Report Form - Data Sheet

A. Specific Heat of a Metal Trial 1

1. Mass of metal (g) 10.0 g
2. Temperature of metal (boiling water) (°C) 98.0 °C
3. Mass of calorimeter (g) 5.47 g
4. Mass of calorimeter + water (g) 24.41 g
5. Mass of water (g) 18.94 g
6. Temperature of water in calorimeter (°C) 36 °C
7. Maximum temperature of metal and water from graph (°C) 39 °C
8. Instructor’s approval of graph
Calculations for Specific Heat of a Metal
1. Temperature change of water, ∆ T (°C) 1 °C
2. Heat gained by water (J) 79.24 J
3. Temperature change of metal, ∆ T (°C) 61°C
4. Specific heat of a metal, equation 25.5 (J/g ∙ °C) 0.1298 (J/g ∙ °C)
5. Average specific heat of metal (J/g ∙ °C) 0.1298 (J/g ∙ °C)

B. Enthalpy (Heat) of Neutralization for an Acid-Base Reaction HCl + NaOH

Trial 1
1. Volume of acid (mL) 50 mL
2. Temperature of acid (°C) 30 °C
3. Volume of NaOH (mL) 50 mL
4. Temperature of NaOH (°C) 36 °C
5. Exact molar concentration of NaOH (mol/L) 1.0 mol/L
6. Maximum temperature from graph (°C) 43 °C
7. Instructor’s approval of graph
Calculations for Enthalpy (Heat) of Neutralization for an Acid-Base
Reaction
1. Average initial temperature of acid and NaOH (°C) 33 °C

2. Temperature change, ∆ T (°C) 5 °C

3. Volume of final mixture (mL) 100 mL
4. Mass of final mixture (g) (Assume the density of the solution is 100 g
 1.0 g/mL)
5. Specific heat of mixture 4.18 J/g ∙ °C
6. Heat evolved (J) -2.09 J
7. Moles of OH- reacted, the limiting reactant (mol) 0.05 mol
8. Moles of H2O formed (mol) 0.05 mol
9. ∆ H n (kJ/mol H2O), equation 25.8 41.8 kJ/mol
10. Average ∆ H n (kJ/mol H2O) 41.8 kJ/mol

C. Enthalpy (Heat) of Solution for the Dissolution of a Salt

Name of Salt: NH4Cl Trial 1
1. Mass of salt (g) 5g
2. Moles of salt (mol) 0.093 mol
3. Mass of calorimeter (g) 5.47 g
4. Mass of calorimeter + water (g) 25.11 g
5. Mass of water (g) 19.64 g
6. Initial temperature of water (°C) 30 °C
7. Final temperature of mixture from graph (°C) 18 °C
8. Instructor’s approval of graph
Calculations for Enthalpy (Heat) of Solution for the
Dissolution of a salt
1. Temperature change of solution, ∆ T (°C) -12 °C
2. Heat change of water (J) -985.14 J
3. Heat change of salt (J) (Obtain its specific heat from Table 25.1) -116.4 J

4. Total enthalpy change (J) -1101.54 J

5. ∆ H s (J/mol salt), equation 25.12 -11844.52 J/mol salt
6. Average ∆ H s(J/mol salt) -11844.52 J/mol salt
Sample Computations
 Lab Questions

Answers

1. The calorimeter will be unaffected if it was added with any amount of water. This can be
explained by the differences of specific heat measurements. Water has 4.18 J/g•°C and if
ever the quantity is added, water will take in more energy to counter-balance the system.
Once it water changes the temperature of the system, there would not be a change of
temperature monitored since the specific heat of water was also increased.

2. If Josh used the highest measured temperature than using the extrapolated temperature,
then this will result to be lower readings for both quantities. The change of temperature
measured will be more than expected, and contrast to the change of temperature of water
which will be less. Take note that a greater change of temperature, will result to a lower
 Q
result of specific heat, since the denominator of c = which is the specific heat
mΔT
capacity formula.

