g GE Energy

GEH-6676

Power System Stabilizer

For and EX2100 Excitation Control
Power System Stabilizer
For EX2100 Excitation Control
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...........................................................................................Fold here first .........................................................................................................

Contents
Chapter 1 Overview 1-1
Introduction.............................................................................................................. 1-1
How to Use this Document............................................................................... 1-1
Conventions ...................................................................................................... 1-1
Acronyms/Abbreviations ......................................................................................... 1-2
Related Publications ......................................................................................... 1-2

Chapter 2 Power System 2-1

Power System Stabilizer .......................................................................................... 2-1
Power System Stability..................................................................................... 2-1
Synchonous Machine Oscillations.................................................................... 2-2
System Modeling .............................................................................................. 2-3
PSS Implementation ......................................................................................... 2-5
Integral of Accelerating Power PSS ................................................................. 2-6

Chapter 3 Integral of Accelerating Power 3-1

Introduction.............................................................................................................. 3-1
EXDSPEED...................................................................................................... 3-3
PSS Model (IEEE)............................................................................................ 3-4

Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning 4-1

Introduction.............................................................................................................. 4-1
Enable PSS ....................................................................................................... 4-2
Parameters ........................................................................................................ 4-4
Initial Test......................................................................................................... 4-6
Gain Margin Test.............................................................................................. 4-9
Configure Trend Recorder .............................................................................. 4-10
AVR Step Test with PSS in Service ............................................................... 4-11
Additional Unit Testing .................................................................................. 4-12

Glossary

Index

GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control Contents • •i

Notes

• • Contents
ii GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control
Chapter 1 Overview

Introduction
This document includes information on power system stability fundamentals,
EX2100™ Power System Stabilizer (PSS) theory, and site-commissioning.

How to Use this Document

Chapter 1 Overview. This chapter provides information about the contents of this
manual and conventions used.
Chapter 2 Power System. This chapter defines a power system stabilizer and pro-
vides an overview of PSS functions.
Chapter 3 Integral of Accelerating Power. This chapter provides application-
specific information on the PSS used in an EX2100 exciter.
Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning. This chapter describes how to tune the EX2100
PSS.

Conventions
The following conventional terms, text formats, and symbols are used throughout
this document.
Convention Meaning
Bold Indicates that the word is being defined.

Arial Indicates the actual file name or file path used.

Arial Bold Indicates the menu, the actual command or option selected from
a menu, a button, or title of a dialog box.
Italic Indicates new terms, margin notes, and the titles of figures,
chapters, and other books in the toolbox package.
UPPERCASE Indicates a directory, filename, or block name. Lowercase letters
can be used when typing names in a dialog box or at the com-
mand prompt, unless otherwise indicated for a specific applica-
tion or utility.
Monospace Represents examples of screen text or words and characters that
are typed in a text box or at the command prompt.
Ø Indicates a procedure.
♦
Indicates a procedure with only one step.
• Indicates a list of related information, not procedural steps.

GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control Chapter 1 Overview • 1-1

Acronyms/Abbreviations
AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator
DAC Digital-to-Analog Converter
DSA Digital Signal Analyzer
EMF Electromotive Force or Field Voltage
MMF Magnetomotive Force
PSEC Power Systems Energy Consultants
PSS Power System Stabilizer
VAR Volt-Ampere Reactive

Related Publications
GE provides system instruction manuals that include publications for the different
components of each product. If additional manuals are needed or for questions about
the publications, contact the nearest GE sales office or authorized GE sales repre-
sentative.

1-2• Chapter 1 Overview GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control

Chapter 2 Power System
Power System Stabilizer
This operation requires a basic
understanding of synchronous
machines and electric power
flow.
GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control
The Power System Stabilizer (PSS) is an automatic control designed to improve syn-
chronous machine stability. This control function is used with field excitation sys-
tems. There are many different implementations of a PSS. A fully integrated digital
PSS, based on the integral of accelerating power principle, is available for GE
EX2100 excitation control.
Power System Stability
Providing a reliable supply of electricity depends on machine stability. The simplest
definition of stability for synchronous machines indicates that in spite of unantici-
pated load shifts between machines, the system will maintain a constant voltage and
frequency. Also, when a transient event occurs and the subsequent machine voltage
and frequency oscillations are sufficiently damped to regain steady state operation,
the system is stable.
Dynamic stability, also known as steady-state stability, allows a system to correct
for small changes.
Transient stability allows a system to recover from large changes, such as an in-
stantaneous load rejection due to the operation of a power circuit breaker. If there is
enough synchronizing torque, the unit remains stable. Modern generating units
equipped with high-gain voltage regulators enhance transient stability but tend to
detract from dynamic stability. The PSS improves small signal (steady-state) stabil-
ity by damping power system modes of oscillation through generator excitation
modulation.
Chapter 2 Power System • 2-1

