Hindusthan College of Engineering And Technology

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Accredited with ‘A’ Grade by NAAC

(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)
Coimbatore – 641 032
AUTONOMOUS SEMESTER UG DEGREE
DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
16AE5201-AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
Name of Course Coordinator : V.T GOPINATHAN
Name of the course handling faculty members: 1. V.T GOPINATHAN
2. T.VIJAYALAKSHMI

Test Unit/Portions for INTERNAL EXAM - I

UNIT 1 LIFT AND DRAG ON FLIGHT PERFORMANCE
International Standard Atmosphere - Measurement of speed-Forces and moments acting on a flight vehicle
-Equation of motion of a rigid flight vehicle - Different types of drag – Methods of drag reduction in airplanes- Drag
Internal Test 1 polar of vehicles from low speed to high speeds - Effects of Reynold’s number on skin friction and pressure drag.
Variation of thrust, power with velocity and altitudes for air breathing engines.
UNIT 2 CRUISING FLIGHT PERFORMANCE
Performance of airplane in level flight - Power available and power required curves

PART A (2 Marks)

Marks COs

1. What is meant by ISA? 2 CO1

2. Write the name of various layers of ISA. 2 CO1
3. What is Aspect ratio? 2 CO1
4. What is the importance of ISA? 2 CO1
5. What are the various forces and moments acting on the aircraft? 2 CO1
6. Draw the α Vs CL for various cases. 2 CO1
7. What is meant by drag polar? 2 CO1
8. What is stalling speed? 2 CO1
9. What is drag divergence Mach number? 2 CO1
10. Why and how power required for level flight varies with altitude? 2 CO1
11. What do you mean by laps rate? 2 CO1
12. What is meant by center of pressure and Aerodynamic center? 2 CO1
13. What does parasite drag mean? 2 CO1
14. What is Drag bucket? 2 CO1
15. What are the forces and moments acting on aircraft? 2 CO1
16. What are the effects of winglets? 2 CO1
17. What is meant by steady level flight? 2 CO2
18. Why and how power required for level flight varies with altitude? 2 CO2
19. State and prove the dependence of coefficients of lift and drag for minimum 2 CO2
power required for level flight.
20. State the condition of minimum drag in level flight. 2 CO2

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 Why minimum drag speed condition is important in regards to a stable level flight
21. 2 CO2
of an aircraft?
PART B(14 Marks)

Marks COs

Derive the relations for pressure and temperature variations with altitude for
1. 14 CO1
stratosphere and troposphere.
Discuss the temperature variation with altitude of standard atmosphere in neat sketch
2. 14 CO1
and classify the atmospheric layers.
Calculate the pressure and density at 8000 m and 11000 m in the international standard
3. atmosphere. The pressure at sea level is 101325 N/m 2, the sea level temperature is 14 CO1
288.15 K and the lapse rate is 0.0065 K/m.
4. Discuss about the various types of drag associated with aircraft. 14 CO1
5. Derive the equation for drag polar and explain it for various speeds. 14 CO1
6. Derive the condition for minimum drag.ie Dmin = 2W√ab. 14 CO2
In straight and level flight show that the velocity corresponding to minimum power
7. condition is 0.76 times the velocity corresponding to minimum drag required
CO2
Condition. ie., Vmin power = 0.76 V min drag. 14
An aircraft flying at m times the VminD in steady level flight. Show that
8.
14 CO2
D / Dmin = 1/2 (m2 + m-2). Where D is the drag of aircraft at the flight speed.
An airplane has the following data.
9. W=10,000 Kg, S= 40m2, CD0 =0.02, Span (b) =20m, e=0.9. Altitude of flight is 5 Km. 14 CO2
Density at that altitude is 0.735 Kg/m3.Find Dmin and Vmind for a given altitude.

PART C( 10 Marks)
1. Explain the effect of Reynolds number on skin friction drag and pressure drag. 10 CO1
2. Derive the equation of motion for rigid flight vehicle. 10 CO1
3. Explain EAS, IAS, TAS and CAS. 10 CO1
4. Explain the methods to reduce the drag of airplane with required sketch. 10 CO1
5. What is drag polar? Explain the drag polar curves for various Mach number. 10 CO1
6. Explain the effect of drag with velocity. 10 CO1
7. How does SFC vary with velocity and altitude in propeller driven aircraft? 10 CO1
8. Derive the condition of minimum power for steady level flight. 10 CO2
9. Derive the stalling velocity and minimum power required equation for level flight. 10 CO2

Test Unit/Portions for INTERNAL EXAM - II

UNIT 2 CRUISING FLIGHT PERFORMANCE
Maximum speed in level flight - Conditions for minimum drag and power required.
UNIT 3 CLIMBING AND GLIDING PERFORMANCE
Internal Test 2 Climbing Flight- Rate of climb, time to climb - Service and absolute ceiling-Maximum rate of climb
and Maximum climb angle -steepest angle of climb-climb hodograph-Gliding flight-minimum rate of
sink and shallowest angle of glide- Glide Hodograph

