DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Shubham Chomal
Bachelor of Technology, National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand
(Satellite Campus) Jaipur-302017, India

Abstract: Design, becomes a way of life when we realize that solution to any problem is through
thought, then action rather than just jumping to hasty conclusions. Planning saves maximum time in
development of a product but occupies greatest fraction of the total development time. With this
realization, application of design principles and tools can be seen in modern times. Design can be
understood as the solution of a problem with all human aspects and other aspects of ergonomics,
feasibility, manufacturing etc. taken into account. As designing comprises of the major portion of the
product development process, maximum investment and time must be allotted to it.
Keywords: Design, Design tools, Design Methodology, Design Process

1. Introduction
Design is the process of solving a problem which can be technical, socio-political,
functional, aesthetic etc. Design is never an exact process, design may differ. The sole
purpose of designing is to get things right the first time. Most of the time design is tailor-
made, same solution does not work everywhere. Most design methods try to segregate bigger
problems to much smaller problems and later deal with them separately integrating other
required aspects [1-3].
The whole design process can be divided into various stages and further into sub-stages,
depending upon the problem detail. This follows a sequence of activities which needs to be
catered step by step. There is a factor of ‘limitation’ in design which limits and constraints
the possibilities of solutions and narrows it down to a few which are not complete but the best
one can have. It should be understood that not every problem that exists in the world can be
solved through technology or technical solutions. It’s noble to put one’s mind in eradicating
the problem rather than cashing on the opportunity every time a problem pops up [4-5].
Because men who design a product or service that caters to any existing problem neglect the
fact that not always their product would actually solve the problem but just act as an easy
highway that bypasses the problem. If the problem is big enough and involves interest of a
larger fraction of population, opportunity and urgency is high, but keeping the disease alive
so that customers don’t cease, or worse, to create the disease itself, is unethical. Neglecting
the ill-effects and latent functions of a creation goes a long way. What goes around comes
around. Along with complete solution to the problem, an element of ‘satisfaction’ and
‘minimum’ should be introduced in the design process and final outcome of the project [6].
The basic idea is to provide a complete and simple study of design methodology with all
its tools, types, aspects and procedures so that even a beginner may understand the essence of
design and the whole journey from a problem to a solution which should terminate the
problem itself, again, keeping in mind that not every problem has a technical solution.
Famous design methodologies will also be mentioned. Reader must be able to implement the
whole process successfully to achieve the desired. The scope of this document is not just
limited to design procedure that is used while designing a product but extends to designing
anything that has human relation or usage and its production phase too [7-9].

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 Why Design? Human being an emotional being, here is a sentiment or feeling associated
with everything we see or use [10]. Gone are the days when flat and boring structures
surrounded us. Today things are about ‘experience’ that adds aesthetics to mere
functionalities. What goes into making something that provides such experiences – tools,
concepts, ideologies will be discussed. Converting an idea to a real product requires
feasibility of production. One cannot go on increasing intricacies, features and adding value
to the product which, at last, becomes unaffordable when the cost does not match the
reasonable value [9-12]. The cost itself becomes a problem. Sometimes it is a bargain
between what should be done and what really can be done to achieve the desired. Design
should be a balance of functionality, creativity, service life, ease of production, aesthetics and
cost. Existing materials and technologies can be used to achieve the desirable output but
sometimes in order to fulfil a new and difficult requirement, new methods, technologies and
materials need to be developed with special properties and wide range of applications.
Multiple iterations of procedures, brain storming sessions, surveying, expert opinions,
experienced personnel and team members form the basis of the final product of the whole
process [13-17].

Fig. 1. The five phases of Design process [6]

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2. Fundamentals of design
2.1. Sub-Disciplines

