ENERGY USE & RENEWABLE

ENERGY
 ENERGY USE & RENEWABLE ENERGY
1. Energy Consumption Definitions
2. How we use Energy
2.1. Home & Office
2.2. Transportation
2.3. Industry
3. Energy Supply and Generation
3.1. Worldwide
3.2. Colombia
4. Renewable Energy
4.1. Types of Renewable Energy
4.2. By Countries
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1. Energy Consumption Definitions

World energy consumption is the total

energy used by the entire human civilization,
measured per year.
It involves all energy harnessed from every
energy source applied towards humanity's
endeavors across every single industrial and
technological sector, across every country.
It does not include energy from food, and the
extent to which direct biomass burning has
been accounted for.
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Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES), which, on a global level, is the sum of energy
production minus storage changes.
TPES = Energy Production – Storage Changes
Changes of energy storage over the year are minor, TPES values can be used as an
estimator for energy consumption. However, TPES ignores conversion efficiency,
overstating forms of energy with poor conversion efficiency (e.g. coal, gas and
nuclear) and understating forms already accounted for in converted forms (e.g.
photovoltaic or hydroelectricity).
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2. How we use Energy
We divide energy use in 4 economic sectors:
Residential, Commercial, Transportation, and
Industrial.
Heating and cooling our homes, lighting office
buildings, driving cars and moving freight, and
manufacturing the products we rely on are
functions that require energy.
If projections are correct, we’re going to keep
needing more. In the United States alone,
energy consumption is expected to rise 7.3%
over the next two decades.
Global consumption is expected to increase
by 40% over the same time period.
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2.1. Home & Work

We use energy in homes and commercial

buildings in similar ways.
We keep rooms at a comfortable
temperature, illuminate our spaces, heat
water for bathing and laundry, and depend on
computers, copiers, appliances, and other
technologies.
In 2015, 40% of all the energy consumed in
the United States went to powering homes
and commercial buildings.
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2.1. Home & Work

The amount of energy devoted to specific uses has changed during

the past 15 years dramatically. For decades, more than 50% of all
residential energy use went to space heating and cooling; in 1993, it
accounted for nearly 60%.
U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) data shows that by
2009 that share had dropped to 48%.
In the period 1993 to 2009, energy for appliances, electronics, and
lighting rose from 24% to 35%, due to the proliferation of appliances,
larger televisions and other devices.
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2.1. Home
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2.1. Home & Work

• According to the U.S. EIA, total residential energy consumption has varied between 16.0 and 20.8 quads (equal to
one quadrillion BTUs) during the past 30 years—about 20% of total U.S. energy consumption from all sources
(approximately 98 quads in 2015).
• During the same period, the U.S. population grew by 35.6% while the number of homes by 40%. U.S. homes built
since 1990 are on average 27% larger than homes built in earlier decades.
• In 2015, natural gas and electricity were tied for the leading source of energy used in homes, each at 42%.
• Natural gas and Electricity predominate in commercial buildings, including offices, stores, sports arenas, schools,
shopping malls, hotels, and hospitals:
• Electricity (53%) and natural gas (39%)
• More than half of the energy used in commercial buildings goes to just two functions: heating (36%) and lighting (21%).
Retail stores and service buildings use the most total energy (20%), followed by office buildings (17%) and
schools (13%).
• Efficiency of energy use in commercial buildings has also been impacted by minimum efficiency standards for
equipment and products that use energy, such as heating and cooling components, light fixtures, and more.
• After the National Appliance Efficiency Standards in the 1980s, dramatic improvements in the energy efficiency of
new refrigerators, air conditioners, clothes washers, and other appliances.
• From 1972-2001, the average electricity use of new refrigerators sold in the U.S. declined by a remarkable 70%.
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2.2. Transportation
The U.S. uses 28% of its total energy each year to move people and goods.
The transportation sector includes personal vehicles, large trucks, public
transportation (buses, trains), airplanes, freight trains, ships and barges, and
pipelines. By far the largest share is consumed by cars, light trucks, and
motorcycles—about 58% in 2013, followed by other trucks (23%), aircraft (8%), boats
and ships (4%), and trains and buses (3%). Pipelines account for 4%.