The PSS provides the control
action that allows the power
system to maintain stability.
2-2 • Chapter 2 Power System
Synchonous Machine Oscillations
Synchronous machine oscillations often fall into one of four categories:
• Local machine-system (local mode)
• Inter-area
• Inter-unit
• Torsional
Local mode generally involves one or more synchronous machines at a power sta-
tion swinging together against a comparatively large power system or load center.
Frequencies are usually in the range of 1.0 to 2.0 Hz. Some low inertia turbine gen-
erators can have local node frequencies up to 4.0 Hz.
Inter-area usually involves combinations of many synchronous machines in one
part of a power system swinging against another part of the system. The frequency
range is 0.1 to 0.7 Hz.
Inter-unit typically involves two or more synchronous machines at a power plant or
nearby power plants in which machines swing against each other. The frequency
range is 1.5 to 3 Hz.
Torsional involves relative motion between a unit's rotating elements (synchronous
machine, turbine, and rotating exciter), with frequencies ranging from 15 Hz for two-
pole (eight Hz for four-pole) and above.
While change of rotor angle in a single machine is a concern, a more important con-
cern is the behavior of all the machines closely connected to a system. During a sys-
tem transient, all rotor angles should move in the same relative direction over time.
The focus is on the difference in rotor angle between machines.
GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control
 System Modeling
Static excitation systems with high-gain and fast-response times greatly aid transient
stability (synchronizing torque), but at the same time tend to reduce small signal sta-
bility (damping torque). The objective of the PSS control is to provide a positive
contribution to the damping of the generator rotor angle swings, which are in a broad
range of frequencies in the power system.
The following diagram illustrates the effect of excitation systems on the damping of
local mode oscillations. This concept is explained fully in IEEE Transactions on
Power Apparatus and Systems1. The diagram is a simplified, linearized block repre-
sentation for a single-generating unit connected radially to an infinite bus. The gen-
erator is also equipped with an Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR).
The characteristic small-signal dynamics of a synchronous machine connected to a
power system are described by the swing equation linearized about an operating
point, as illustrated by the solid lines (also known as the torque-angle loop) in the
following figure. The mechanical loop is shown at the top of the diagram while the
electrical loop is shown in the middle. Phase relationships show that a positive syn-
chronizing torque component (enhanced by modern high-gain wide-bandwidth exci-
tation systems) restores the rotor to a steady-state operating point by appropriately
accelerating or decelerating the rotor inertia. A positive damping torque (decreased
by modern high-gain wide-bandwidth excitation systems) dampens rotor oscillations
of the torque-angle loop. With proper phase compensation, the exciter control pro-
vides air gap torque to dampen the oscillations.

1
F.P deMello and C. Concordia, "Concepts of Synchronous Machine Stability as Af-
fected by Excitation Control", IEEE Trans. PAS, Vol PAS-88, April 1969, pp 316-
329

GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control Chapter 2 Power System • 2-3
 Damping
Torque
D

Mechanical
Torque Rotor
Angle
Torque Tm 1 +
Lo @ Deviation
Inertia 5 5
2Hs s
Angle + "y"
+
L
Relations Accelerating

Te
Torque
L Input

+
5 K1
Synchronizing Torque Co-efficient
+ with Constant Flux
Change in
Torque
due to
Flux
Change
K2 Change in
Excitation K4 K5 Voltage
Effects due to Rotor
with Angle
Regulator Generator Flux Deviation
Loop E'q Link Relations
Closed
K3 + + Eref
5 AVR 5
1+s K 3T'do
+ Voltage
Regulator
K6 Setpoint

Change in Voltage due

to Flux Change
Electrical Power

PSS Pe PSS Input

ò Pacc PSS Gain
L Section and Phase

Speed (Lead/Lag Settings)

Linearized Block Diagram of a Single Machine to Infinite Bus Power System

2-4 • Chapter 2 Power System GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control
 The coefficients K1 through K6 are defined as follows.