The term “design” covers a good vary of disciplines, each providing its own specialist
skills and services. These are a lot of common design disciplines: architecture, engineering,
exhibition and display, packaging, product/industrial, interiors, multimedia, fashion &
textiles, graphics/visual communications [1-5].
Architects design offices, homes, factories, warehouses, and different buildings, taking
responsibility for structure, interiors, exterior and services. they need a deep understanding of
materials, aesthetics, structures, surfaces, building techniques and coming up with, and
building laws, also as specialisms like design for disabled access or healthy buildings.
Architects could draw on different design specialisms like interiors, landscaping, and
engineering. Also, as their design services, architects conjointly operate as project managers,
coordinating the specialists and suppliers concerned in an exceedingly building project [2].
Architects profit businesses by increasing the employment of obtainable area, and
guaranteeing that buildings perform expeditiously, stay a productive quality and strategic
profitable business activities are supported. they'll conjointly plan existing buildings to boost
practicality or meet new necessities [3]. If you utilize associate degree designer to design
your building you have got the additional security of knowing that everyone architects within
the India are skilled trained and needed by law to carry professional indemnity insurance.
Indeed, law protects the name "architect" [2-4].
Engineering Designers manufacture structural and mechanical solutions to boost the
performance of materials, products, and buildings They have to design products with a
prescribed life so as to be in market and input innovation in already existing products [6].
They apply science and arithmetic to design and mix ancient mechanical, electronic and
electrical skills with computing resources. Engineering designers may go as integral members
of a product design or subject field team. Engineering designers profit businesses by utilizing
their specialist information of materials and structures to reinforce product performance,
improve quality, or cut back production or maintenance prices [3].
Exhibition and Show Designers use structural, graphic and abstraction design skills to
produce a spread of services, together with the planning of exhibition stands, showrooms,
retail environments, show units, location material and posters. they provide specialist,
sensible expertise of materials, environments and construction, often in 3 dimensions to form
the proper impression and make the most effective use of house and budget. Exhibition and
show designers often collaborate with different disciplines like graphics, multimedia,
interiors and design to provide a coordinated answer. Exhibition Associate in Nursing show
designers profit businesses by providing an atmosphere or product that communicates
product or company data with real impact. Exhibition stands and showrooms additionally
give a good atmosphere for marketing, promoting or displaying merchandise. Related
disciplines architectural design, graphic design, interior design, product design, multimedia
system design [2-4].
Fashion Designers produce garments and accessories, like footwear, gloves and
baggage, for all age teams. Textile Designers produce or embellish materials, using natural
or manmade materials. Their merchandise is also exclusive, edition things or factory-made
ranges [4]. They offer skills that mirror Associate in Nursing understanding of human type,
movement and emotions, combined with sensible data of fabric performance and production
processes. more and more, designers use software package (CAD) to supplement their ancient

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skills of drawing and making check items [7]. Textile designers can also work with architects,
interior designers and products designers as specialist consultants on the appliance and
performance of materials. Fashion and textile designers profit businesses by making
consumer goods ranges which will increase sales, improve the corporate image, or broaden
the company’s attractiveness to completely different sectors of the market [8].
A Graphic Designer uses visual communications to influence and inform through media
like brochures, leaflets, junk mail, newsletters and magazines, websites, displays, product
catalogues and knowledge sheets, training/instruction material, books, posters, displays,
logos, packaging and signs [9-11].
Visual Communications gather many various disciplines together with photography,
copywriting, illustration, typography and print. The graphic designer prepares layouts and
different visual representations of the finished “product”, then progresses the project to
completion, managing the input of different specialists [12]. Digital technology implies that
abundant of the inventive and production work is currently dispensed on PC. Graphic
designers profit businesses by rising the standard, clarity and effectiveness of written and
multimedia system communications. Effective communications will increase understanding
and awareness of the corporate and support sales, promoting and packaging initiatives [10].
Interior Designers arrange and design the inside area of business, leisure, retail and
domestic buildings in shut cooperation with the shopper, considering each the aesthetic and
sensible need. an enclosed designer can sometimes have a specialism, like retail, industrial or
domestic interiors. They have a deep understanding of all aspects of a project, as well as
colour schemes, product exhibit, furnishings, materials and materials, additionally as
surfaces, building and decorating techniques and relevant coming up with and building laws
[13]. Interior designers are significantly accustomed operating to tight timescales in buildings
that are in use. Interior designers may match as a part of a multi-disciplinary team diode by
different professionals. they'll additionally operate as project managers, coordinating the
specialists and suppliers concerned in an enclosed design project. Interior designers profit
businesses by optimising the employment of interior area, and making certain that buildings
and individual areas operate with efficiency and support strategic business activities. they
will additionally plan existing interior areas to enhance practicality or meet new needs [14].
Multimedia Designers add a rapidly-evolving medium, wherever communications are
revealed in many alternative formats, as well as video and videodisc, audio, electronic
documents, interactive websites, interactive slide shows incorporating video, CD-ROMs and
interactive kiosks. Designers gather skills and resources from many alternative disciplines as
well as graphic design, web design, scriptwriting, programming, audio and video production.
[15]. With the larger unfold of high-speed web connections, businesses and shoppers
currently have higher access to multimedia system shows antecedent solely on the market on
compact disk. several websites incorporate options that permit guests to move, read live
multimedia system broadcasts, transfer high-quality audio or video, and receive colour
brochures via moveable Document Format (PDF) files specifically because the original,
anyplace within the world. Multimedia designers profit businesses by rising the impact and
effectiveness of communications. Effective communications will increase understanding and
awareness of the corporate and support sales, promoting and promotional material initiatives
[16].