By far the largest share is consumed by cars,

light trucks, and motorcycles—about 58% in
2013, followed by other trucks (23%), aircraft
(8%), boats and ships (4%), and trains and
buses (3%). Pipelines account for 4%.
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2.2. Transportation
• Dependence on vehicles burning petroleum-based fuels during the last century.
• The U.S. with less than 5% of the world’s population has more than 20% of the
world’s automobiles. In 2014, cars, motorcycles, trucks, and buses drove over 3
trillion miles in the U.S. —farther than driving to the Sun and back 16,000 times.
• During the next 25 years, the total number of miles driven by Americans is
projected to grow by about 23%, increasing the demand for fuel. However, the
projected annual growth rate in fuel is 0.84%, much lower than in recent decades,
largely due to advances in efficiency and changes in the types of vehicles
purchased.
• It appears that gains in vehicle efficiency will be offset by increased miles driven.
• 92% of all the energy used Transportation comes from gasoline and diesel fuels.
While powering engines, combustion of gasoline and diesel fuel emits carbon
dioxide (CO2), as well as, oxides of nitrogen (a prime component of “smog”),
carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbons.
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2.2. Transportation
• Efforts are well under way to find alternatives to oil. Biofuels , which provided about 4.9%
of the nation’s transportation fuel in 2015, in the form of ethanol. Corn ethanol production
is energy-intensive, reduces the acreage devoted to growing food (in 2015, about 38% of
the harvested corn in the United States went to making ethanol and its associated
coproducts), and requires substantial amounts of water.
• Alternative types of vehicles—hybrids, all-electric vehicles , and vehicles powered by
hydrogen or natural gas, Getting to the optimal mix of vehicle types may be quite
complicated, in finding a cost-effective solution.
• Vehicles designed for different fuels employ different engines, associated technologies, and
maintenance procedures. Each requires its own distinctive fuel delivery system. Hydrogen
filling stations or fast plug-in stations vehicles require expensive and wide broader
infrastructure.
• In the short term, the best strategy for reducing demand for petroleum may be
encouraging the trend toward improved efficiency of conventional vehicles.
• The fuel efficiency standards have recently been made more stringent, with fuel economy
requirements increasing annually between 2012 and 2025
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2.3. Industry
• About one-third of the energy used in the United States in 2015 went to industry.
• Every product on which we rely—from gasoline and automobiles to food, buildings,
machinery, and appliances—takes energy to produce.
• The industrial sector uses energy in many ways. One major application involves raising the
temperature of components in the manufacturing process, which is called process heating,
i.e., refining crude oil, where heat is used to separate various distillates. Another common
use of energy in industry is to heat a boiler that generates steam or hot water.
• Petroleum refining is the principal consumer, followed by the chemical industry. Those
users, plus the paper and metal industries, account for 78% of total industrial energy use.
• Industry and manufacturing rely heavily on natural gas (30% of all energy consumed by the
industrial sector in 2015), petroleum and other liquids (26%), and electricity (10%), with
coal, renewables, and biofuels making up the rest.
• Industrial energy needs are projected to grow by 31% during the next 25 years, when they
will account for about 38% of total U.S. consumption. In part, because some manufacturing
activities formerly located overseas are returning to the U.S., in response to a lower natural
gas prices prompted by increases in domestic production.
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3. Energy Supply and Generation
3.1. Worldwide

• IEA estimates for 2013, total primary energy supply (TPES) was 1.575 × 1017 Wh
(= 157.5 PWh, 157,500 TWh, 5.67 × 1020 joules, or 13,541 Mtoe) or about 18
TW-year.
• From 2000–2012 coal was the source of energy with the largest growth.
• The use of oil and natural gas also had considerable growth, followed by
hydropower and renewable energy.
• Renewable energy grew at a rate faster than any other time in history.
• Demand for nuclear energy decreased, in part due to nuclear disasters (e.g.
Three Mile Island 1979, Chernobyl 1986, and Fukushima 2011).
• In 2011, expenditures on energy totaled over 6 trillion USD, or about 10% of
the world gross domestic product (GDP). Europe spends close to one-quarter
of the world's energy expenditures, North America close to 20%, and Japan 6%.
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3.1. Worldwide Energy supply, consumption and electricity
Key figures (TWh)

