CARBON

FOOTPRINT
ANALYSIS
Concepts, Methods,
Implementation, and Case Studies

Matthew John Franchetti

Defne Apul

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor St Francis Group, an informs business
Contents

Preface xi

Acknowledgments ; xiii
Author Biographies xv

Section I Why Carbon Footprint Analysis

and Reduction?

1 Definitions of Carbon Footprint Analysis and Related Concepts 3

1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Carbon Footprint Analysis 6
1.3 Greenhouse Gases 7
1.4 Global Warming, Climate Change, and Global Change 8
1.5 Life Cycle Assessment and Embedded Carbon 9
1.6 Other Footprints: Water, Nitrogen, Ecological Footprints 14
1.7 Pollution Prevention 17
1.8 Sustainability and the Triple Bottom Line 18
1.9 Acronyms 22
1.10 Units 22
References 23

2 Benefits of Energy and Greenhouse Gas Reduction and

Minimization 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Environmental Benefits 26
2.3 Economic Benefits 29
2.4 Corporate Image Benefits 30
2.5 Personal and Social Benefits 31
References 31

3 Environmental Laws and Regulations .....33

3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 The U.S. Clean Air Act 33
3.3 The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 34
3.4 Energy Policy Act of 2005 34
3.5 American Clean Energy and Security Act 35
3.6 Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Rule 35
3.7 Kyoto Protocol 35
References 36
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Section II Carbon Footprint Analysis Methods

4 Standards for Carbon Footprint Analysis 39

4.1 Introduction 39
4.2 Product-Based Standards 39
4.3 Activity-Based Standards 41
4.4 Iterative Carbon Management Steps 43
References 45

5 GHG Protocol 47
5.1 Introduction 47
5.2 GHG Protocol Overview 47
5.3 The GHG Protocol's Overarching Principles 50
5.4 Greenhouse Gases 50
5.5 Boundary Setting 57
5.6 Organizational Boundary Setting 58
5.7 Operational Boundary Setting 59
5.7.1 Scope 1 Emissions 59
5.7.2 Scope 2 Emissions 60
5.7.3 Scope 3 Emissions 63
5.8 Temporal Boundary Setting 64
References 64

6 Metrics and Performance Measurement for Carbon Footprint

Analyses 67
6.1 Introduction 67
6.2 Greenhouse Gas Emission Measurement 67
6.2.1 Absolute Measures 68
6.2.2 Measures Indexed to Output 68
6.2.3 Measures Indexed to Input 69
6.2.4 Measures Indexed to
Throughput 69
6.2.5 Measures Indexed to Activity 69
6.3 Business and Financial Measurement 69
6.4 Customer and Stakeholder Satisfaction Measurements 71
Reference 73

7
Energy and Greenhouse Gas Calculators Available on the Internet... 75
7.1 Overview of Calculators and Comparisons 75
7.2 American Forests 75
7.3 Bonneville Environmental Foundation 77
7.4 Clearwater 77
7.5 The Conservation Fund 78
7.6 Green Mountain Energy ....78
7.7 TerraPass 78
Contents vii

The U.S. of Saver 79

7.8 Department Energy—Home Energy
7.9 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 79

81
8 Carbon Footprints of Some Entities
8.1 Introduction 81

8.2 Carbon Footprint of Persons, Organizations, and Nations 81

8.3 Embedded Carbon of Products 84

References 86

Section III Systems Approach to Project Implementation

9 Introduction: The System Approach to Carbon Footprint and

Energy Reduction 89

93
10 The Six Sigma Systems Approach for Deployment
10.1 Introduction 93

10.2 Define 95
Stage
10.3 Measure 100

10.4 101
Analyze
10.5 101
Improve
10.6 Control 102
103
10.7 Summary
References 104

11 Deployment Alternatives 105

11.1 Introduction 105
11.2 Choosing a Waste Minimization Provider or Partner 107
11.3 Essential Elements of the Deployment Plan 108

Successful Project Launch Ill

12 Creating a

12.1 Introduction Ill

Ill
12.2 Executive Leadership
Goals 112
12.3 Strategic
12.4 Resources 114

12.5 Metrics 117

12.6 Culture 118
12.7 Communications 118
12.8 Lessons Learned 119

12.9 121
Summary
Reference 121

The General to Greenhouse Gas and Energy Analyses 123

13 Approach ...

123
13.1 Introduction to the Systems Approach Framework
Establish the Team and Define the 124
13.2 Project (Step 1)
vijj Contents