PART A (2 Marks)
Marks Cos
1. Plot the variation of L/D ratio with flight velocity of an airplane in straight and 2 CO2
2
 level flight.
2. What is the condition of minimum power in level flight? 2 CO2
Represent graphically the variation of power required and power available in
3. straight level flight for a propeller driven aircraft and indicate the effect of altitude 2 CO2
on the curves.
4. Represent graphically about the variation of power required and power available 2 CO2
in straight
What levelbyflight
is meant for speed?
stalling a jet engined aircraft and indicate the effect of altitude 2 CO2
5. What is meant by climbing flight and rate of climb? 3 CO3
6. What are absolute ceiling and service ceiling? 3 CO3
7. What is climb hodograph? 3 CO3
What are the design parameters that affect the maximum rate of climb of a jet
8. 3 CO3
airplane?
9. Plot the variation of rate of climb with velocity at a given altitude. 3 CO3
10. Sketch and explain the forces acting on climbing flight and gliding flight. 3 CO3
11. What is rate of glide? 3 CO3
12. State the condition for flattest gliding. 3 CO3
13. What is rate of descend? 3 CO3
14. What is glide hodograph? 3 CO3
PART B(14 Marks)
An aircraft is flying steady level flight at η times its minimum power speed. Show
1. that P/Pmin = (3+ η4)/4η. Where P is the power required at flight speed and P min is the 14 CO2
minimum power required.
An aircraft of weighing 100000 N flies at steady level flight. CL max = 1.5 and drag
Polar is CD = 0.016 + 0.064 CL2. Wing area is 25m2. Thrust value is 20 KN.
2. 14 CO2
Calculate i) stalling speed at sea Level ii) minimum power iii) maximum and
minimum speed.
An airplane W=360000 N and W/S=3000 N/m2 flies at sea level in to total engine
3. Power of 8000hp with propeller efficiency of 0.82. if the span is 35m and e= 0.9 14 CO2
CDO =0.019. Estimate Vmax.
An airplane has a wing loading of 2400 N/m2 and drag polar CD= 0.016+ 0.055
4. CL2.Calculate i). Max L/D ratio. ii). Minimum drag speed iii). L/D ratio at a speed 14 CO2
of 100 m/s.
Prove that for a level flight and for a climbing flight of an airplane if the wings are
At the same angle of attack.
5. Thrust power for climbing = {1+ (L/D) tan θ} cos θ 3/2, 14 CO3
Thrust power for level flight
Where θ is climbing angle?
6. Obtain an expression for maximum rate of climb for jet propelled aircraft. 14 CO3
7. Obtain an expression for maximum rate of climb for propeller driven aircraft. 14 CO3
Obtain an expression for maximum climb angle for jet propelled & propeller driven
8. 14 CO3
aircraft.
An airplane weighs 160000 N, S= 42m 2. At a flight speed of 100m/s, the engine
9. gives a thrust of 27000 N. If the drag polar equation is C D=0.014+0.05CL2. Find the 14 CO3
rate of climb at sea level at 100m/s. Assume that the climbing angle to be small.
An airplane weighing 180000N has a wing area of 45m 2 and the drag polar is
10. CD=0.017+0.05CL2. Obtain the thrust required and power required for a rate of 14 CO3
climbing of 2000m/min at a speed of 540kmph at 3 km altitude.

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 PART C(10 Marks)
10
1. Explain about power available and power required for level flight. CO2
Explain the effect of thrust to weight ratio and lift to drag ratio at steady level flight
2. 10 CO2
Condition.
3. Explain with neat sketch-climb hodograph. 10 CO3
4. Describe about time to climb. 10 CO3
5. Obtain an expression for velocity corresponds to maximum climbing angle. 10 CO3
6. Explain with neat sketch-Glide hodograph for unpowered flight. 10 CO3
7. Derive the conditions for flattest gliding and minimum rate of sink. 10 CO3

Test Unit/Portions for MID SEMESTER EXAM

UNIT 1 LIFT AND DRAG ON FLIGHT PERFORMANCE
International Standard Atmosphere - Measurement of speed-Forces and moments acting on a flight
vehicle -Equation of motion of a rigid flight vehicle - Different types of drag – Methods of drag
reduction in airplanes- Drag polar of vehicles from low speed to high speeds - Effects of Reynold’s
number on skin friction and pressure drag. Variation of thrust, power with velocity and altitudes for air
breathing engines.
UNIT 2 CRUISING FLIGHT PERFORMANCE
Mid-Sem Test Performance of airplane in level flight - Power available and power required curves, Maximum speed in
level flight - Conditions for minimum drag and power required.
UNIT 3 CLIMBING AND GLIDING PERFORMANCE
Climbing Flight- Rate of climb, time to climb - Service and absolute ceiling-Maximum rate of climb
and Maximum climb angle -steepest angle of climb-climb hodograph-Gliding flight-minimum rate of
sink and shallowest angle of glide- Glide Hodograph
UNIT 4 MANEUVERING PERFORMANCE
Turning performance (Turning rate & turn radius)-Bank angle and load factor

