Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Disclaimer: Indole:
This lecture will only cover methodology for the construction of the indole and
pyrrole ring systems, rather than functionalionalization of pre-existing heterocycles, Nature:
which would be the topic of another series of lectures. – The most abundant heterocycle in nature
– Found in tryptophan, indole-3-acetic acid (plant growth hormone),
Partial List of Transforms Discussed: serotonin (neurotransmitter), natural products, drugs
– Isolated industrially from coal tar
1. Batcho-Leimgruber Indole Synthesis – Biosynthesis of tryptophan
2. Reissert Indole Synthesis
CO2H
3. Hegedus Indole Synthesis 15 3 serine
4. Fukuyama Indole Synthesis glucose
Steps NH2 Steps N
5. Sugasawa Indole Synthesis H
6. Bischler Indole Synthesis anthranilate
7. Gassman Indole Synthesis tryptophan
8. Fischer Indole Synthesis
9. Japp-Klingemann Indole Synthesis Reactivity:
10. Buchwald Indole Synthesis C–4 C–3
11. Bucherer Carbazole Synthesis C–5
C–2
12. Japp-Maitland Carbazole Synthesis C–6
N
13. Larock Indole Synthesis C–7 H
14. Bartoli Indole Synthesis
15. Castro Indole Synthesis – Isoelectronic with naphthalene (slightly lower stabilization energy)
16. Hemetsberger Indole Synthesis – Indole has a higher stabilization energy than benzene
17. Mori-Ban Indole Synthesis – Very weakly basic: pKa of protonated indole: –2.4
18. Graebe-Ullmann Carbazole Synthesis – Protonation occurs at C–3 preferentially
19. Madelung Indole Synthesis – Easily oxidized (atmospheric oxygen) – very electron rich
20. Nenitzescu Indole Synthesis – Less prone to oxidation of EWG's on the ring – less electron rich
21. Piloty Pyrrole Synthesis – Electrophilic attack occurs at C–3 (site of most electron density)
22. Barton-Zard Pyrrole Synthesis – C–3 is 1013 times more reactive to electrophilic attack than benzene
23. Huisgen Pyrrole Synthesis – C–2 is the second most reactive site on the molecule, but most easily
24. Trofimov Pyrrole Synthesis functionalized by directed lithiation
25. Knorr Pyrrole Synthesis – pKa of N–H is 16.7 (20.9 DMSO)
26. Hantzsch Pyrrole Synthesis – N–1 is the most nucleophilic site on indole
27. Paal-Knorr Pyrrole Synthesis – Nucleophilic substitution at benzylic carbons enhanced
28. Zav'Yalov Pyrrole Synthesis – Regiospecific functionalization of the carbocycle is difficult without
29. Wolff Rearrangement pre-functionalization of the ring (i.e. halogenation)
O X
+ + +
N X
N O
H H H2N
O NH2
N O
H NH2
1a 1b
N N Ring
N H H
O H Contracton
9c 1c
N X
H NH2
9b 11 12 13 N 1d
H
10
X N 1
H
9a NH2
N O 9
H
2
R+O +
N
H N N
8c H H
N 8
H
N 3
H Y
X 8b
+
7 3a
8a NH2 X
N 6 5 4
H
N 3b
H S
X +
N 3c
NHCl O
H
N 3d
N N
H R N H X
H H +
NHOH
N Y +
H N +
H NH2 NHNH2
R NH2 X O
Me CN
R CH3NO2
NO2 NO2
NO2 NO2
[H] – 1: Reduction, then acid
R R
– 2: Reduction, then acid
NO2 N
H – 3: Oxidation, then reduction, then acid
R HNO3 Can oxidize the alcohol and not the aniline with Ru(PPh3)2Cl2
Can convert the nitro-alcohol into indole with Pd/C or Rh/C and
NO2
Ru(PPh3)2Cl2
– 4: Reduction of nitro and cyano (one or two steps), then acid
– If R = carbonyl, use KF / 18-c-6 / i-PrOH for the Henry reaction – 5: Wacker oxidation, reduction, then acid
– Use classic Henry conditions otherwise – 6: Ozonolysis, reduction, then acid
–Typical [H] = Fe, Fe/SiO2
– Yields: 40's – 90's Reissert Indole Synthesis:
Me CO2Et
Base
[H] CO2Me
(CO2Et)2 O N
NO2 NO2
H
Sundberg, R.J. Indoles. Sundberg, R.J. Indoles; Reissert, A. Ber. 1897, 30, 1030
9/1/04
Richter Indole and Pyrrole Synthesis: " " Group Meeting
N
H
– X can be either H, Ac, Ms, TFA N
H
– The intermediate organopalladium can be intercepted
– Yields: 40's – 90's – Applied to the total synthesis of arcyriacyanin A by Steglich
(Steglich, W. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 70)
Disconnection 1c: H
N
Br O
R O
R
NO2 N
H N NH
Ts N
R H
R
R
Disconnection 1–Misc.:
R
NO2 N
H Fukuyama Indole Synthesis:
Sundberg, R.J. Indoles. Hegedus, L.S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 2674; ibid 1978, 100, 5800; e.g. Fukuyama, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 2137.
