent sau care are rezultate in prezent, nu mai poate fi folosit timpul Present Perfect. In acest caz, se foloseste
Past Simple.
Ex. Mi-am pierdut umbrela ieri. Trebuie sa-mi cumpar una noua.
I lost my umbrella yesterday. I must buy a new one.

10. Te-am iubit.....
Te-am iubit toata viata - I’ve loved you all my life.
timp neterminata.

Te-am iubit candva demult - I loved you a long time ago.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Past Tense Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, incheiata.

11. Am vizitat Londra ...
Am vizitat Londra anul trecut - I visited London last year.

Am vizitat Londra pentru prima data - It’s the first time I have visited London.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, construita cu expresiile „it’s
the first / second / third time”, care cer folosirea acestui timp.

12. Locuiesc aici de ani de zile ...
Locuiesc aici de ani de zile....(si voi pleca) - I have lived here for years.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta inceputa in trecut care
continua si acum , folosind constructia” for”

Locuiesc aici de ani de zile....(si raman) - I have been living here for years.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Continuous deoarece acest timp se foloseste cam in aceleasi situatii ca si
Present Perfect Simple, doar ca acestainsista asupra duratei acelei actiuni.
13. Eu scriu o scrisoare ...

Eu scriu o scrisoare (acum) - I am writing a letter.
momentului acum

Eu scriu o scrisoare de 3 ore - I have been writing a letter for three hours.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Continuous deoarece se insista asupra duratei actiunii

14. N-au auzit vorbindu-se ...
N-au auzit vorbindu-se despre el anul acesta – They haven’t heard from him this year.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple pentru ca se vorbeste despre evenimente situate in aceeasi
perioada de timp cu aceea in care ne aflam la momentul prezent cand vorbim.

N-au auzit vorbindu-se despre el anul trecut – They didn’t hear from him last year.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Past Tense Simple, deoarece ne referim la o perioada de timp care nu mai este cea
prezenta
(ieri, saptamana trecuta, anul trecut etc), evenimentul este plasat intr-un trecut datat.

15. Am trimis raportul final ...
Am trimis raportul final saptamana aceasta – I have sent the final report this week.
Explicatie: Idem 14

Am trimis raportul final saptamana trecuta – I sent the final report last week.
Exercitii cu timpurile verbelor la indicativ cu explicatii (II)

Atunci când avem de stabilit ce timp şi ce aspect avem de pus într-o propoziţie, trebuie avute în vedere următoarele
criterii:
- când se foloseşte acel timp şi/sau aspect
- ce cuvinte cheie avem în propoziţie
1. Apa ingheata ...

Apa ingheata la 0 grade Celsius. - Water freezes at 0 C.
Explicatie: Pentru ca se refera la un adevăr general valabil

Apa din lac ingheata. - The water in the lake is freezing.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru acţiunea este prezentă şi se desfăşoară acum, sau în jurul
momentului acum

2. Soarele apune ...
Soarele apune la vest - The sun sets in the west.
Explicatie: Pentru ca se refera la un adevăr general valabil

Soarele apune (acum) - The sun is setting.
Explicatie: Soarele apune acum, in acest moment
3. Ea pleaca seara ...

Ea pleaca seara la Bucuresti cu trenul - She leaves to Bucharest in the evening by train.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Simple pentru ca este o actiune, care depinde de orarul unei gari, sau programul
turistic făcut de o agenţie de turism.

Ea pleaca seara la Bucuresti - She is leaving to Bucharest in the evening.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru ca este o acţiune viitoare, planificată de subiect, şi care nu
depinde de programul altcuiva.

4. Jane face cumparaturi ...
Jane face cumparaturi in fiecare zi - Jane shops everyday.
Explicatie : S-a folosit Present Simple pentru ca este o acţiune prezentă, generală, repetabilă în prezent.

Jane face cumparaturi acum. - Jane is shopping now.
momentului acum

5. Ann lucreza in bucatarie ...
Ann lucreaza in bucatarie. - Ann is working in the kitchen.
Folosind verbul in engleza la prezentul continuu indica faptul ca te referi la clipa asta.

Ann lucreaza in bucatarie. - Ann works in the kitchen. - inseamna ca asta e ocupatia ei. De exemplu ca este
bucatar.

6. John locuieste in Bucuresti ...
John locuieste in Bucuresti - John lives in Bucharest.
Explicatie: : S-a folosit Present Simple pentru ca este o acţiune prezentă, generală.

John locuieste in Bucuresti (in acest moment) - John is living in Bucharest at the moment.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru ca acţiunea este prezentă şi se desfăşoară acum, te referi la
clipa asta.

7. Ninge ...
Ninge des in Nord - It often snows in the North
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Simple pentru ca este un obicei in prezent, cuvantul cheie fiind „often”.