Packaging Designers produce packaging that protects product in transit and storage, and
communicates necessary messages “on the shelf” to potential patrons. Designers work with
each shopper product and products oversubscribed direct to different businesses. they supply

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Associate in Nursing understanding of materials, logistics, graphics and retail show,
additionally as relevant health, safety and labelling laws to fulfil packaging’s twin role as
product protection and promotional vehicle. Packaging designers profit businesses by
developing packaging that ensures the merchandise reaches the client within the very best
condition. For corporations United Nations agency market their product through stores,
designers develop packaging that provides the merchandise impact on the shelf and makes
the product stand out against competitors [17].
Product/ Industrial Designers work with businesses to develop new industrial or
shopper product or modify existing products to reinforce performance, improve quality, or
scale back production or maintenance prices [18]. They take under consideration the link
between the user and also the product, the tactic and materials utilized in producing,
maintenance and disposal at the top of product life. Product design brings along many
alternative disciplines as well as engineering, research, production engineering and
packaging. the merchandise designer prepares models, prototypes and different
representations of the finished product, then progresses the project to the pre-production
stage, managing the input of different specialists [19-21]. Digital technology implies that
abundant of the event and 3D work is currently distributed mistreatment CAD (CAD).
Product design itself could be a separate, stratified, structured, balanced and integrated
downside solving method shown within the systematic and scientific skills [22].
2.2. Terminologies

Appropriate Design: Appropriateness" suggests that appropriate, pertinent, proper, just,

exact, moderate and good development by analysing numerous options (including physical
and psychological standing, economic capability, cultural level, regional factors and
historical traditions) of target cluster (the population that the merchandise is meant for)
rigorously, delicately, thoroughly, objectively and deeply from the facet of type, colour,
functions and materials through numerous ways and measures product mirror its price
accurately [8].
Healthy Design refers to design the materials and functions, the appliance ways, the
hygienical cleansing and therefore the ill-treatment of product and create them healthful [6].
Simplicity Design may be a reasonably design methodology that is adopted to design
merchandise with the best and therefore the most correct structure, the minimum material, the
transient type yet because the purest surface treatment [6].
Regional Design theory believes that the look and development of merchandise in
undeveloped countries and regions shall be performed supported the analysis and exploration
of regional factors, like potential technology, resources and skills, and shall be appropriate for
the native production mode and system, and it's totally different from the merchandise
development design beneath the established production system of industrialised countries [6].
Proper Design: "Proper" suggests that appropriate and pertinent. correct design refers to
form the merchandise design mirror its price most accurately and really and simply meet
numerous necessary demands of shoppers [6]. It promotes to rigorously adopt correct
materials and process technology and take native culture and necessary consumption
demands into thought throughout the method of product design. Its vogue is in accordance
with the thought of artistic movement of electronic equipment interior design [8].
Selective Design may be a reasonably manual live adopted within the field of
development and sales ways, to by selection and properly endow product type and decoration

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with sure historical and cultural connotations and a few symbolic that means in step with
totally different consumption teams and products models. Selective design needs adopting
measures to perform best choice and best treatment in every facet associated with
merchandise within the method of product design, thus on expand and guarantee the complete
benefits and influence of merchandise in field of fashion consumption [6].
Applied Ergonomics permits designers and engineers to develop solid data regarding
user desires and desires, bypassing the frustrations of providing solutions to the incorrect
issues [10].
In the method of product design, applicable design is stressed and applied by enterprises
and designers. It directs social economy, culture, and political policies to develop properly.
Its core content has cross and complementary relationship between one another. Healthy
design creates healthy living surroundings, simplicity design creates harmonious and cozy
surroundings, these 2 designs of design are all supported regional design, adopting the tactic
of someone design to direct selective design in step with correct design, thus on moderately
utilize natural resources to form merchandise that meet the stress of shoppers. supported the
argumentation in facet of product, shopper and natural surroundings, the speculation of
applicable design shall drive the merchandise innovation design to amass nice success within
the method of design follow [7]

