LESSON 4: CELL MODIFICATIONS: TISSUES
1 bound ribosomes – nakadikit
AND SPECIALIZED CELLS
1. Bone Marrow – site for the synthesis of
blood stem cells.
2. Blood Stem Cells – able to develop into
any of various kinds of cells through the
process of cell differentiation.
3. Cell differentiation – indifferent or
unspecialized cells attain their adult form
and function
4. Platelet (thrombocyte) – creates a mesh
to stop bleeding.
5. Eosinophil – against allergies; for
fungal/parasitic infections
6. Basophil – rashes/ allergic reactions
7. Neutrophil – WBC (leukocytes)
8. Monocyte – marites WBC
9. Red Blood Cells (erythrocyte) – protein
(erythropoietin)
10. Cells die in 120 days.
11. Leukemia – cancers of the blood cells/
blood cells acquire changes (mutations) in
their genetic material or DNA.
12. Immunosuppressant – decrease the
intensity of the immune system; help the
body accept the transplanted organ
13. Nervous Cell – axons and dendrites,
myelin sheath
14. Myelin Sheath - allows impulses to
transmit quickly along nerve cells. If
damaged, impulses slow down.
14. Epithelial Cell – epithelium - line the
outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels
throughout the body
14.1. flat – squamous
1- simple
2/more – stratified
14.2 square – cuboidal
14.3 post/column – columnar
14.3 mixed – pseudostratified –
ciliated
15. (Specialized cells in Plants) Guard cells –
surface of the leaves; control water loss
(H20, K+)
16. Photosynthetic cells – may contain
chloroplast to collect energy from sunlight/
make sugar for plant
17. Epidermal cells – young roots have hairs
that absorb water
18. Storage cells – special structures that
store starch – source of energy for the plant
19. (3 types of plant tissues) Collenchyma
Tissue (cell walls) – type of Parenchyma;
stores chlorophyll
20. Parenchyma Tissue (intracellular spaces)
– carry starch
21. Sclerenchyma Tissue (cell walls with
lignin) – support and strength
22. (Specialized cells in Animals) RBC –
contain hemoglobin that carries O2 in blood.
23. Layers of skin cells – fit together tightly
to protect cells inside and reduce water loss
24. Bone cells (Osteocytes) – collect calcium
from food
Keratinocytes – hair cells
25. Muscle cells (Myocytes) – arranged in
bundles called fibers and can contract
26. WBC – engulf bacteria and fight infection
27. Sex cells (gametes) – sperm carry DNA
from male parent joining with an egg cell
from the female parent
28. Fat cells (adipocytes) – have large
vacuole storing fat molecules; cell stores
chemical energy
29. Nerve cells (neuron) – conduct electrical
impulses to coordinate body activity.
30. Photophores – cells that can emit light
31. Human egg (Ovum)
32. Human Sperm (Spermatozoa)
33. Mature Ova are arrested in metaphase II
until fertilization and do not actually possess
a condensed nucleus. Nuclei are typically
included to represent the presence of
haploid DNA material.
34. (Eukaryotic Cell Structures) Cell wall –
protection
35. Cytoskeleton – structural support
36. Flagella (Cillia) – motility
37. Plasma membrane – regulates what
passes into and out of cell; cell-to-cell
recognition
38. Endoplasmic reticulum – protein and
lipid synthesis
39. Nucleus – control center of cell; directs
protein synthesis and cell reproduction
40. Golgi apparatus – packages proteins for
export from cell
41. Lysosome – play role in cell death
42. Mitochondria – power plants of the cell;
site of oxidation metabolism
43. Chloroplast – sites of photosynthesis
43. Chromosomes – hereditary information
44. Nucleolus – assembles ribosomes
45. Ribosomes – protein synthesis
LESSON 5: CELLULAR ORGANELLES:
STRUCTURE
1. Nucleus – found in eukaryotic cells but not
in prokaryotic cells
2. Organelle – specialized cellular part that is
analogous to an organ
2.1. Membrane-bound –
phospholipid layer
2.2 Non- membrane – Ribosomes,
Centrioles, Cytoskeleton (RiCeCy)
3. Cytoskeleton - give the cell its shape and
help organize the cell's parts
-In (protein)
-Ase (protein, enzyme)
3.1. Microtubule – quick transport
3.2 Intermediate filament –
hold/support
3.3. Microfilament – contracting
muscle cells
4. Motor proteins (dynein) – microtubules
5. Cell wall – protects the cell, serve as
structural support, maintains cell shape,
present in bacterium (protein-
polysaccharide), fungi (chitin) and in plant
cells (cellulose), absent in animal cells.
6. Plasmodesmata - a tunnel from one cell to
the next
6.1. Pectin – hardens in older
plants to add support for the cell
6.2 Lignin – component of the
secondary cell well which makes it
rigid
7. Cytoplasm – turgor pressure to plant cells;
site of metabolic reactions; bacterial, animal,
plant cells
8. Cellulose - most abundant polysaccharide
produced in plant cell walls
9. Endoplasmic reticulum – very near the
nucleus
9.
sa ER
9.2. free ribosomes – gafloat sa
cytoplasm
10. Rough ER – synthesis and packaging of a
secretory protein
11. Smooth ER - creation/ storage of lipids
and steroids
12. Golgi Apparatus - process and package
proteins and lipid molecules
12.1. “Receiving side” – “cis”
“cisternae”
13. Proteins destined to be secreted move
through the secretory pathway: rough ER –
smooth ER – golgi transport vesicle – golgi
cisternae – secretory vesicle – cell surface
14. Lysosomes – contain hydrolytic enzymes
that digest particles or cells taken into the
cell by phagocytosis and break down old
organelles.
15. Peroxisome – produce hydrogen
peroxide as a by-product
Hepatocytes – cells in the liver
16. Central Vacuole – stores dissolved
substances and can increase in size
16.1. line – chloroplast
16.2. dot – nucleus
17. contractile vacuoles – protists
18. Which of the following statements about
mitochondria and chloroplasts is generally
true? Plants have both chloroplasts and
mitochondria; animals and fungi have only
mitochondria
LESSON 6 and 7: PHASES OF THE CELL |
CONTROL CENTER
1. Organelles involved in cellular division:
Nucleus, centrioles, microtubules, plasma
membrane
2. Stages of the cell cycle: G1 phase
(Interphase), Synthesis (S) phase
(Interphase), G2 phase (Interphase),
Nuclear Division or Mitoses (Mitosis)
Cytokinesis
3. Why is cell division necessary for
organisms? Without cell division living
things wouldn't exist. It is the way
organisms grow, repair damage, and
reproduce.
4. Mitosis – maintain the number of
chromosomes; body/ somatic cells
4.1 Karyokinesis – division of
nucleus
4.2 Cytokinesis – division of
cytoplasm
5. Meiosis – sex cells/gametes
6. (Cell Cycle) Gap 0/ G0 – normal cellular
metabolic activity. The cell is in a quiescent
(inactive); resting phase. CELL CYCLE ARREST.
7. G1 (interphase) – organelle duplication
except chromosomes
8. Synthesis (Interphase) – 46 chromosomes
are each duplicated
9. G2 (Interphase) – the cell double checks
the duplicated chromosomes for error,
making any needed repairs. (Quiescent
phase)
10. Mitosis (PMAT)
10.1. Prophase – nucleolus
disappears, chromosomes
condenses “thickening and visible”,
formation of mitotic spindle
 10.2. Metaphase – chromosomes Which of the following events does not occur
line up “middle” during some stages of interphase?
10.3. Anaphase – chromosomes
pulled to opposite poles “away”
10.4 Telophase – new nuclei are DNA duplication
forming, chromosomes unfold
back into chromatin, cell elongates organelle duplication
11. Cytokinesis - dividing the cell contents to
increase in cell size
make two new cells; splitting of cytoplasm
12. Centrosome – maghelp sa separation separation of sister chromatids
13. Microfilament “for contraction”
13.1. Cytoskeleton sa animals
13.2 wala sa plants A diploid cell has_______ the number of The mitotic spindles arise from which cell
14. Not a function of mitosis in humans – chromosomes as a haploid cell. structure?
gamete production
LESSON 6 and 7: CELL CYCLE CHECKPOINTS one-fourth
half
centromere
twice
four times centrosome

