Non-bonding Interactions between molecules:

I t
Intermolecular
l l interactions
i t ti

NON-BONDING interactions are weaker than bonding

interactions (covalent and ionic)

Yet, these interactions are critical in defining

physical properties of compounds.
 Types of Nonbonding Interactions
1) Dipole-Dipole interactions
Interactions between polar molecules - e.g. between two
HCl molecules

2) Ion-Dipole interactions
Interactions between an ion and a polar molecule - e.g.
dissolution of NaCl in water.
3) Induced Dipole interaction
Example:
p a water molecule approaching
pp g an O2
molecule, can induce a temporary dipole in the O2
4) Dispersion forces or van der Waals interactions
Example: interaction between two H2 molecules
When two non-polar molecules approach one another,
each can influence the electron distribution in the other
to a small extent
extent.
A small fluctuation in the electron distribution around
one of the molecules, will, at close distance, affect the
electron
l t distribution
di t ib ti on the
th neighboring
i hb i molecule.
l l
Hydrogen-bonding: a special case of dipole-dipole interaction
Hydrogen bonds form when a H atom is covalently bonded to a
N, O, or F atom and interacts with the lone electron pair on the N,
O or F atom in an adjacent molecule.
H
H O H H F H N H
water Hydrogen fluoride ammonia
Hydrogen bonds affect physical properties of a molecule,

boiling point (oC)

H2O 100
HF 20
NH3 -34
HCl -85
CH4 -161
161
Hydrogen bonds in liquid water
 Consequences of hydrogen bonding in water

Ice floats because hydrogen bonds hold water molecules

further apart in a solid than in a liquid - density of ice is
less than density of water

Density
y of water at 0oC - 0.9997 g
g/ml
Density of ice at 0oC - 0.9170 g/ml
liquid water solid water
Water has a high specific heat index.

It takes much more heat to raise the

temperature of a volume of water than
the same volume of air.

Some Consequences:
Water is used as a coolant

Effects global climates and rates of

global climate change
- changes in temperatures are gradual
Water has a high surface tension

surface tension (dynes/cm at 20oC)

Water 73
Methanol 22
Ethanol 22
Ether 17

The surface tension makes

air-water boundaries
distinctive microhabitats.
 “Universal” Solvent

Water can dissolve ionic and polar compounds

Polar compounds in water
H-bonding defines the shape of the molecule
for example, the overall shape of proteins, the
double-helix in DNA.