3. It is true that the enthalpy of neutralization for all strong acid-base reactions would be
likely similar to each other within experimental error since they are composing of simple
terms in reaction processes. However, this is not the case for weak acids as they do not
fully dissociate into ions unlike the stronger ones. Therefore, due to lack of ability of
dissociating ions, it will effectively have a less enthalpy of neutralization.

4. The specific heat capacity formula can be given by the formula Q = mc∆ T , this is shown
as Q = (2.35 g) (1.34 J/g•°C) (6.22 °C) = 19.586 J, or simply as 19.6 J. Therefore, 19.6 J
of heat was lost to the inner 2.35 g Styrofoam cup.

5. Since Jacob have only added 40.0 mL of 1.1M HCl instead of a recommended amount of
50.0 mL, to the 50.0 mL NaOH then this will result to be a change in the supposed
answers or results aimed to be obtained during the process. Since the solution is requiring
a 1:1 ratio then the solution will not be neutralized completely. There was an excess of
moles of NaOH while lacking moles of HCl, thus a full reaction will not occur.

6. The chemist has used a mis-calibrated thermometer meaning this is already generating
error for the results. However, on this special case, ∆ H n is the being measured, therefore
the adjustment of 2 °C will have no effect throughout the whole calculation as the error
would be carried out along the process. It is just that the temperature readings will be off
by small differences, though it would not have an overall effect to the numbers
calculated.

7. If the salt remains adhered to the weighing paper and not transferred completely to the
calorimeter, then obviously the enthalpy of solution reported will be too low, than that of
the expected data. The enthalpy of solution involves mass as one of its components while
 calculating. Through that, if the mass is less than the original weighed then the enthalpy
of solution will be too low compared to the entire mass inside the packet.

8. Since we know that the dissolution of ammonium nitrate is an example of an endothermic

process, if the heat change is ignored then the enthalpy of solution reported will be too
high. Let us take into consideration where a calorimeter does not fully absorb all the heat
since there is a chance, or few percentages of heat wasted to the surroundings. In short,
there are many factors that can affect the reliability of this process. However, since it
does not absorb 100% heat, more heat will have to be put into the system. Therefore, due
to this, the enthalpy of solution ∆ H s would be recorded as too high.

Analysis Of Graphs
 Conclusion

Every scientific study requires a deeper understanding based on its components and
properties. There is nothing better than knowing the specific heat capacity of a metal in particular
and as well as the reactions revolving around liquid reactions where they are almost invisible to
the naked eye. It is necessary in our lives to learn about calorimetry since this is not only used in
chemical experiments but also used by food nutritionist and food analysts and factories.

Throughout the experiment we Group 5 performed, we came across multiple quantitative

measurements of heat, which are the specific heat of a metal then the heat change in acid-base
reactions and as well as the dissociation of salt in water. In the first part of the whole experiment,
we have successfully found and calculated the specific heat of a metal which supports from our
data above which is 0.1298 (J/g ∙ °C) of an unknown metal. There are many steps which we have
gone through to obtain such results, such as heating the beaker while the unlabeled metal chips
are inside a test tube submerged in a boiling water. Then the calorimeter was used by transferring
the metal from the tube to the cup along with the thermometer. Moving along, the second part of
the experiment was obtaining the heat change in acid-base reactions which we have found to be
the most challenging part of the day. The steps under this category is much more delicate and
requires analysis and problem solving. Giving us a result of 41.8 kJ/mol for HCl with NaOH.
Lastly, the last part of the experiment was the dissociation of salt in water which is a common
sample of experiment easily applicable in our daily life. This gave us a result of 11844.54 J/mol
salt.

At the end of the day, we were able to meet our objectives and find out the three
quantities necessary for the experiments. Along that, we were able to learn more about
calorimetry and its uses in chemistry and beyond.