K1 Change in electrical torque due to a change in rotor angle assuming a

constant d-axis flux
K2 Change in electrical torque due to a change in d-axis flux assuming a
constant rotor angle
K3 Impedance factor

K4 Demagnetizing effect due to a change in rotor angle

K5 Change in terminal voltage due to a change in rotor angle assuming a

constant voltage from d-axis flux linkages
K6 Change in terminal voltage due to a change in d-axis flux linkages assuming
a constant rotor angle
Except for K3, coefficients K1 through K6 are all affected by the operating point of the
machine. All the coefficients are normally positive, resulting in a stable system.
However, K5 can be negative under conditions of heavy load, which can create an
unstable condition.
The previous diagram shows the addition of a PSS to the control. The PSS is used to
supply a component of positive damping torque to offset the negative contribution of
the AVR, resulting in a compensated system that adds damping and enhances small
signal (steady-state) stability. This is accomplished by creating a signal in phase with
rotor speed, and summing the result with the AVR reference. Also, since the gen-
erator field circuit and AVR function has an inherent phase lag, a corresponding
phase lead is required to compensate for this effect.

PSS Implementation
Since the primary function of the PSS is to add damping to the power oscillations,
basic control theory would indicate that any signal in which the power oscillations
are observable would make a good candidate as an input signal. Some readily avail-
able signals are direct rotor-speed measurement, bus frequency, and electrical power.
From a system design point of view, there are a number of considerations when se-
lecting the appropriate input signal. For instance, direct speed measurement may be
susceptible to turbine-generator torsional interactions.
Since the early development of the PSS, the GE design and application has been ex-
tensively based on either speed or frequency input signal. The first applications were
speed-based, and the frequency signal was later used for two reasons, one being the
more practical means of obtaining the rotor velocity for hydro-turbines without shaft
speed measurements, and the lower torsional signal content for four-pole (nuclear
steam) turbine generators. The signals for either speed or frequency are similar in
many respects, but the lower torsional content of the frequency signals makes it bet-
ter in many cases.
Another choice is electrical power, which has been extensively applied in some mar-
kets. There have also been many applications where multiple input signals have been
studied and applied. In principle, many different signals can be used. The PSS can be
approached as a problem to be solved using multi-variable control design programs.
The control design program will then decide the type of control gains and phase
compensation to be applied to each input.

GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control Chapter 2 Power System • 2-5

The specific design of this sys-
tem is described in Chapter 3.
2-6 • Chapter 2 Power System
Integral of Accelerating Power PSS
The latest-generation PSS is based on the principle of accelerating power. Measure-
ment of accelerating power requires a mechanical power signal. In a practical sense,
the mechanical power cannot be measured, so it becomes necessary to develop this
signal from speed and electrical power. The integral of accelerating power is a signal
that provides machine speed relative to a constant frequency reference.
The PSS control can provide significant improvements in inter-area mode damping,
with application of stabilizers to most units that participate in these power-swing
modes. Improved damping can result in eliminating operating restrictions during
system contingencies, and increase power transfer limits. The classic example of in-
ter-area mode oscillation is the 0.3 Hz mode in Western US (WSCC), between the
Southern California region and the Pacific Northwest region.
The PSS performance is often evaluated from the damping of the local mode, the
generator swinging against the rest of the power system. This mode is usually at fre-
quencies between 0.7 and 2 Hz. Stronger system ties and lighter loading tend to give
higher local-mode frequencies. Conversely, weaker ties and heavier loading tend to
give lower local-mode frequencies. The PSS control must be properly tuned to pro-
vide acceptable performance over a wide range of system conditions resulting from
different operating circumstances (such as out-of-service lines or varying load lev-
els).
Very elaborate mathematical models (instead of the simplified model shown in the
above figure) are used to predict the performance of the PSS under steady-state and
transient conditions.
GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control
Chapter 3 Integral of Accelerating
Power