kinetochore
An organism’s traits are determined by the
specific combination of inherited ___. cleavage furrow

cells. Unpacking of chromosomes and the

formation of a new nuclear envelope is a
genes. characteristic of which stage of mitosis?

proteins.

chromatids. prometaphase

metaphase

The first level of DNA organization in a anaphase

eukaryotic cell is maintained by which
molecule? telophase

cohesin Separation of the sister chromatids is a

characteristic of which stage of mitosis?
condensin

chromatin
prometaphase
histone
metaphase

anaphase
identical copies of chromatin held together
by cohesin at the centromere are called ___. telophase

histones. The chromosomes become visible under a

light microscope during which stage of
nucleosomes. mitosis?

chromatin.

sister chromatids. prophase

prometaphase

Chromosomes are duplicated during what metaphase

stage of the cell cycle?
anaphase

G1 phase

S phase

prophase

prometaphase
The fusing of Golgi vesicles at the metaphase
plate of dividing plant cells forms what
structure?
Many of the negative regulator proteins of
the cell cycle were discovered in what type
of cells?

cell plate

actin ring gametes

cleavage furrow cells in G0

mitotic spindle cancer cells

stem cells

At which of the cell cycle checkpoints do

external forces have the greatest influence?
Which negative regulatory molecule can
trigger cell suicide (apoptosis) if vital cell
cycle events do not occur?
G1 checkpoint

G2 checkpoint
p53
M checkpoint
p21
G0 checkpoint
retinoblastoma protein (Rb)

cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

What is the main prerequisite for clearance
at the G2 checkpoint?

cell has reached a sufficient size

an adequate stockpile of nucleotides

accurate and complete DNA replication

proper attachment of mitotic spindle fibers

to kinetochores

If the M checkpoint is not cleared, what

stage of mitosis will be blocked?

prophase

prometaphase

metaphase

anaphase

Which protein is a positive regulator that

phosphorylates other proteins when
activated?

p53

retinoblastoma protein (Rb)

cyclin

cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)