PART A (2 Marks)
Marks Cos
1. What is load factor? 2 CO4
2. What is wing loading? 2 CO4
3. What is meant by steady level coordinated turn? 2 CO4
4. What factors dictate the minimum turn radius and maximum turning rate? 2 CO4
5. How the load factor is related to bank angle? 2 CO4
6. What is limiting load factor and ultimate load factor? 2 CO4
7. What is bank angle? 2 CO4
PART B( 14 Marks)
Marks COs
1. Obtain an expression for minimum turning radius for steady level turn. 14 CO4
Obtain the expression for turn radius and turn rate for pull up and push over
2. 14 CO4
maneuver.
An airplane weighing 8000Kg has a wing area of 30m2 and the turning rate is 0.267
3. rad/sec. The CL max is 2. Airplane executes tightest turn. Find the (i). Turning 14 CO4
radius, (ii). Velocity, (iii). Load factor, (iv). Angle of bank.

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 PART C(10 Marks)
1. Derive the general expression for turning radius and turning rate. 10 CO4
2. Derive the expression for maximum possible load factor for level turning flight. 10 CO4

Test Unit/Portions for INTERNAL EXAM - III

UNIT 4 MANEUVERING PERFORMANCE
limitations on turn - Pull up and push over -V-n diagram, maneuvering envelope.
Internal Test 3 UNIT 5 SPECIAL PERFORMANCE
Range and Endurance of jet and propeller type of airplanes, Estimation of take-off and landing distance,
High lift devices, Up gust and down gust maneuvering.

PART A (2 Marks)
1. Show that the quickest turn can be made with the aircraft on the point of stalling. 2 CO4
2. What are the design parameters that dictate the maximum load factor? 2 CO4
3. What is meant by gust load? 2 CO4
Tabulate the conditions for steady level flight, steady climb, gliding flight and
4. 2 CO4
sustained level turn
5. What is V-n diagram? 2 CO4
6. What is range of load factor for military and civil transport aircraft? 2 CO4
7. What is Range? 2 CO5
8. What is Endurance? 2 CO5
9. How to obtain the maximum range of a jet propelled airplane and propeller driven? 2 CO5
airplane?
How to obtain the maximum endurance of a jet propelled airplane and propeller
10. 2 CO5
driven airplane?
11. What is meant by specific air range? 2 CO5
12. Define takeoff and landing distance of an airplane. 2 CO5
13. What is meant by reverse thrust? 2 CO5
14. Explain the role of spoilers during landing of an airplane. 2 CO5
15. Name the high lift devices used in aircraft. 2 CO5
16. What is meant by up gust & down gust? 2 CO5
17. What is Flight Planning? 2 CO5
18. Explain take off performance safety factors. 2 CO5
19. How the takeoff distances are classified? 2 CO5
20. What is meant by abandon landing? 2 CO5
PART B(14 Marks)
Marks COs
Discuss with the help of a diagram, the maneuver boundaries for aircraft
1. 14 CO4
performance.
An aircraft weighs 8000 kg , wing area 30 m 2 to execute a tightest turn, the aircraft
operates very near to stall and assumes a turn rate of 0.0267 rad/sec. Maximum lift
2. 14 CO4
coefficient of aircraft is 2. Determine a) radius of turn b) aircraft speed c) bank
angle d) load factor.
Derive the Breguet Endurance formula for a jet propelled & propeller driven aircraft
3. 14 CO5
and discuss its implications.
Derive the Breguet Range formula for a jet propelled & propeller driven aircraft and
4. 14 CO5
discuss its implications.
5. Derive the ground run and airborne distances for the landing Performance. 14 CO5

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 6. Derive an expression for the total take off distance of an airplane 14 CO5
7. Explain in detail about up gust and down gust maneuvering. 14 CO5

PART C(10 Marks)

1. Draw the V-n diagram and explain its significance. 10 CO4
2. Give an outline about the maneuvering envelope. 10 CO4
4. Discuss the factors affecting the endurance of propeller driven aircraft. 10 CO5
5. Describe the various types of high lifting devices with neat sketch. 10 CO5
6. Explain briefly about thrust reversal. 10 CO5
7. Explain the effect of flight variables on the landing performance. 10 CO5

SIGNATURES :
Name of the course coordinator V.T.GOPINATHAN

Name of the course handling faculty 1

V.T.GOPINATHAN
Name of the course handling faculty 2
T.VIJAYALAKSHMI

HOD DEAN ADVISOR/COE