Introduction
The integral of accelerating power principal is based on the generator electro-
mechanical equations developed in Chapter 2. The dynamic equation for rotor speed,
as a function of torque, is

L 1 1
d = x (Tm - Te ) = x Tacc
dt 2H 2H
where:
ω = rotor speed
H = generator inertia constant (MW-sec/MVA)
Tm = mechanical (turbine) torque
Te = electro-mechanical (air-gap) torque
Tacc = accelerating torque
This is called the synchronous machine swing equation. In a per-unit (pu) system,
torque and power are equivalent in value. Replacing torque (T) with power (P), and
rearranging the equation above to solve for mechanical power gives the following:

Pm = (2Hs) ( L ) + Pe
where the derivative operator has been replaced by the equivalent Laplace operator s.
Mechanical power is difficult in practice to measure. This equation allows you to
synthesize the mechanical power signal from measurements of speed and electrical
power, which are relatively easy to obtain. Electrical power can change rapidly dur-
ing a transient event on the power system. Mechanical power changes slowly, mov-
ing in ramps rather than steps. Thus, a special low-pass filter (ramp tracking) is used
to filter the synthesized mechanical power signal. The following figure shows the
process of deriving mechanical power. The ramp tracking filter is shown as G(s).

GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control Chapter 3 Integral of Accelerating Power • 3-1
 P'm represents the mechanical power signal, with the prime superscript indicating
that this is a synthesized signal. The next step develops the accelerating power signal
that is P'acc = P'm - Pe. The accelerating power is labeled as a synthesized or derived
signal at this point, since it is made up from synthesized mechanical power.

P'm
L 2Hs G(s)

Ramp
Tracking
Pe Filter
The two input signals, speed and electrical power, both have some steady-state
value, and may change slowly over long periods of time. For this reason, in most
PSS designs, a high-pass filter is applied to both inputs. This filter also functions as a
washout filter, since it washes out or eliminates the low-frequency signals. The form
of the washout filter is as follows:

sTw
(1 +sTw )
where TW is the washout time constant, normally set in the range of 2 to 10 seconds.
This gives a break frequency of 1/TW rad/sec.
As a final step, both inputs are divided by the factor 2H and integrated (equivalent to
dividing by s in Laplace terminology). The block diagram for developing the integral
of accelerating power is as follows:

ò ò
1 1
2H
P'm 2H
P'acc

L sTw
1+sTw
2Hs
2Hs
G(s)
+ +
+

sTw 1
Pe
1+sTw 2Hs

The equation 1/(2H) times the integral of accelerating power is speed. If mechanical
power could be derived exactly, there would be this equivalence. Because of the na-
ture of the method used to derive the mechanical power signal, the resulting input
has the characteristics of speed at lower frequencies and electric power at higher fre-
quencies.
Also, the derived signal has a relatively low component of the torsional mode com-
ponents in the measurements. This very important factor could potentially impact
PSS performance, since the application limits any potential situation where the sta-
bilizer might interact with the turbine-generator torsional response. Because the inte-
grator essentially cancels the washout in the electric power signal path, a double
washout is used in both the speed and power paths.

3-2 • Chapter 3 Integral of Accelerating Power GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control
 EXDSPEED
The integral of accelerating power signal is called EXDSPEED and is found using
the following relationship:

EXDSPEED = ò
( d dtL )dt = (
1 ) x
2H ò{(Pmech - Pe ) dt}
For a signal proportional to rotor speed, generator current is multiplied by the d-axis
transient reactance, X'd, and vectorially added to terminal voltage to yield an internal
machine voltage Eq'. The change or deviation in phase of Eq' is proportional to de-
viation in rotor speed from synchronous speed.
An electrical power signal is calculated in the EX2100 from generator voltage and
current. Both the rotor speed signal and power signal are processed by two washout
stages to remove low-frequency effects.
The equivalent speed signal (EXDSPEED), found by integrating (Pm-Pe) and di-
viding by 2H, is responsive to rotor speed without excessive phase lead at low fre-
quencies (which has detrimental effect on synchronizing torque) and less susceptible
to generator terminal voltage offsets caused by rapid mechanical power changes in-
herent in electrical power input PSSs.
The following figure shows that the EXDSPEED signal is processed by two lead/lag
stages, an adjustable gain stage, and an output limiter stage to tailor the PSS for the
specific application.
Some units (primarily 4-pole nuclear units) require band reject filters to reduce the
response to torsional oscillations. The third lead/lag stage in this figure is used to
represent the low frequency equivalent of a two-stage torsional filter.