Primary energy Final energy Electricity

Year Ref
supply (TPES)1 consumption1 generation

71,013 54,335
1973 6,129
(Mtoe 6,106) (Mtoe 4,672)
1990 102,569 – 11,821
2000 117,687 – 15,395
147,899 100,914
2010 21,431
(Mtoe 12,717) (Mtoe 8,677)
152,504 103,716
2011 22,126
(Mtoe 13,113) (Mtoe 8,918)
155,505 104,426
2012 22,668
(Mtoe 13,371) (Mtoe 8,979)
157,482 108,171
2013 23,322
(Mtoe 13,541) (Mtoe 9,301)
155,481 109,613
2014 23,816
(Mtoe 13,369) (Mtoe 9,425)
168,519 109,136
2015
(Mtoe 13,647) (Mtoe 9,384)
1 converted from Mtoe into TWh (1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh) and from Quad BTU into TWh (1 Quad BTU = 293.07 TWh)
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3.1. Worldwide
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3.1. Worldwide
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3.1. Worldwide
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3.1. Worldwide
• Electricity generation
• The total amount of electricity consumed worldwide was 19,504 TWh in 2013, 16,503 TWh in 2008, 15,105 TWh in
2005, and 12,116 TWh in 2000.
• By 2014, the total installed electricity generating capacity worldwide was nearly 6.142 TW (million MW) and only
includes generation connected to local electricity grids. There is an unknown amount of heat and electricity consumed
off-grid by isolated villages and industries.
• In 2014, the share of world energy consumption for electricity generation by source was coal at 40.8%, natural gas at
21.6%, nuclear at 10.6%, hydro at 16.4%, other sources (solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc.) at 6.3% and oil at 4.3%.
• The world's electricity consumption was 18,608 TWh in 2012. This figure is about 18% smaller than the generated
electricity, due to grid losses, storage losses, and self-consumption from power plants (gross generation). Cogeneration
(CHP) power stations use some of the heat that is otherwise wasted for use in buildings or in industrial processes.
• In 2016 while total world energy came from 80% fossil fuels, 10% biofuels, 5% nuclear and 5% renewable (hydro, wind,
solar, geothermal), only 18% of that total world energy was in the form of electricity. Most of the other 82% was used
for heat and transportation.
• Recently, large increase in international agreements & national Energy Action Plans, such as the EU 2009 Renewable
Energy Directive, increase the use of renewable energy due to the growing concerns about pollution from energy
sources from fossil fuels.
• One was the United Nations Development Programme's World Energy Assessment in 2000 that highlighted challenges
to shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. From 2000–2012 renewable energy grew at a rate higher than
any other point in history, with a consumption increase of 176.5 million tons of oil. During this period, oil, coal, and
natural gas continued to grow and had increases that were much higher than the increase in renewable energy.
 ENERGY USE & RENEWABLE ENERGY
3.1. Worldwide
Electricity generation by source
• TPES supply of 13,699 mega-toe by
source in 2014 (IEA, 2016)
• Oil (31.3%)
• Coal/Peat/Shale (28.6%)
• Natural Gas (21.2%)
• Biofuels and waste (10.3%)
Fossil fuels
• Hydro Electricity (2.4%)
The twentieth century saw a rapid twenty-fold increase in the use
• Others (Renew.) (1.4%)
of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2006, the worldwide annual
• Nuclear (4.8%) growth rate was 2%. According to the US Energy Information
Administration's 2006 estimate, the estimated 471.8 EJ total
consumption in 2004, was divided as given in the table above,
with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the world's energy:
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3.1. Worldwide
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3.1. Worldwide
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3.1. Worldwide
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3.1. Worldwide
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3.1. Worldwide
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3.1. Worldwide

World total final consumption of

13,699 Mtoe by region in 2014
(IEA, 2016)
OECD (Org Econ Coop &
Development)(38.4%)
Middle East (5.3%)
Non-OECD Eurasia (8.2%)
China (22.4%)
Rest of Asia (12.7%)
Non-OECD Americas (4.7%)
Africa (5.6%)
Bunkers (2.7%)
World energy consumption per capita, 1950-2004
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3.1. Worldwide
World primary energy consumption
in quadrillion Btu
Energy intensity of different
economies: The graph shows the ratio
between energy usage and GDP for
selected countries. GDP is based on
2004 purchasing power parity and
2000 dollars adjusted for inflation
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3.2. Colombia
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3.2. Colombia
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3.2. Colombia
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3.2. Colombia
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3.2. Colombia
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3.2. Colombia
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3.2. Colombia
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4. Renewable Energy
• Renewable energy is generally
defined as energy that comes from
resources that are not significantly
depleted by their use, such as
sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves
and geothermal heat.
• Renewable energy is gradually
replacing conventional fuels in four
distinct areas: electricity
generation, hot water/space
heating, motor fuels, and rural (off-
grid) energy services.
 ENERGY USE & RENEWABLE ENERGY
4. Renewable Energy
I am recommending to watch a video explaining the Basics of Renewable Energy
Benefits and Downsizes. Please copy the following link and paste it to either the
Internet Explorer or Google browser to be able to watch it.
https://youtu.be/1kUE0BZtTRc

Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed

19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to
our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013.
This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from
traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass),
3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind,
solar, geothermal, and biomass.
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4. Renewable Energy
Selected renewable energy
global indicators 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Investment in new
renewable capacity (annual) 182 178 237 279 256 232 270 285
(109 USD)[57]
Renewables power capacity
(existing) (GWe) 1,140 1,230 1,320 1,360 1,470 1,578 1,712 1,849
Hydropower capacity
(existing) (GWe) 885 915 945 970 990 1,018 1,055 1,064
Wind power capacity
(existing) (GWe) 121 159 198 238 283 319 370 433
Solar PV capacity (grid-
connected) (GWe) 16 23 40 70 100 138 177 227
Solar hot water capacity
(existing) (GWth) 130 160 185 232 255 373 406 435
Ethanol production (annual)
(109 litres) 67 76 86 86 83 87 94 98
Biodiesel production
(annual) (109 litres) 12 17.8 18.5 21.4 22.5 26 29.7 30
Countries with policy targets
for renewable energy use 79 89 98 118 138 144 164 173

Source: The Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21)–Global Status Report
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4. Renewable Energy
Renewable energy 2000-2013 (TWh)
2000 2010 2013
North-America 1,973 2,237 2,443
EU 1,204 2,093 2,428
Russia 245 239 271
China 2,613 3,374 3,847
Asia (-China) 4,147 4,996 5,361
Africa 2,966 3,930 4,304
Latin America 1 502 2,127 2,242
Other 567 670 738
Total renewable 15,237 19,711 21,685
Total energy 116,958 148,736 157,485
Share 13.0% 13.3% 13.8%
Total nonrenewable 101,721 129,025 135,800

From 2000 to 2013 the total renewable energy use has increased 6,450 TWh and total energy use 40,500 TWh.
 ENERGY USE & RENEWABLE ENERGY
4. Renewable Energy
I am recommending to watch a video explaining the Basics of Renewable Energy
Benefits and Downsizes. Please copy the following link and paste it to either the
Internet Explorer or Google browser to be able to watch it.
https://youtu.be/1kUE0BZtTRc