2.3. Tools
User Observation: These cycles carry with it 2 empirical mentalities: the “write
everything” mentality, during which the observer can “write down everything, golf stroke
them into a state of affairs wherever knowledge analysis becomes a futile effort” because of
quantity; and therefore the “write what’s interesting” mentality, during which the observer
can “write solely what they notice fascinating,” whereby filtering the information with their
own personal bias. By implementing Associate in Nursing empirical protocol, the
merchandise development team will avoid these pitfalls and can have improved ability to
gather significant knowledge, that serves their known finish goal [23-24].
User Interview: Prior to conducting user interviews, the look team ought to collect data
concerning the cultural background of the user. Forming the queries specifically ought to be
rigorously thought-about, approached during a thoughtful manner, and embody numerous
varieties of queries that are balanced within the types of responses they hope to elicit.
varieties of queries may embody the following: open-ended questions (non-leading);

 relationship questions: “how will this relate to...?”;

 data queries: “what’s occurring here?” (leading to opinions);
 extension questions: “can you say more?”;
 challenge questions (a swindler, mean edge—serious or tongue in cheek);
 prioritizing questions: “rank—what’s additional important…?”;
 action questions: “how are you visiting do this?” (driving to specifics);
 prediction questions: “what does one assume can happen?”; and
 summarizing questions: “would you summarize for us?” (after ideal has been
described)

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 In fitting interviews, it's vital to get a broad cross section of users, as well as stakeholders
from all aspects of the matter at hand, i.e. doctors, nurses, patients, sales personnel,
procurance officers, etc. Design needs are basic parts of a design which might be any
softened into needs, wants, and ‘nice to haves.’[25].
Focus Group: A focus group could be a gathering of by choice designated individuals,
in a non-threatening and receptive atmosphere, World Health Organization participate in a
very planned discussion that's meant to elicit user perceptions a few particular topic or field
of interest. in contrast to associate interview, that typically occurs with a private, the main
target cluster technique permits members of the cluster to move and influence one another
throughout the discussion. Focus teams will play a very important role in health settings as a
result of they can collect multiple issues inside a community and surface common desires and
purposeful variations in perspective regarding the health system. Designers typically use
focus teams to facilitate a lot of advanced discussions, by asking participants to create
collaborative neutral maps showing, for instance, the sources of health info inside their
families and communities [26].
Affinity Map: An affinity map gathers an oversized quantity of information (e.g. words
on sticky notes) and organizes it into teams, themes, or ideas. once creating sense of analysis
information, designers typically use such a map to surface patterns, generate insights, and
determine opportunities [27]. Affinity mapping is one among the common ways by which
designers add up of advanced info throughout the method of synthesis. Affinity maps are
notably helpful for distinctive cross-cutting desires and opportunities throughout advanced
health systems [28].
Brainstorming: Brainstorming proves as an inventive approach by that people or teams
generate and share ideas while not criticism or judgment so as to promote unrepressed
thinking [24]. Typically, an issue (e.g., How might we tend to have interaction adolescent
youth in health programming?) is exhibit to participants World Health Organization then use
sticky notes or a whiteboard to get and record as several of their ideas as attainable before
choosing the foremost viable ones. group action will be an efficient approach to suspend
disbelief and introduce alternatives to ideas or strategies that have already been tried. this
may be particularly helpful for practitioners with extensive experience regarding what has /
has not worked traditionally [23].

3. Methodology
3.1. Opportunity Identification

Because risk of failure will increase as opportunities deviate from what the team already
is aware of well, we are able to divide the chance landscape into classes supported the
uncertainty “horizon” featured by the team. Horizon one opportunities are mostly
enhancements, extensions, variants, and value reductions of existing product for existing
markets. they're comparatively low-risk opportunities. Horizon two opportunities obtrude into
less acknowledged territory in one or each of the size of the market or the technology.
Horizon three opportunities represent makes an attempt to take advantage of opportunities
that in how are unaccustomed the globe, embodying the very best level of uncertainty [6].