Max

1+sT1 1+sT3 1+sT10

EXDSPEED Kpss
1+sT2 1+sT4 1+sT11

GAIN STAGE LEAD-LAG STAGES

Min

GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control Chapter 3 Integral of Accelerating Power • 3-3
 PSS Model (IEEE)
The integral of accelerating power is the input to the part of the PSS that applies
phase compensation (two or three lead-lag stages), and a gain and output limit func-
tion. The IEEE-type PSS2B PSS model is shown in the following diagram. This
model conforms with the standards on excitation systems, identified as 421.5, issued
by IEEE in August 1992 (as modified by Computer models for Representation of
Digital-Based Excitation Systems, a paper prepared by the Digital Excitation Task
Force of the Excitation System Subcommittee). The two model inputs are VSI 1 as
speed, and VSI 2 as electrical power.
V
STMAX

N
V sTw1 sTw2 1 1+sT8 1+sT1 1+sT3 1+sT10 V
SI1
5 5 K51 ST

1+sTw1 1+sTw2 1+sT6 (1+sT9 )M 1+sT2 1+sT4 1+sT11

V
K 53 STMIN

V
SI2
sTw3 sTw4 K 52
1+sTw3 1+sTw4 1+sT6

PSS Block Diagram

The EX2100 implementation of an integral of accelerating power PSS is available in

a standard form, shown below.
Arm PSS Input PSS Armed Output

|L.PSS_ARM |(L.PSSARMD

Power Level Enable

and Disable
(In Auto) PSS Active
|L.PSS_ARM |L.AUTOMAN |(L.PSSACT

|u| PWRENB

WattsLo WattsHi
S.WATTSLO S.WATTSHI

~|L.PSSACT Final Output

Adjust polarity for generating or motoring
L.PSSOP
0
1
( V pu)
-1
Washedout Integral of Watts Path PSSGLMO

L.WATTS τs τ WATTINT

τs+1 Μ(τs+1)
Μ(τ Ramp Tracking
Lead/Lag Compensation Limits
Low Pass Filter
S.PSSPLM
Washedout Slip Path SLWOOUT RTFIN RTFOUT EXDSPD PSSLLO

( V pu)
L.SLIP τs τs + +
5τs+1
5τ + -
τ1s+1 τ3s+1 S.PSSGN
Σ Σ
τs+1 τs+1 + (τs+1)
(τ 5
+ τ2s+1 τ4s+1 Gain ( V pu)
( V pu / slip pu) S.PSSNLM
τ = PSSWO M = Inertia (pu) TEST1 τ = RTF_TC TEST2 τ1 = PSSLD1 τ3 = PSSLD2
S.PSSWO S.INERTIA S.RTF_TC τ2 = PSSLG1 τ4 = PSSLG2
S.PSSLD1 S.PSSLD2

S.PSSLG1 S.PSSLG2

3-4 • Chapter 3 Integral of Accelerating Power GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control
 A specialized version with bi-quad filters is shown below.
Arm PSS Input PSS Armed Output
|L.PSS_ARM |(L.PSSARMD

Power Level Enable

and Disable
(In Auto) PSS Active
|L.PSS_ARM |L.AUTOMAN |(L.PSSACT
PWRENB
|u|

S.WATTSLO S.WATTSHI

~|L.PSSACT
Final Output
Adjust polarity for generating or motoring
L.PSSOP
0
1

-1
S.PSSPLM
Lead/Lag Compensation
PSSLLO PSSGLMO
τ1s+1 τ3s+1 S.PSSGN

τ2s+1 τ4s+1 Limits

Gain
S.PSSLD1 S.PSSLD2 S.PSSNLM
τ1 = τ3 = ( V pu / slip pu)
S.PSSLG1 S.PSSLG2
τ2 = τ4 =

BQD2OUT

Washedout Integral of Watts Path Ramp Tracking Low Pass Filter Biquadratic Filters