126
13.2.1 Upper-Management Support
13.2.2 The Project Team 126

13.2.3 InitialTraining and Introductory Meeting 127

128
13.2.4 Project Goals and Metrics
13.2.5 Team Charter 128

13.2.6 Project Timeline 129

13.2.7 Project Budget 129

13.3 Existing Records Review (Step 2) 131

13.4 Process Mapping and Production Analysis (Step 3) 136

13.5 On-Site Data Collection (Step 4) 142

13.5.1 Preparation for On-Site Data Collection 142

13.5.2 Assessment Guide 147

13.6 Data Analysis (Step 5) 148
13.7 Identify Minimization Opportunities (Step 6) 149
13.8 Determine, Evaluate, and Select Alternatives (Step 7) 152
13.8.1 Generating Alternatives 152
13.8.2 Common Minimization Alternatives 156
13.8.3 Screening Alternatives 157
13.8.4 Analyzing and Selecting Alternatives 160
13.8.4.1 Case Study Discussion—Evaluating and
Selecting Alternatives 169
13.9 Documentation and the Deployment Plan (Step 8) 179
13.9.1 Overview of the Deployment Plan 179
13.9.2 Obtaining Funding 180
13.9.3 Contents of the Documentation and Deployment Plan... 181
13.9.3.1 Cover Sheet 181
13.9.3.2 Overview 182
13.9.3.3 Assessment Findings and Recommendations... 182
13.9.3.4 Assumptions, Dependencies, and
Constraints 182
13.9.3.5 Operational Readiness 182
13.9.3.6 Timeline for Implementation 182
13.9.3.7 Training and Documentation 183
13.9.3.8 Notification of Deployment 183
13.9.3.9 Operations and Maintenance Plans 183
13.9.3.10
Contingency Plan 183
13.9.3.11 Appendices 184
13.10 Implementation and Execution (Step 9) 184
13.11 Validate the Program versus Goals (Step 10) 185
13.12 Monitor and Continually Improve Performance (Step 11) 186

Employee Training 189

14.1 Introduction 189
14.2 Strategy 189
14.3 Agendas for Training 191
Contents ix

Section IV Case Studies

15 Higher Education Carbon Management 195

15.1 Organizations and Programs That Encourage and Support
Carbon Footprint Analysis and Management 195
15.2 Case Study of the University of Toledo 201
15.2.1 Background and Acknowledgments 201
15.2.2 Using Wiki Technology to Facilitate Communication... 202
15.2.3 Project Process 203
15.2.4 Project Boundaries and Raw Data 207
15.2.5 Emissions Summary 212
15.2.6 Emissions Projections 212
15.2.7 Scope 1 Reduction Strategies 213
15.2.8 Scope 2 Reduction Strategies 214
15.2.9 Scope 3 Reduction Strategies 214
15.2.10 Carbon Offsets 216
15.2.11 Education 217
References 217

16 Energy Analysis and Minimization in Manufacturing 219

16.1 Introduction 219
16.2 Methodology 220
16.3 Data Analysis 220
16.3.1 Offices 220
16.3.2 Entryway 221
16.3.3 Kitchenette 222
16.3.4 Manufacturing 222
16.3.5 Other Areas 223

16.4 Cost Savings Opportunities/Recommendations 223

16.4.1 Offices 223
16.4.2 Entryway 225
16.4.3 Kitchenette 226
16.4.4 Manufacturing 226
16.4.5 Other Areas 227

16.5 Recommendation s and Summary 227

17 Energy Analysis and Minimization in Health Care 231

17.1 Introduction and Background 231
17.2 Methodology 231
17.3 Lighting Results 232

17.4 Lighting Recommendations 234

17.4.1 Lighting Sensors on the Exterior of the Parking
Structure 234
17.4.2 LED Tube Retrofits for the F40T12 Bulbs 234
17.4.3 LED Retrofits for Exit Signs 235
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17.5 Economic Analysis of Lighting Recommendations 235

17.6 Environmental Impact 239

17.7 Other Areas for Energy Reduction 241

References 242

18 Energy Analysis in Minimization in Construction and

Manufacturing 243

18.1 Background 243

18.2 Methodology 243

18.3 Data Analysis 244

18.3.1 Machine Shop 244

18.3.2 Warehouse 244

18.3.3 Office 244

18.4 Cost-Saving Opportunities 245

18.4.1 The Machine Shop 245

18.4.2 Warehouse 246

18.4.3 Office Area 246
18.4.4 Other Areas 246
18.5 Recommendations and Summary 247

Index 249