3.2. Product Designing

The product set up identifies the portfolio of product to be developed by the organization
and therefore the temporal arrangement of their introduction to the market. The look method

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considers development opportunities known by several sources, together with suggestions
from promoting, research, customers, current development groups, and benchmarking of
competitors [11].

3.3. Identifying Client Desires

The philosophy behind the tactic is to make a high-quality data channel that runs directly
between customers within the target market and therefore the developers of the merchandise.
This philosophy is constructed on the premise that people who directly management the main
points of the merchandise, together with the engineers and industrial designers, should act
with customers and knowledge the employment surroundings of the merchandise [31]. While
not this direct expertise, technical trade-offs don't seem to be probably to be created properly,
innovative solutions to client desires could ne'er be discovered, and therefore the
development team could ne'er develop a deep commitment to meeting client desires [30].

3.4. Product Specifications

We intend the term product specifications to mean the precise description of what the
merchandise has got to do. According to the process development flow chart, it is the most
important stage which decides the features that the product would incorporate [30]. Some
companies use the terms “product requirements” or “engineering characteristics” during this
manner. alternative companies use “specifications” or “technical specifications” to seek
advice from key design variables of the merchandise like the oil viscosity or spring constant
of the suspension [10].

3.5. Concept Generation

A product concept is associate approximate description of the technology, operating

principles, and design of the merchandise. it's a terse description of how the merchandise can
satisfy the client desires. An idea is sometimes expressed as a sketch or as a rough three-
dimensional model and is commonly in the middle of a short matter description.
Commercialization depends to an outsized live on the standard of the underlying thought. An
honest thought is typically poorly enforced in ensuing development phases; however, a poor
thought will seldom be manipulated to attain business success. As luck would have it, thought
generation is comparatively cheap and may be done relatively quickly compared to the
remainder of the event method [10].

3.6. Concept Choice

Concept choice is that the method of evaluating ideas with relevancy, client desires and
alternative criteria, examining the relative strengths and weaknesses of the ideas, and
choosing one or additional ideas for additional investigation, testing, or development. As
choice is that the method of evaluating ideas with relevancy client desires and alternative
criteria, examination the relative strengths and weaknesses of the ideas, and choosing one or
additional ideas for additional investigation, testing, or development. Though concept choice
may be a focused method, it's often repetitive and will not turn out a dominant concept at
once. An outsized set of ideas is at the start winnowed all the way down to a smaller set,
however these ideas could later on be combined and improved to briefly enlarge the set of
concepts into consideration. Through many iterations a dominant concept is finally chosen
[10].

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3.7. Concept Testing

In a concept testing, the event team solicits a response to an outline of the merchandise
concept from potential customers within the target market. This kind of testing is also
accustomed choose that of 2 or additional ideas ought to be pursued, to collect data from
potential customers on the way to improve an idea, and to estimate the sales potential of the
merchandise. Test might also be accustomed to refine the demand forecast when the event of
a product is sort of complete, however before a firm commit to full production and launch
[14].

Fig. 2. Schematic of the complete Design process [32]

3.8. Product Design

A product is often thought of in each useful and physical terms. Following the scheme of
design process as shown in Fig.2., design is an iterative process with revised features in the
process [32]. The useful components of a product are the individual operations and
transformations that contribute to the performance of the merchandise. The physical
components of a product are the parts, components, and subassemblies that ultimately
implement the product’s functions. The physical components become additional outlined as
development progresses. Some physical components are set by the merchandise thought, et al
become outlined throughout the detail design part [10-14].

3.9. Industrial Design

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 Industrial design may be a method of design applied to product that are to be factory-
made through techniques of production.[8]. Its key characteristic is that design is separated
from manufacture: the inventive act of determinative and shaping a product's kind and
options takes place beforehand of the physical act of constructing a product, that consists
strictly of perennial, typically machine-controlled, replication. This distinguishes industrial
design from craft-based design, wherever the shape of the merchandise is decided by the
product's creator at the time of its creation [9].

4. Prototype and testing

We outline image as “an approximation of the merchandise on one or additional
dimensions of interest.” underneath this definition, any entity exhibiting a minimum of one
facet of the merchandise that's of interest to the event team are often viewed as an image [28].
This definition deviates from customary usage therein it includes such various sorts of
prototypes as conception sketches, mathematical models, simulations, check elements, and
totally purposeful preproduction versions of the merchandise. Prototyping is that the method
of developing such AN approximation of the merchandise [10].