L.WATTS τs τ WATTINT
EXDSPD BQD1OUT
τs+1 Μ(τs+1)
Μ(τ S.PSSB1D1 S.PSSB2D1
RTFIN RTFOUT δ1 = δ2 =
Washedout Slip Path SLWOOUT

L.SLIP τs τs + +
5τs+1
5τ + -
δ1ω1s+ω
s2+2δ ω1 2 δ2ω2s+ω
s2+2δ ω 22
Σ Σ
τs+1 τs+1 + (τs+1)5
(τ + s2+2δ ω1 2
δ3ω1s+ω s2+2δ ω 22
δ4ω2s+ω
S.PSSWO S.RTF_TC S.PSSB1D2 S.PSSB2D2
τ= TEST1 τ= TEST2 δ3 = δ4 =

S.INERTIA S.PSSB1W0 S.PSSB2W0

M= ω1 = ω2 =

GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control Chapter 3 Integral of Accelerating Power • 3-5
Notes

3-6 • Chapter 3 Integral of Accelerating Power GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control
Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning
Introduction
These are recommended to as-
sure proper PSS operation but
are not required for placing the
PSS into service.
GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control
Initial operational testing and settings verification of the PSS by qualified test per-
sonnel should include
• PSS parameters review
• Instability gain margin measurements
• AVR Step Test with PSS out-of-service
• AVR Step Test with PSS in service
Optional tests and studies include
• AVR frequency response tests
• Compensated phase tests
• System open-loop frequency response tests
• System tuning and PSS optimization studies
Only the minimum PSS setup and operational checks are discussed in this document.
For information about additional tools, testing, and studies available, contact Post
Sales Service.
Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning • 4-1
 Enable PSS
The PSS Armed command enables PSS through the ACLA board via the EX2100
operator interface. Once armed, the PSS reports that fact back to the operator inter-
face.

4-2 • Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control
 The PSS can be armed or disarmed at any time and at any load point.
Once armed, the PSS will not be active (available to supply compensation to the
AVR input summing junction) unless these conditions are met:
1. EX2100 must be in Auto regulator control
2. EX2100 must be running
3. Generator must be online at a load point above the parameter value <PSS Hi-
Watts Enable>

If any of these conditions are not met, the PSS becomes inactive, but will still remain
armed. To turn off the PSS, any of the four conditions above can be removed.

GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning • 4-3
 Parameters
Ø To locate PSS parameters in the toolbox
w In the Summary View, click Advanced Settings, then select Power Sys-
tem Stabilizer. The parameters are located in the .ecb file.

Ø To display parameter information graphically

w In the Summary View, click Main Menu, then click Diagram and the PSS
button. A block diagram with parameter values, and input and output variables
displays.

4-4 • Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control
 Inertia is the constant M value used in the washed-out integral of the PSS Watts
path to obtain proper scaling for the synthesized mechanical power signal. The gen-
erator manufacturer should supply this value.
Gain provides stable operation at all load points. Typically set to an initial value of
1.0, this parameter adjusts during PSS commissioning. Verify by testing that the gain
is less than a value of 1/3 of the gain setting that would cause the PSS loop to be un-
stable. Gain settings greater than 20 should not be used.
Lead/Lag 1 and Lead/Lag 2 cancel the natural phase lag of the AVR and generator
at full load. Typical lead values are 0.15 seconds. Lag values are 0.03 seconds.
Output upper lower limits reduce the ability of the PSS to override the regulator
during large disturbances. Typical values are +10% and -10% but are customer-
selectable.
Washout time constants are selected large enough to pass low frequencies of interest
with little attenuation or excessive phase lead. In most cases, this implies that the
washout time constants can be set between two and 10 seconds.
Ramp Tracking Filter is designed to follow the ramps in mechanical power while
attenuating signals at the torsional frequencies. The lag time constant is typically set
to 0.1 seconds while the lead time constant is fixed at five times the lag time con-
stant.
Hi Watts Enable and Low Watts Disable automatically activate the PSS above the
hi watts enable setting and automatically turns off below the lo watts disable setting.
These settings are typically 15% and 10%, respectively.

GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning • 4-5
 Initial Test
The tools necessary for this test include the toolbox, as well as a printout of the Help
File for the Frequency (Bode) Analysis and Step Test block diagram.
Optional tools include the results from GE Power Systems Engineering Consulting
(PSEC) or customer PSS-tuning study with applicable parameters entered into the
.ecb file.
The following conditions must be met:
• Any deficiencies in PT or CT feedback circuits including MWATTS or VARS
calculations should be corrected.
• The unit must be capable of near full-load operation. To test the automatic acti-
vation and de-activation feature, the unit load must be adjusted.
• Any other outer loop regulator functions, such as Var/PF control, should be
turned off or disabled.
• For gas turbine units, the unit should be near full load, but not on exhaust tem-
perature control.
• The parameters in the .ecb file should be reviewed for accuracy and complete-
ness. Factory default settings should be used if no customer or GE tuning study
information is available.

Note The EX2100 must remain in AUTO regulator throughout the test. If at any
time, unstable operation with the PSS in service is noticed, removing the PSS enable
should stop the instability. For low-gain exciters (transient gain less than 50 pu/pu,
transferring the regulator to MANUAL mode should stop the instability.

4-6 • Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control

Use the Help message for the
Frequency (Bode) Analysis or
Step Test block diagram.
GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control
Online AVR Step Test with PSS Disarmed
This test will be used to demonstrate PSS effectiveness. With the unit operating at
80% rated power (MW) or greater, step the AVR with PSS disarmed. Configure the
Trend Recorder for the AVR\BUFFER_TEST capture buffer and upload the block-
collected data.
Before stepping the AUTO regulator, verify that the AVR step is configured for no
more than 2%.
Note This test will change the generator output and can cause local instability on
some power systems.
Ø To step the AVR
1. Configure the step wizard for an AVR regulator 2% step by selecting the PSS
option (5) for parameter <Bode Type>.
2. Adjust the step test magnitude and duration.
Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning • 4-7
 The trend file below shows that the unit MWATTS will oscillate or ring proportion-
ate to the amount of natural damping in the system. For larger systems and larger
generators, there may be more oscillations recorded before the MWATTS readings
stabilize.

IMAG

MWATTS

VMAG

Step Enable

4-8 • Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control

Higher gain operation can be
used but should be confirmed
by Post Sales Service.
GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control
Gain Margin Test
The instability point of the PSS depends on many factors such as system configura-
tions, relative size of the unit with respect to the local grid, transmission characteris-
tics, and so on. Gradually increase the gain to determine what gain will cause PSS
instability. Do not exceed a gain of 60.
GE recommends operation with a gain stability margin of 3% or greater, but a
maximum gain of no more than 20. Once the instability gain is found, the PSS gain
should be left at a point no more than 1/3 of the instability value and a maximum of
20.
Note If, during the test, the AVR becomes unstable with the PSS in service at a gain
of 45, the gain can be left at a value of 15. If the instability point is found to be a gain
of 60, the final PSS gain can be set to [ 20.
Ø To test gain margin
1. Set the parameter <PSS Gain> (on the block diagram) to an initial value of 5
p.u.
2. With the EX2100 in AUTO regulator, arm the PSS through the keypad or tur-
bine operator interface. If the unit is operating above the <PSS Hi Watts> value,
the PSS should become armed and active.
Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning • 4-9
 Configure Trend Recorder
Configure the trend recorder to monitor the following variables in real time.
• Watts
• VARs
• Gn_Vfld
• Gn_Vmag
• PSSOP

Increase the PSS gain in 5 p.u. steps (to a maximum of 60) while checking for signs
of instability, such as sinusoidal swings in power, VARs or voltage. These swings
usually start small and increase in amplitude over time. It is also possible that the
power swings could occur suddenly at a fixed amplitude of oscillation. If either phe-
nomenon is observed, unselect PSS Armed or set the gain to 0. The gain where in-
stability is observed will be considered the instability gain for calculations of the PSS
gain margin and final gain setting.

Note Once a final gain setting is obtained, use the Trend Recorder to monitor
generator watts for five minutes at this gain setting to verify no instability.