9/1/04
Richter Indole and Pyrrole Synthesis: " " Group Meeting
1. t-BuOCl SMe
O 2. R''
R S
O R R'' Raney-Ni R R''
NH
O N N
N N R' 3. base
H H R' R'
– Little regiocontrol observed in most reactions – Good regiocontrol observed with ortho or para substitution
– pyrrole-quinodimethanes are not stable and therefore not amenable for – ortho/para methoxy substituents failed completely
Diels-Alders directly
Disconnection 3c:
Disconnection 3a:
O
Sugasawa Indole Synthesis:
OH O
BCl3 N
CN CN NaBH4 R
+ Ac Li2PdCl4
R
NH2 Cl ZnCl2, AlCl3 NH2 N H
NaOMe
or TiCl4 H acid
O- O
N • Z N N
– Requires very strong Lewis Acids so many functionalities are not stable H H
R
– Choice of second Lewis acid depends on substitution pattern
O
Bischler Indole Synthesis: OH OMe
N
NH2 O R
Ar Ar
+ – Quite mild, if the O-vinyl derivatives can be synthesized
N
X H
Sundberg, R.J. Indoles. Gassman, P.G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 5495; Sundberg, R.J. Indoles.
9/1/04
Richter Indole and Pyrrole Synthesis: " " Group Meeting
Sundberg, R.J. Indoles; Buchwald S.L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 6621 Bucherer, H.T. J. Prakt. Chem. 1908, 77, 403; Japp, F.R. ; Maitland, W.J. J. Chem. Soc. 1903, 83, 273
9/1/04
Richter Indole and Pyrrole Synthesis: " " Group Meeting
1. 2.2 BuLi
– Mechanism? R
– Only works well with 2-substituted nitrobenzenes N
NHX 2. RCO2Me H
Castro Indole Synthesis: X = TMS, Boc
I R
Disconnection 6:
+ CuOTf
R
NH2 N CHO
CHO RO2C N
H RO2C N
TBDMSTf
HO
Disconnection 4:
N N
H H
Hemetsberger Indole Synthesis: O
Bartoli, G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 2129; Castro, C.E. J Org. Chem. 1966, 31, 4071 Sundberg, R.J. Indoles.
9/1/04
Richter Indole and Pyrrole Synthesis: " " Group Meeting
N RZnCl N
H H Disconnection 8c:
N
N D
N N
Ph H
– Mechanism?