Based on REN21's 2014 report, renewables contributed

19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to
our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013.
This energy consumption is divided as 9% coming from
traditional biomass, 4.2% as heat energy (non-biomass),
3.8% hydro electricity and 2% electricity from wind,
solar, geothermal, and biomass.
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4.1. Types of Renewable Energy
• Solar Energy
• Photovoltaic Systems
• Solar Hot Water
• Solar Electricity
• Passive Solar Heating & Daylighting
• Space Heating & Cooling
• Wind Energy
• Geothermal Energy
• Geothermal Electricity Production
• Geothermal Direct Use
• Geothermal Heat Pumps
• Bioenergy
• Biofuels
• Biopower
• Bioproducts
• Hydropower
• Ocean Energy
• Hydrogen & Fuel Cells
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4.1. Types of Renewable Energy
• Solar Energy
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been using a range of ever-evolving
technologies. Solar energy technologies include:
 Photovoltaic Systems
Producing electricity directly from sunlight.
 Solar Hot Water
Heating water with solar energy.
 Solar Electricity
Using the sun's heat to produce electricity.
 Passive Solar Heating and Daylighting
Using solar energy to heat and light buildings.
 Solar Process Space Heating and Cooling
Industrial and commercial uses of the sun's heat.
Watch a Solar Energy 101 video by copying and pasting in the Internet Explorer or Google
browser… https://youtu.be/rO5rUqeCFY4
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4.1. Types of Renewable Energy
• Wind Energy
Wind power is growing at the rate of 17%
annually, with a worldwide installed capacity
of 432,883 megawatts (MW) at the end of
2015, and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and
the United States. Several countries have
achieved relatively high levels of wind power
penetration, such as 21% of stationary
electricity production in Denmark, 18% in
Portugal, 16% in Spain, 14% in Ireland and
9% in Germany in 2010.
As of 2011, 83 countries around the world
are using wind power on a commercial basis.
Continuing strong growth, by 2016 wind
generated 3% of global power annually.
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4.1. Types of Renewable Energy
• Geothermal Energy
• is used commercially in over 70 countries.
In 2004, 200 petajoules (56 TWh) of
electricity was generated from geothermal
resources, and an additional 270 petajoules
(75 TWh) of geothermal energy was used
directly, mostly for space heating. In 2007,
the world had a global capacity for 10 GW
of electricity generation and an additional
28 GW of direct heating, including
extraction by geothermal heat pumps. Heat
pumps are small and widely distributed, so
estimates of their total capacity are
uncertain and range up to 100 GW.
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4.1. Types of Renewable Energy
• Geothermal Energy
Geothermal Energy Technologies:
1. Geothermal Electricity Production
Generating electricity from the earth's
heat.
2. Geothermal Direct Use
Producing heat directly from hot water
within the earth.
3. Geothermal Heat Pumps
Using the shallow ground to heat and
cool buildings.
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4.1. Types of Renewable Energy
• Bioenergy
Until the beginning of the 19th century biomass was the
predominant fuel, today it has only a small share of the
overall energy supply.
Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated
at 44 GW for 2005.
Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100% in
Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain.
A further 220 GW was used for heating (in 2004), bringing
the total energy consumed from biomass to around
264 GW.
The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded.
World production of bioethanol increased by 8% in 2005
to reach 33 gigalitres (8.7×109 US gal), with most of the
increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels
of consumption in Brazil.[ Biodiesel increased by 85% to
3.9 gigalitres (1.0×109 US gal), making it the fastest
growing renewable energy source in 2005.
Over 50% is produced in Germany.
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4.1. Types of Renewable Energy
• Bioenergy
Biomass Energy technology applications:
• Biofuels
Converting biomass into liquid fuels for
transportation.
• Biopower
Burning biomass directly, or converting it
into a gaseous fuel or oil, to generate
electricity.
• Bioproducts
Converting biomass into chemicals for
making products that typically are made
from petroleum
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4.1. Types of Renewable Energy
• Hydropower
• Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity
generated by hydropower; the production of electrical
power through the use of the kinetic energy of falling or
flowing water.
• In 2015 hydropower generated 16.6% of the world's
total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity,
which continues the rapid rate of increase experienced
between 2003 and 2009.
• Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-
Pacific region generating 32 percent of global
hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity
producer, with 2,600 PJ (721 TWh) of production in
2010, representing around 17% of domestic electricity
use.
• There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than
10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam in
Brazil, and Guri Dam in Venezuela.
• Nine of the worlds top 10 renewable electricity
producers are primarily hydroelectric, one is wind.
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4.1. Types of Renewable Energy
• Ocean Energy
• Marine energy, also known as ocean
energy and marine and hydrokinetic
energy (MHK) includes tidal and wave
power and is a relatively new sector of
renewable energy, with most projects still
in the pilot phase, but the theoretical
potential is equivalent to 4–18 million
tonne of oil equivalent (toe). MHK
development in U.S. and international
waters includes projects using devices
such as, wave energy converters in open
coastal areas with significant waves, tidal
turbines placed in coastal and estuarine
areas, in-stream turbines in fast-moving
rivers, ocean current turbines in areas of
strong marine currents, and ocean
thermal energy converters in deep
tropical waters.
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4.1. Types of Renewable Energy
• Hydrogen Energy
• Hydrogen can be separated from hydrocarbons through
the application of heat - a process known as reforming.
Most hydrogen is made this way from natural gas.
• An electrical current can also be used to separate water
into its components of oxygen and hydrogen. This is
electrolysis. Some algae and bacteria, using sunlight as
their energy source, even give off hydrogen.
• Hydrogen is high in energy, yet an engine that burns pure
hydrogen produces almost no pollution. NASA has used
liquid hydrogen since the 1970s to propel the space
shuttle and other rockets into orbit, producing a clean
byproduct - pure water, which the crew drinks.
• A fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce
electricity, heat, and water, converting the energy
produced by a chemical reaction into usable electric
power. However, the fuel cell will produce electricity as
long as fuel (hydrogen) is supplied, never losing its
charge.
THANK YOU !!!

REFERENCES:
The World Bank
The International Energy Agency
The National Academics of Science, Engineering & Medicine
Renewable Energy World