If instability did occur during testing, the maximum gain is calculated by dividing the
instability gain by 3. For example, if instability occurred at a gain of 29, the desired
gain becomes 9 (29/3 = 9.67; therefore, select the more conservative setting of 9).
Experience with the inbtegral of accelerating power PSS indicates that gain optimi-
zation is not required to obtain acceptable performance. Most applications provide
adequate damping to local mode oscillations with a PSS gain of 15 or less.

4-10 • Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control
 AVR Step Test with PSS in Service
After completing the Gain Margin tests, the AVR should be stepped again at the new
PSS setting.
Ø To perform final AVR step test
w With the Frequency (Bode) and Step Test block diagram set as in the PSS out-
of-service step, step the AVR with the PSS in service.

There should be a marked difference in the number of oscillations in the power

(MW) variable on the Trend Recorder. The EX2100 PSS is now ready for service.

Testing of the PSS <low watts disable> and <high watts enable> settings should be
made at some point during the commissioning process, after the PSS has been veri-
fied for stability and gain margin.
PSS Disable and Enable Test
Ø To test the <low watts disable> and <hi watts enable> settings
1. With PSS armed selected, decrease unit load until the PSS becomes inactive.
This should be at the corresponding value of the <low watts disable> parameter.
2. From the operators control interface, deselect PSS armed and raise unit load
above the <hi watts enable> parameter. The PSS should remain unarmed and
inactive.
3. Reduce load below the <low watts disable> setting and select PSS armed.
Raise load above the <hi watts enable> parameter; the PSS should become ac-
tive when the hi watts value is reached.

GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning • 4-11
 Additional Unit Testing
If more than one identical unit exists on a site, the gain setting will be the same on all
units. Perform a gain margin and step test with the PSS active in the first unit while
testing the second unit. The third unit would be tested with the PSS active in the first
and second units, and so on.
If the PSS settings used were from a tuning study performed by GE PSEC in
Schenectady, send them a copy of the test for final approval.

4-12 • Chapter 4 Operation and Tuning GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control
Glossary

automatic voltage regulator (AVR)

AVR is controller software that maintains the generator terminal voltage.

block
Instruction blocks contain basic control functions, which are connected together
during configuration to form the required machine or process control. Blocks can
perform math computations, sequencing, or regulator (continuous) control.

bus
Upper bar for power transfer, also an electrical path for transmitting and receiving
data.

configure
To select specific options, either by setting the location of hardware jumpers or
loading software parameters into memory.

dynamic stability
Steady-state stability; allows a system to correct from small changes.

EX2100 Excitation Control

GE static exciter; regulates the generator field current to control the generator output
voltage.

EXDSPEED
EXDSPEED is the integral of accelerating power signal.

IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. A United States-based society that
develops standards.

power system stabilizer (PSS)

PSS software produces a damping torque on the generator to reduce generator oscil-
lations.

GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control Glossary • 1

 signal
The basic unit for variable information in the controller.

simulation
Running the control system using a software model of the generator and exciter.

toolbox
A Windows-based software package used to configure the EX2100 and Mark VI tur-
bine controller.

torque
The mechanical-to-electrical energy link.

transient stability
Allows a system to recover from large changes.

2 • Glossary GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control

 W
Washout 4-5

Index
A
Automatic Voltage Regulator 1-2, 2-3

C
Configure Trend Recorder
PSS Armed 4-2, 4-10
Trend Recorder 4-7, 4-10, 4-11

E
EXDSPEED 3-3, 4-1

G
Gain Margin Test 4-9

I
Inertia 4-5
Integral of Accelerating Power PSS 2-6

L
Lead/Lag 1 and Lead/Lag 2 4-5

O
operator interface 4-2, 4-9

P
Power System Stabilizer 1-1, 1-2, 2-1, 4-4
PSS 1-1, 1-2, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-5, 2-6, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 4-1,
4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, 4-7, 4-9, 4-10, 4-11, 4-12,
4-1

R
Ramp Tracking Filter 4-5

S
System Modeling 2-3

T
toolbox 1-1, 4-4, 4-6, 4-2

GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control Index • 1

Notes

2 • Index GEH-6676 PSS for an EX2100 Excitation Control

g GE Energy General Electric Company
1502 Roanoke Blvd.
GEH-6676

Salem, VA 24153-6492 USA

+1 540 387 7000

www.geindustrial.com