Ninge (acum) - It is snowing.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru ca acţiunea este prezentă şi se desfăşoară acum.
8. Am mancat o salata de fructe azi dimineata ...

Am mancat o salata de fructe azi dimineata - I have eaten a fruit salad this morning. (Este ora 10
a.m.).
timp neterminata (este ora 10 a.m., dimineata inca nu a trecut).

Am mancat o salata de fructe azi dimineata. - I ate a fruit salad this morning. (Este ora 2 p.m.)
Explicatie: S-a folosit Past Tense Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp
terminata (este ora 2 pm, dimineata s-a inchiat, este trecut de amiaza).

9. Ea si-a pierdut portofelul. Trebuie sa-si cumpere unul nou ...
She has lost her wallet. She must buy herself a new one.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, terminata, care are rezultate
in prezent
Trebuie precizat faptul ca, daca se mentioneaza momentul trecut in care a avut loc actiunea care intereseaza in
prezent sau care are rezultate in prezent, nu mai poate fi folosit timpul Present Perfect. In acest caz, se foloseste
Past Simple.
Ex. Ea si-a pierdut portofelul saptamana trecuta. Trebuie sa-si cumpere unul nou
She lost her wallet last week. She must buy herself a new one.

10. Te-am asteptat ...
Te-am asteptat toata viata - I’ve waited for you all my life.
timp neterminata

Te-am asteptat la aeroport candva demult - I waited for you at the airport a long time ago.

11. Noi am vizitat Parisul ...
Noi am vizitat Parisul luna trecuta - We visited Paris last month.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Past Tense Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, incheiata

Noi am vizitat Parisul pentru prima data - It’s the first time we have visited Paris.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, construita cu expresiile „it’s
the first / second / third time”, care cer folosirea acestui timp.
12. Lucrez aici de ani de zile ...

Lucrez aici de ani de zile....(si voi pleca) - I have worked here for years.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta inceputa in trecut care
continua si acum , folosind constructia” for”.

Lucrez aici de ani de zile....(si raman) - I have been working here for years.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Continuous deoarece acest timp se foloseste cam in aceleasi situatii ca si
Present Perfect Simple, doar ca acestainsista asupra duratei acelei actiuni

13. Ea scrie o carte ...
Ea scrie o carte (acum) - She is writing a novel.
momentului acum

Ea scrie o carte de 2 zile - She has been writing a novel for two days.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Continuous deoarece se insista asupra duratei actiunii

14. Nu am vazut-o pe Anna ...

Nu am vazut-o pe Anna anul acesta – I haven’t seen Anna this year.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple pentru ca se vorbeste despre evenimente situate in aceeasi
perioada de timp cu aceea in care ne aflam la momentul prezent cand vorbim.

Nu am vazut-o pe Anna anul trecut – I didn’t see Anna last year.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Past Tense Simple, deoarece ne referim la o perioada de timp care nu mai este cea
prezenta
(ieri, saptamana trecuta, anul trecut etc), evenimentul este plasat intr-un trecut datat

15. Ti-am inapoiat banii ...
Ti-am inapoiat banii saptamana aceasta – I have given you back the money this week.
Exercitii cu timpurile verbelor la indicativ cu explicatii (III)

1. They didn’t know that I played basketball. - Ei nu stiau ca am jucat basket (actiune simultana-Past Simple)
2. She was in a hurry because she wanted to catch the train. - Era grabita deoarece a vrut sa prinda
trenul (actiune simultana-Past Simple)

3. Amber said she was happy. (actiune simultana-Past Simple)

4. You didn’t tell me you had to learn by heart this poem. - Nu mi-ai spus ca trebuia sa inveti poezia pe de
rost (actiune simultana-Past Simple)

5. She told me John’s phone number after he had left. - Ea mi-a spus nr. de tel a lui John, dupa ce el
plecase (actiune anterioara-Past Perfect)

6. When I arrived, the movie already had begun. - Cand am ajuns, filmul deja incepuse (actiune anterioara-
Past Perfect)

7. Yesterday I bought a new bracelet because I had lost my old one. - Ieri mi-am cumparat o bratara
noua, deoarece mi-am pierdut-o pe cea veche. (actiune anterioara-Past Perfect)
8. We all believed he would win the race. - Noi toti am crezut ca el va castiga cursa (actiune posterioara-
Future- in-the-Past)

9. They told us they would arrive the next day. - Ei ne-au spus ca vor sosi in ziua uramtoare (actiune
posterioara- Future- in-the-Past)

10. Father said he would take me to the movies if he had time. - Tata a spus ca ma va duce la film daca
va avea timp (actiune posterioara- Future- in-the-Past urmat de Past Tense (pentru simultaneitate))
11. Father said he would buy me a bycicle if he had had the money. - Tata a spus ca mi-ar fi cumparat
cumpara o masina daca ar fi avut banii (actiune posterioara- Future- in-the-Past urmat de Past Perfect (pentru
anterioritate)).