Prototypes are often usefully classified on 2 dimensions. the primary dimension is that
the degree to that an image is physical as hostile analytical. Physical prototypes are tangible
artifacts created to approximate the merchandise [28]. Aspects of the merchandise of interest
to the event team are literally designed into AN whole thing for testing and experimentation.
The second dimension is that the degree to that a image is comprehensive as hostile targeted.
Comprehensive prototypes implement most, if not all, of the attributes of a product. A
comprehensive image corresponds closely to the everyday use of the word prototype, therein
it's a complete, totally operational version of the product [9-11].

5. Robust design
Robust product (or method) jointly that performs as meant even underneath nonideal
conditions like producing process variations or a spread of operational things. we have a
tendency to use the term noise to explain uncontrolled variations that will have an effect on
performance, and that we say that a top-quality product ought to be sturdy to noise factors
[25]. Sturdy design is that the development activity of up the required performance of the
merchandise whereas minimizing the results of noise. In sturdy design we have a tendency to
use experiments and knowledge analysis to spot robust set points for the planning parameters
we are able to management. a strong point may be a combination of design parameter values
that the merchandise performance is as desired underneath a spread of operational conditions
and producing variations [11].

6. Manufacturability
Manufacturing price may be a key determinant of the economic success of a product. In
easy terms, economic success depends on the ratio earned on every sale of the merchandise
and on what percentage units of the product the firm will sell [25]. Ratio is that the distinction
between the manufacturer’s damage and therefore the price of constructing the merchandise.
the quantity of units sold-out and therefore the sales worth is to an oversized degree
determined by the quality of the merchandise. Economically prospering design is so
concerning making certain high product quality whereas minimizing producing price [14].

10
DFM is one methodology for achieving this goal; effective DFM follow results in low
producing prices while not sacrificing product quality [15].

Design for producing is one in all the foremost integrative practices concerned in
development. DFM begins throughout the idea development part, once the product’s
functions and specifications are being determined. once selecting a product idea, price is sort
of forever one in all the standards on that the choice is made—even although cost estimates at
this part are extremely subjective and approximate. once product specifications are finalized,
the team makes trade-offs between desired performance characteristics [13-14].

7. Impact on environment
Environmental impacts of a product could initiate energy consumption, natural resources
depletion, liquid discharges, gasified emissions, and solid waste generation [16]. These
impacts fall under 2 broad categories—energy and materials—and each represent important
environmental issues that require to be solved. For many products, addressing the energy
downside means that developing product that use less energy which use renewable energy. to
deal with the materials downside isn't as straightforward; so, abundant of the main focus of
DFE during this chapter is on selecting the correct materials for product and ensuring they
will be recycled [30]. Throughout the first stages of the merchandise development method,
deliberate selections concerning material use, energy potency, and waste rejection will
minimize or eliminate environmental impacts; but, once the planning idea is established, up
environmental performance usually involves long design iterations. DFE so could involve
activities throughout the merchandise development method and needs a knowledge-based
approach. Industrial design, engineering, purchasing, and promoting all work along within
the development of environmentally friendly product. [31].

8. Conclusion
There is a factor of ‘limitation’ in design which limits and constraints the possibilities of
solutions and narrows it down to a few which are not complete but the best one can have. It
should be understood that not every problem that exists in the world can be solved through
technology or technical solutions.

 It’s noble to put one’s mind in eradicating the problem rather than cashing on the
opportunity every time a problem pops up [1-10].
 Because men who design a product or service that caters to any existing problem
neglect the fact that not always their product would actually solve the problem but
just act as an easy highway that bypasses the problem.
 If the problem is big enough and involves interest of a larger fraction of
population, opportunity and urgency is high, but keeping the disease alive so that
customers don’t cease, or worse, to create the disease itself, is unethical.
 Neglecting the ill-effects and latent functions of a creation goes a long way. What
goes around comes around.
 Along with complete solution to the problem, an element of ‘satisfaction’ and
‘minimum’ should be introduced in the design process and final outcome of the
project [11-21].

11
 The basic idea is to provide a complete and simple study of design methodology with all
its tools, types, aspects and procedures so that even a beginner may understand the essence of
design and the whole journey from a problem to a solution which should terminate the
problem itself [22-31].

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