‘Thos: = 2 o.sssnezt4s, + 003TRe; 4x — 0097Re; 2%.) = 0.646Rez°5 8 4.0.037Re;** — 0.037Re jo? Ae Rez Rex = 00097Rez%? + Rez(0.646Ref ~ 0.037Re any) Example 11 ‘te ows veloc of 1s ovr ple safece 0.6 m wide and 1 Jong. Caealate theft dng force sng onthe eric if Kasion from sceanlie to rfbalet flow ln he boundary layer ours when the Reynolds group Re, = 10%, Boulton Taking w= Lm af? = 10 Nm, a the frend of te suc, Rey = (UL 108/109 = 16 ‘Mean vale of Ra from egeation 11.41 mora tr tosh? —oomnor Semon toad te Aid xomot te meee x mn 1x06) 2x Example 112 Cll he cnn cf the bondayIper «tance of, 150m fom he eing e ofa wrace ‘ver which ol of viscosity 05 N sn? and density 1000 kgf? flows witha velocity of 03 mv What i the ‘Gaplcereat leknens of the Boundary layer? Solution Re, = (0.150 03 1000/0008) = 900 4 ase Foc amtamiine fw: $= G5 tem eqaon 1.0) st 01sss ‘THE BOUNDARY LAYER, 681 ences $= (0.1545 x 0.150) = 00232 m and from equation 11.20, he apacement thickness J* = (0:35 x 23.2) = 11.5. BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY APPLIED TO PIPE FLOW 11.8.1. Entry conditions When a fuid flowing with a uniform velocity enters a pipe, a boundary layer forms the walls and gradually thickens with distance from the entry point. Since the fuid in the boundary layer is retarded and the total flow remains constant, the uid in the central stream is accelerated, At a ceruin distance from the inlet, the boundary layers, ‘which have formed in contact with the walls, join at the ais of the pipe, and, ftom thet point onwards, occupy the whole cross-section and consequently remain of a constant thickness. Fully developed flow then exists. If the boundary layers are stil streamline when fully developed flow commences, the flow in the pipe remains seamline, On the other hand, if the boundary layers ae already turbolent, trbulent flow will persis, as shown in Figure 11.8 a Inet gt Figse 118, Condon a1 er0y to pipe ‘An approximate excerimental expression for the inlet length L. for laminar low is: