Fundamentos del análisis litológico

• 7.1. Bases para la interpretación litológica del relieve.

• 7.2. Los relieves diferenciales.
• 7.3. Análisis de texturas y formas erosivas.
• 7.4. La forma y densidad de las redes de drenaje.

GEOMORFOLOGÍA
FLUVIAL

Meandros

The meandering Sacramento River in California.

Red River on the Texas Oklahoma border. This river exhibits examples of point bars and meandering
Aerial photograph of meandering stream and ox-bow lake.
 Oxbows near Little Rock, Arkansas. Oxbows are the horseshoe shaped channel of a former meander, left when the
The Kuparuk River meandering across the Arctic coastal plain, Alaska river formed a cutoff across a narrow meander neck.

Goosenecks of San Juan River, 5 miles nwt of Mexican Hat, UT. Very top layers are Rico formation (Pennsylvanian-Permian); main walls are Hermosa formation
(Pennsylvanian). Image taken in April 1966.
Meandering river showing pointbars.

Meandering stream channels,

Colorado
 Lecho fluvial

Es el lugar por donde circulan las aguas, dentro del valle. Es el

espacio ocupado por las aguas y puede ser: lecho mayor
(máximo cuando se inunda),
(máximo, inunda) lecho ordinario (el del cauce
normal) y canal de estiaje (por debajo del nivel, sumergido).

The broad floodplain of the Virgin River, Nevada exhibits many features of a river in old age.

The White River meanders through the badlands southwest of Weta, South Dakota.
View is towards the southwest. Image taken in April 1966.
 Braided river in southern Alaska.
This is an image of the braided stream channel and floodplain of the Little Colorado River near Holbrook, Arizona.

Point-bar along the Colorado River

Llanuras de inundación

Flood plain of the Big Hole River in southwestern Montana

 Satellite image of Rio Grijalva in Central America
Copper River Delta, Alaska, with meandering tributaries

Flooded channel (lower right) with turbid floodwater (grey) diverting into a small crevasse splay and interchannel flood basin. Flow
Channel, forested levee (with road), and floodplain. "Old Channel" of the Saskatchewan River, near Cumberland House, Saskatchewan. Floodplain consists in main channels is away from viewer. Channel with well-developed levees in upper portion of the slide is partially abandoned.
of shallow lakes (upper right) with surrounding marshes and other wetlands. Flow is away from viewer. Anastomosed channel area of Cumberland Marshes near Cumberland House, Saskatchewan.

This scour and standing water on farmland is a result of the flooding of the Mississippi River.
Flooding of farmland by the Big Sioux River, South Dakota
 Aerial view of tidal flats near Abu Dhabi. Meandering tidal channel (center) shows by-stream natural levees. Elevated levees show signs of repeated crevasse splay formation.
Adjacent ponds have extensive algal mats (dark colored areas). Crevasse splay on the Mississippi River Delta. A crevasse splay is a crack or breach in the bank of a river.

These man-made levees for flood protection are on the Feather

River north of Sacramento, California.

Carga
g fluvial y
depósitos aluviales
 Slump erosion. Sediment failure, near Toronto, Canada

Flood damage to a road near the Oregon coast.

Confluence of Colorado River and Little Colorado River in the Grand Canyon, AZ. View downstream to
the southwest. Note the red color of the Little Colorado River; the Colorado has left its red mud behind the
Glen Canyon Dam 60 miles upstream. Image taken April 12, 1966.
 Mud cracks form by desiccation and shrinkage of silt or clay. The cracks outline roughly polygonal areas that make this honeycombed surfac
Flooding of farmland by the Big Sioux River, South Dakota

Ancient overbank flood sediments and channel gravel. Rio Sechin, Peru, 1987.
Overbank flood sediments with intervening agricultural soil horizons. Rio Reque, Peru, 1988.
Terrazas aluviales
 Terraces along the Okanogen River, British Columbia, Canada

Animas River terraces south of Durango, CO. View to the east. In the foreground the San Juan River flows to the right; the Florida River (east of the Mesa) joins the San
This river near Newtonmore, Scotland was larger and carried more sediments from melting glaciers at the end of the Pleistocene. Juan several miles downstream. Terrace levels represent aggregating streams during glacial periods; they can be traced to moraines in Durango.
Former floodplains are indicated by the terraces seen here.

Terraza 1

Terraza 2

Nebraska's Niobrara River displays several terraces as

it digs its channel deeper.
Terrazas ESTRUCTURALES – NO aluviales

The Colorado River and its tributaries have incised into Paleozoic sedimentary rocks and Precambrian sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

Abanicos aluviales
Alluvial fan (in the lower left corner) and mountains, California
Alluvial fan and radial springs, California

Alluvial fan sediments, California Parte distal de abanico aluvial (bajada), Bolsón del Potosí, N.L.-Coah.
 Migración de la actividad en un abanico aluvial

Parte activa e inactiva de abanico aluvial

1 1
1
2
2
2

Bajada con 2 generaciones de abanicos aluviales, bolsón del Potosí, N.L.-Coah. Segmentación por incisión de un abanico aluvial, California

1
2
2
3

Bajada in Death Valley. A bajada is a broad, gently inclined detrital surface extending from the base of mountain ranges out
Alluvial fan deposit and braided drainage pattern in Death Valley, California. into an inland basin, formed by the merging of a series of alluvial fans. Most commonly it occurs in semiarid and desert
regions.
 Bajada in southeastern California.

Irrigated desert and Colorado River. Laughlin NV Parte media e inferior de bajada, y planicie lacustre, bolsón del Potosí, N.L.-Coah.

Bajada y planicie lacustre, bolsón del Potosí, N.L.-Coah. Bajada y planicie lacustre, bolsón del Potosí, N.L.-Coah.
 Bolsón en el desierto de Chihuahua, Chih.
Bolsón en el desierto de Chihuahua, Chih.
Un coluvión es un aluvión constituido por los granos más finos del limo y de la arena, transportados a corta
distancia.
Deltas
 River delta,
delta
southeastern Alaska
Delta where a river enters a lake in Alaska.

San Pedro river, Arizona.