GLOBAL

DEMOGRAPHY
DEFINITION

q It is the study of statistics such as births, deaths,

income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate
the changing structure of human populations.
q It encompasses the study of the size, structure, and
distribution of these populations, and spatial or
temporal changes in them in response to birth,
migration, ageing, and death.
SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
CENSUS
§ is the procedure of § are statistics on live births,
systematically
acquiring and
recording information
about the members of a
given population. It is a
regularly occurring and
official count of a
particular population.
VITAL STATISTICS
deaths, fetal deaths,
marriages and divorces.
The most common way of
collecting information on
these events is through civil
registration, an
administrative system used
by governments to record
vital events which occur in
their populations
SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

ADMINISTRATIVE
HISTORICAL RECORDS
RECORDS

§ Refers to important § Refers to stored data of

documents of recorded government or non-
events kept in the governmental agencies.
national archives.
SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

SAMPLE SURVEY

§ It refers to studies of
representative portions
of the total population.
THEORIES OF
POPULATIONS
MALTHUSIAN THEORY OF POPULATION
GROWTH

q human populations grow exponentially (i.e.,

doubling with each cycle) while food production
grows at an arithmetic rate (i.e. by the repeated
addition of a uniform increment in each uniform
interval of time).
q Positive Checks
§Disaster, war, famine and/or pestilence
q Preventive Checks
§Birth control, abortion and abstinence
 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY

q It describes a progressive movement from high birth

and death rates to low birth and death rates.
q It is a generalised description of the changing pattern
of mortality, fertility and growth rates as societies
move from one demographic regime to another.
q It describes four stages of population growth,
following patterns that connect birth and death rates
with stages of industrial development.
STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC
TRANSITION MODEL

Stage 1: Stage of high Stage 2: Stage of explosive

potential growth growth

— pre-industrial society, — that of a developing

death rates and birth country, the death
rates are high and rates drop rapidly due
roughly in balance, and to improvements in
population growth is food supply and
typically very slow and sanitation, which
constrained by the increase life spans and
available food supply. reduce disease.
 Stage 4: Stage of low to
Stage 3: Stage of incipient very low birth rate and
decline very low death rate

— birth rates fall due to — birth rates and death

access to contraception,
increases in wages,
urbanization, increase in
the status and education
of women, and increase
in investment in
education. Population
growth begins to level
off.
rates are both low. The
large group born
during stage two ages
and creates an
economic burden on
the shrinking working
population.
Stage 5

— fertility rates transition

to either below-
replacement or above-
replacement.
 ARSENE DUMONT’S SOCIAL
CAPILLARITY THEORY

q This principle is based on the recognition that every

society is marked with a set of hierarchic social order
in which individuals in the upper hierarchy enjoy
greater prestige than those belonging to the lower
hierarchy.
q The desires of people to improve their social status,
wealth and individuality can make them long for less
number of children/limit their family size because
they consider children as a liability or burden to
social mobility.
KINGSLEY DAVIS’ THEORY OF CHANGE
AND RESPONSE

q It posits that industrialized countries solve the

problem of population growth by using demographic
measures to maximize new opportunities and avoid
relative loss of status.
q Modern societies reduce their population as a
response to the operating social organizations,
changing conditions which arise from past
performance, the altering socio-economic
environment, and the families’ concern for
prospective standing in the community in
comparison with other families.
POPULATION VARIABLES

Fertility Fecundity

— It is the natural — The capacity for

capability to produce producing offspring,
offspring. As a especially in abundance.
measure, fertility rate — It is the actual
is the number of reproductive rate of an
offspring born per organism or population,
mating pair, individual measured by the number
of gametes (eggs), seed
or population.
set, or asexual
propagules.
POPULATION VARIABLES

Mortality Life expectancy

— It is the state of being — It is a statistical

mortal, or susceptible measure of the average
to death; the opposite time an organism is
of immortality. expected to live, based
on the year of their
birth, their current age
and other demographic
factors including sex.
POPULATION VARIABLES

Migration

— It is the movement by people

from one place to another
with the intentions of
settling temporarily or
permanently in the new
location. The movement is
often over long distances
and from one country to
another, but internal
migration is also possible;
indeed, this is the dominant
form globally.
 LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH
Ø Prematurity
Ø Road injury
Ø Diabetes mellitus
Ø Respiratory cancers
Ø HIV/AIDS
Ø Diarrhoeal diseases
Ø Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (asthma,
emphysema & bronchitis)
Ø Lower respiratory infection (flu, pneumonia & TB)
Ø Stroke
Ø Ischaemic heart disease/Coronary heart disease
 IMPLICATIONS OF POPULATION
GROWTH

q Population and labor force

q Population and poverty incidence
q Population and hunger incidence
q Population and housing
q Population and health
q Population and water supply
q Population and waste disposal
 CHALLENGES

q Human population is rising by 79 million people

annually.
q Many more people are born into poverty than into
wealth.
q Rich and poor nations are divided by a “wealth gap.”
q HIV/AIDS is taking a heavy toll.
q Population growth has severe environmental effects.
 SOLUTIONS

q Expanding women’s rights is crucial to encourage

the demographic transition.
q Health and reproductive education and counseling
can reduce fertility rates.
q Education, medicine, and policies can lessen the toll
of HIV/AIDS.
q New “green” technologies can help reduce
population growth’s environmental impacts.
 KEY TERMS

MORTALITY
POPULATION
RATE/DEATH RATE

§ It is a summation of all — It is a measure of the

the organisms of the number of deaths (in
same group or species, general, or due to a
which live in a specific cause) in a
particular geographical particular population,
area, and have the scaled to the size of
capability of that population, per
interbreeding. unit of time.
IMMIGRATION EMIGRATION

— It is the international
— It is the act of leaving
movement of people into a
destination country of which one's resident country
they are not natives or where with the intent to settle
they do not possess elsewhere.
citizenship in order to settle
or reside there, especially as
permanent residents or
naturalized citizens, or to
take-up employment as a
migrant worker or
temporarily as a foreign
worker
ENCLAVES

— a portion of territory
within or surrounded
by a larger territory
whose inhabitants are
culturally or ethnically
distinct.