– Generally problematic and not widely applicable
Sundberg, R.J. Indoles; Mori, M.; Ban, Y. Tetrahedron Lett. 1976, 17, 1803. Sundberg, R.J. Indoles; Graebe, C.; Ullmann, F. Ann. 1896, 291, 16
9/1/04
Richter Indole and Pyrrole Synthesis: " " Group Meeting
O CO2NH2
O TiCl3
P
MeO
N O Zn N OMe
Ar Ar N
Bn
Sundberg, R.J. Indoles. Sundberg, R.J. Indoles; Ninetzescu, C.D. Bull. Soc. Chim. Romania. 1929, 11, 37; J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 9055
9/1/04
Richter Indole and Pyrrole Synthesis: " " Group Meeting
N N Reactivity:
H
C–3
CHO N
H
hn O
Ph – Protonation occurs at C–2 preferentially
N+ Ph
N N – Easily oxidized (atmospheric oxygen) – very electron rich
O- Ph H
– Quickly colorizes upon exposure to air
– Less prone to oxidation of EWG's on the ring – less electron rich
– Decomposition and polymerization rapid with acid
– Electrophilic attack occurs at C–2 (site of most electron density)
– C–3 is the second most reactive site on the molecule
– pKa of N–H is 23 (DMSO)
– N–1 is the most nucleophilic site on pyrrole
Katritzky, A.R. Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry. Pergamon. San Diego, 2000 Mass, G. Science of Synthesis. Thieme. New York: 2001
9/1/04
Richter Indole and Pyrrole Synthesis: " " Group Meeting
Ring
Expansion
N N
H H
N N
H H
N 17 18 1
16 N
H H
2
15
3
N 14 N
H H
4
N
13 H
5
12
N N
H 11 6 H
10 7
9 8
N N
H H
N N
H Ring H
N Contraction N
H H
9/1/04
Richter Indole and Pyrrole Synthesis: " " Group Meeting
Disconnection 1: Disconnection 3:
Carbene Insertion:
Disconnection 2:
O NHR''' R'
CN 1. TMSCLiN2 R
Ph CN Ph
NaOEt R R'' R''
+ 2. MnO2
R' N
Ts NC CO2Et N R'''
H
Disconnection 5:
Disconnection 3:
Rhodium:
Ph
Ph HO Ph Ph
NH4OAc Ph H2, CO
Ph
+ Ph NH2 N
Ph O O Ph AcOH N [Rh], PPh3
Ph H
H
Niobium: Bis-Nucleophile/Bis-Electrophile:
Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph
OMe Ph
NbCl3 Ph KOtBu
Ph O + EtO2C N CN
CN
+ Ph
RHN O O N
NR O OMe Nb Ph
Extrusion (Huisgen Pyrrole Synthesis):
-O CO2Me
Ph X MeO2C
Ph
Me
Me ONb Ph DMAD
Ph
N+
N
N Ph
N Ph R
R
– X is usually S or NR
2-Aminopyrroles:
Disconnection 7:
R''
R' R R'
N R'''NC Knorr Pyrrole Synthesis: O
NHR''' COR''
R' O R'
R''
D N +
R R''
R'''
R NH2 N
O R''' R H
From Cyclopropenes:
R' Trofimov Pyrrole Synthesis:
Ar hn
+ R' N Ar
R
Cl or D N
R NOH Base N
H
Mass, G. Science of Synthesis. Ferriera, V. Org. Prep. Proceed. Int. 2001, 33, 411; Katritzky, A.R. Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2nd ed. Pergamon. San Diego: 2000
9/1/04
Richter Indole and Pyrrole Synthesis: " " Group Meeting
R'' O
O R''
+ RNH2 + R'' R''
Br R'
R' N
R H2N R O R'
N R
R H
– Can access the diketone in-situ by reduction of the bis-cyano compound
Formal 3+2: – Can access via reduction of the g-nitro ketone
Bn R Palladium:
N R
D
+ PdCl2, Cu(OAc)2;
NO2 N
Bn N
AgBF4, PPh3, BnNH2
Bn
Stepwise:
OAc
R O 1. Base Pd(PPh3)4
I 2. Acid R
+
O O BnNH2 N
R NNMe2 Bn
3. H2, Ni R N
H
Zav'Yalov Pyrrole Synthesis:
Ugi Approach: R
NC O Ph R R'
Ph O R
HO2C CN R' Ac2O R'
O HO2C NH2
O O N + NH R''
NH3Cl
NC NMe2 R'' TEA N
O R'' CO2H Ac
R
RCHO HN
Ph
NC
MeO N CH2N2
CONCy
R
Mass, G. Science of Synthesis. Ferriera, V. Org. Prep. Proceed. Int. 2001, 33, 411; Katritzky, A.R. Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2nd ed. Pergamon. San Diego: 2000
9/1/04
Richter Indole and Pyrrole Synthesis: " " Group Meeting
Mass, G. Science of Synthesis. Ferriera, V. Org. Prep. Proceed. Int. 2001, 33, 411; Katritzky, A.R. Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2nd ed. Pergamon. San Diego: 2000
9/1/04
Richter Indole and Pyrrole Synthesis: " " Group Meeting
Disconnection 14:
Disconnection 17:
R'
RNH2 EtNO2 SmCl3 R' R' 1. BuLi
NR R
R' Me R'' R'' O R'NH2
O R' 2. O
N
R Br N R''
R R R'
Disconnection 15:
Disconnection 18:
Palladium:
Ph
From Cyclopropanes:
Ph Ph PdCl2 Ph
+ Ph MeO2C
N(TMS)2
TMSCN or NiCl2 CO2Me hn
NC N
H N
Ph N
Titanium: R'
R R'
Ti(OiPr)4 R'' NR''' R From Cyclobutanes:
R R' Ti(OiPr)2
2 iPrMgCl CO R'' PhS
R' N SPh
R''' BzO SPh AlEt2Cl
Zirconium:
NR N
Li Cp2(Me)ZrCl Ph Ph R
Ph N Ph
TMS Ph
NTMS
Cp2Zr CO N
H
Mass, G. Science of Synthesis. Ferriera, V. Org. Prep. Proceed. Int. 2001, 33, 411; Katritzky, A.R. Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2nd ed. Pergamon. San Diego: 2000
9/1/04
Richter Indole and Pyrrole Synthesis: " " Group Meeting
O CO2Me
OMe MeO2C
OMe
PPA N MeO NH
OMe MeO N Disconnection 9
NHNH2 OMe N MeO MeO
H CO2Me
CO2Me
Fischer Indole Synthesis MeO2C CO2Me MeO2C N CO2Me
N N H
H
O O
N MeO
H H
N
O MeO Me H
HO
N N
Vinblastine: Fukuyama (Classics II) Lipitor®: Pfizer (Li, J.J. Contemporary Drug Synthesis. Wiley. 2004)
OH
OH
N -O
2C
OH
H N F
H N
N
H
MeO2C OH
NH
MeO N OAc
Me H O
CO2Me
THPO OTHP
nBu3SnH
S
CO2Bn
CO2Bn AIBN
MsO N O O
H MsO N CO2Bn
CO2Bn H O O
F
Fukuyama Indole Synthesis
F CONHPh
N
Mitosene: Rebek (J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 5164)
N
Ac2O
O OCONH2 CONHPh
HO2C O
H2N
Huisgen Pyrrole Synthesis
OMe
N
O NH2 EtO OEt
OEt F
F
O- CO2Me O H2N OEt N
MeO2C
MeO2C O MeO2C
DMAD
N+ N O Paal-Knorr Pyrrole Synthesis CONHPh
CONHPh
OAc OAc
Huisgen Pyrrole Synthesis
Axert®: Janssen (Li, J.J. Contemporary Drug Synthesis. Wiley. 2004) Ketorolac®: Syntex (Muchowski, Adv. Med. Chem. 1992, 1, 109)
– 1st Generation strategies utilize pyrrole syntheses
– Process synthesis uses annulation starting from pyrrole
N NH2
S O
O
O N H
N
H CO2H
CO2Me
N I CO2Me
S Pd(OAc)2 CO2Me
O N CO2Me O
O S
N Bu4NBr O Br CO2Me
O HO CO2Me
TEA N N N
O CF3 H H
Disconnection 8a HO
H H
NC MeO OMe AcOH
H O
N
OH HO
N H2N
H Paal-Knorr Pyrrole Synthesis
Cl Cl
O
S H
1. Me OMe
O O
H Li H
2. HgCl2, HClO4
NHAlloc Disconnection 1a
N
Alloc