12. I will watch Tv when I have time. - Ma voi uita la Tv, cand voi avea timp.(viitor- actiune simultana -
prezent)

13. I will go to Spain, after I have learned Spanish. - Ma voi duce in Spania, dupa ce voi invata spaniola .
(viitor- actiune anterioara - Present Perfect)

14. You will not go on this strip because you got a D minus. - Nu vei merge in aceasta excursie, deoarece ai
primit un patru (Exceptie, propozitie cauzala)

15. The teacher told us that water freezes at 0º C. - Profesorul ne-a spus ca apa ingheata la 0º C (Exceptie,
adevar general)
Lunile anului
Romana Engleza  la inceputul lui August = at the beginning of August
Ianuarie January  la sfarsitul lui August = at the end of August
Februarie February  in mijlocul/ la jumatatea lui August = in mid-August
Martie March
Aprilie April
Mai May
Iunie June
Zilele saptamanii
Iulie July
Luni - Monday Notice that "weekdays" and "days of
August August
the week" are not the same.
Septembrie September Marti – Tuesday "Days of the week" are all 7 days
Octombrie October from Monday to Sunday.
Noiembrie November Miercuri – Wednesday The "weekend" is Saturday and
Decembrie December Sunday.
Joi – Thursday In timpul zilelor lucratoare zicem
"on weekdays"
Vineri – Friday In weekend se spune "at weekend" or "on weekend".
Sambata – Saturday
Duminica – Sunday

Lista Principalelor Verbe Neregulate in Engleza

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Lista Principalelor Verbe Neregulate in Engleza

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Lista principalelor verbe neregulate in engleza

Concordanta timpurilor in limba engleza

b)Future – actiune anterioara – Present Perfect

1. Cand in subordonata se exprima un adevar stiintific /general.

Conjugarea verbelor in engleza- Modul indicativ

Forma afirmativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")

Forma negativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")

Forma interogativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")

Forma negativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")

Forma interogativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")

Forma afirmativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")

Forma negativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")

Persoana Be Going To Future Simple Future Future Continuous

Forma interogativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")

Verbul in engleza – gramatica

Diateza pasiva: Actiune este realizata de subiectul logic ( complementul de agent ).

Diateza reflexiva: La diateza reflexivă acţiunea este realizată şi suportată de subiect. Diateza reflexiva se

Verbul in engleza: Timpurile verbelor (la modul indicativ) in limba engleza – gramatica

Verbul in engleza: Modul conditional in limba engleza – gramatica

Verbul in engleza: Modul subjonctiv in limba engleza – gramatica

Ex: It is necessary that the work be done. (recomandare, sfat, deci AVEM subjonctiv)

Subjonctivul in engleza se formeaza cu :

b) Forma de "Past Tense" a verbului, pentru a exprima:

Verbul in engleza: Modul imperativ in limba engleza – gramatica

Verbul in engleza: Verbele modale in limba engleza - gramatica

MAY - Verbele modale in engleza

2. pentru a exprima o deductie logica, o concluzie

SHALL - Verbele modale in engleza

4. pentru a exprima o interdictie in acte oficiale

WILL - Verbele modale in engleza

2. pentru a exprima o promisiune

Polar bears will perish. = Ursii polari vor disparea.

NEED, USED TO, DARE - Verbele modale in engleza

She doesn't need to come. ( Nu este necesar sa vina si ea.)

USED TO - este folosit doar la Past Tense, pentru a exprima:

Verbul in engleza: Conjugarea verbelor in limba engleza (pag )

Verbul in engleza: Concordanta timpurilor in limba engleza

Verbul "TO BE" - a fi

Forma afirmativa: Forma interogativa: Forma negativa:

Verbul "TO HAVE" - a avea

Verbul "TO DO" - a face

Ex: big (mare) dry (uscat)

Ex: my book (cartea mea)

There are some Canadians here.

Raportul de inferioritate al adjectivelor calitative. Raportul de inferioritare in limba engleza se

Ex: It is less cold than it might look.

Raportul de egalitate/ inegalitate al adjectivelor calitative

Nota: Aceste moduri de comparatie se numesc si "regulate" deoarece o regula se foloseste in

Ex: It is not so cold as it might look.

Raportul de superioritate al adjectivelor calitative.

 Adjective ca cheerful, common, cruel, pleasant, quiet formeaza comparativul de

Adjective cu comparatia neregulata. Trebuie cunoscuta forma de comparativ si superlativ a adjectivelor.

Adjectiv Comparativ Superlativ

good (=bun) better the best

bad (=rau) worse the worst

far further the furthest

far farther the farthest

old elder the eldest

old older the oldest

many more the most

little less the least

Adjectivul in engleza - Forma adjectivului

Pentru acentuarea sensului unui adjectiv se folosesc cuvintele very sau really: