(Chapter 6-10) Single - Sideband Communications Systems (41-70) PDF

BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi
SINGLE – SIDEBAND COMMUNICATIONS

CHAPTER 6 SYSTEMS
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
A form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier is AM Single-sideband Full

1) transmitted at full power but only one of the Carrier
sidebands is transmitted. ( SSBFC )
A form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier is AM Single-sideband

2) totally suppressed and one of the sidebands Suppressed Carrier
removed. ( SSBSC )
A form of amplitude modulation in which one

sideband is totally removed and the carrier voltage is AM Single-sideband
3) reduced to approximately 10% of its unmodulated Reduced Carrier
amplitude. Sometimes called single-sideband ( SSBRC )
reinserted carrier.
It is the reinserted carrier in SSBRC for demodulation

4) Pilot Carrier
purposes.
A form of amplitude modulation in which a single AM Independent

5) carrier frequency is independently modulated by two Sideband
different modulating signals. ( ISB )
A form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier

AM Vestigial Sideband
6) and one complete sideband are transmitted, but
( VSB )
only part of the second sideband is transmitted.
________ is the picture portion of a commercial

7) VSB System
television broadcasting signal.
Are obvious advantages of single-sideband

suppressed- and reduced- carrier transmission over Bandwidth Conservation
8)
conventional double- sideband full-carrier and Power Efficiency
transmission.
Prepared By : RANIEL P. BABON 41

This ratio determines the degree of intelligibility of a

9) Signal-to-Noise Ratio
received signal.
With double-sideband transmission, the two

sidebands and carrier may propagate through the
transmission media by different paths and therefore,
10) Selective Fading
experience different transmission impairments. This
condition is
called ________.
A condition in double-sideband transmission where

11) Sideband Fading
one sideband is significantly attenuated.
A form of selective fading where there is a reduction

of the carrier level of a 100%-modulated wave that
12) Carrier-Amplitude Fading
will make the carrier voltage less than the vector sum
of the two sidebands.
A condition where the relative positions of the carrier

and sideband vectors of the received signal change,
Carrier or Sideband
13) causing a decided change in the shape of the
Phase Shift
envelope, causing a severely distorted demodulated
signal.
A product modulator where the output signal is the

14) AM Modulator
product of the modulating signal and the carrier.
Modulator circuits that inherently remove the carrier

15) DSBSC Modulators
during the modulation process.
A circuit that produces a double-sideband

16) Balanced Modulator
suppressed-carrier signal.
A balanced modulator that is constructed with

17) diodes and transformers. Sometimes called Balanced Ring Modulator
balanced lattice modulator.

The small carrier component that is always present in

18) Carrier Leak
the output signal of a balanced modulator.
The operation of this balanced modulator as the

balanced ring modulator, is completely dependent
Balanced Bridge
19) on the switching action of diodes D1 through D4
Modulator
under the influence of the carrier and modulating
signal voltages.
A double-balanced modulator/demodulator that

LM1497 / 1596
20) produces an output signal that is proportional to the
Balanced Modulator IC
product of its input signals.
21) The circuit where the carrier is reinserted. Linear Summer
Filter, Phase-Shift, and

22) Three methods for single-sideband generation.
Third Method
Crystal Lattice,
Ceramic,
23) Types of single-sideband filters.
Mechanical,
Saw Filters
A mechanically resonant transducer that receives

electrical energy, converts it to mechanical
24) Mechanical Filter
vibrations, and then converts the vibrations back to
electrical energy at its output.
Filters that use acoustic energy rather than electro-

Surface Acoustic Wave
25) mechanical energy to provide excellent
Filters
performance for precise bandpass filtering.
Reflected energy that cancels and attenuates the

26) Destructive Interference
incident wave energy.
27) Reflected energy that aids the incident wave energy. Constructive Interference

A transducer which launches the acoustic wave in

28) Unidirectional Transducer
only one direction.
Any difference between the transmit and receive

29) local oscillator frequencies produces a _______ in the frequency offset error
demodulated information signal.
Fifty hertz or more offset is distinguishable by a normal

30) tonal variation
listener as a _______.
A narrowband PLL that tracks the pilot carrier in the

composite SSBRC receiver signal and uses the
31) Carrier Recovery Circuit
recovered carrier to generate coherent local
oscillator frequencies in the synthesizer.
An SSB receiver that uses a PLL carrier recovery circuit

32) and a frequency synthesizer to produce coherent Multichannel Pilto Carrier
local and beat frequency oscillator frequencies.
Systems that provide narrowband voice Amplitude-

communications for land-mobile services with nearly Compandoring
33)
the quality achieved with FM systems and do it using Single-Sideband
less than one-third the bandwidth. ( ACSSB )
The process of combining transmissions from more

than one source and transmitting them over a
34) Multiplexing
common facility, such as metallic or optical fiber
cable or a radio-frequency channel.
A transmission that can be used to combine

hundreds or even thousands of narrowband channels Single-Sideband
35) into single, composite wideband channel without the Suppressed-Carrier
channels interfering with each other. Transmission
Peak Envelope Power

Single-sideband transmitters are rated in ________ and
36) ( PEP ) &
________.
Peak Envelope Voltage
( PEV )

CHAPTER 7 ANGLE MODULATION TRANSMISSION
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
1) Two forms of angle modulation. FM and PM
Angle modulation was first introduced in the year

2) 1931
________ as an alternative to amplitude modulation.
He developed the first successful FM radio system in

1936, and in July 1939, the first regularly scheduled
3) broad-casting of FM signals began in Alphine, New Major E. H. Armstrong
Jersey. Also developed the superheterodyne
receiver.
A modulation that results whenever the phase angle

4) Angle Modulation
() of a sinusoidal wave is varied with respect to time.
Varying the frequency of a constant-amplitude

Direct Frequency
carrier directly proportional to the amplitude of the
5) Modulation
modulating signal at a rate equal to the frequency of
( FM )
the modulating signal.
Varying the phase of a constant-amplitude carrier

directly proportional to the amplitude of the Direct Phase Modulation
6)
modulating signal at a rate equal to the frequency of ( PM )
the modulating signal.
The relative angular displacement (shift) of the carrier Phase Deviation

7)
phase in radians in respect to the reference phase. ( )
The relative displacement of the carrier frequency in Frequency Deviation

8)
hertz in respect to its unmodulated value. (F )
9) The original unmodulated carrier frequency in the Carrier Rests Frequency

resultant angle-modulated waveform.

The instantaneous change in the phase of the carrier

at a given instant of time and indicates how much Instantaneous Phase
10)
the phase of the carrier is changing with respect to its Deviation
reference phase.
The precise phase of the carrier at a given instant of

11) Instantaneous Phase
time.
The instantaneous change in frequency of the carrier

Instantaneous Frequency
12) and is defined as the first time derivative of the
Deviation
instantaneous phase deviation.
The precise frequency of the carrier at a given instant

13) of time and is defined as the first time derivative of Instantaneous Frequency
the instantaneous phase.
Are the output–versus-input transfer functions for the

modulators, which give the relationship between
14) Deviation Sensitivities
what output parameter changes in respect to
specified changes in the input signal.
Is called the modulation index or sometimes index of

15) Peak Phase Modulation
modulation.
The change in frequency that occurs in the carrier

16) when it is acted on by a modulating-signal Frequency Deviation
frequency.
17) The peak-to-peak frequency deviation (2f). Carrier Swing
The ratio of the frequency deviation actually

produced to the maximum frequency deviation
allowed by law stated in percent form.
18) Percent Modulation

A circuit in which the carrier is varied in such a way

19) that its instantaneous phase is proportional to the Phase Modulator
modulating signal.
A circuit which the carrier is varied in such a way that

20) its instantaneous phase is proportional to the integral Frequency Modulator
of the modulating signal.
________ of the first kind for several values of

21) modulation index provides the number of side Bessel Function
frequency pairs and their corresponding magnitude.
A side frequency is not considered significant unless it

22) has an amplitude equal to or greater than ____ of the 1%
unmodulated carrier amplitude.
23) The modulation index is less than 1. Low-index Case
24) The modulation index is greater than 10. High-index Case
25) Modulation indices greater than 1 and less than 10. Medium Index
26) Low-index FM systems are sometimes called? Narrowband FM
A rule which is an approximation and gives

transmission bandwidths that are slightly narrower
27) than the bandwidths. It defines a bandwidth that Carson’s Rule
includes approximately 98% of the total power in the
modulated wave.
The worst-case modulation index and is equal to the

maximum peak frequency deviation divided by the
Deviation Ratio
28) maximum modulating-signal frequency.
( DR )

The FCC has assigned the commercial FM broadcast

29) service a _______ band of frequencies that extends 20 MHz
from 88 MHz to 108 MHZ.
The 20–MHz band is divided into 100, ________ wide

30) 200 kHz
channels beginning at 88.1 MHz.
To provide high-quality, reliable music, the maximum

frequency deviation allowed is _______ with a 75 kHz ;
31)
maximum modulating-signal frequency 15 kHz
of _______.
The highest side frequencies from one channel are

Adjacent Channel
32) allowed to spill over into adjacent channels,
Interference
producing an interference known as _______.
A _______ wide guard band is usually on either side of

33) 200 kHz
each assigned channel.
The noise voltage at the output of an FM

34) demodulator increases linearly with frequency. This is FM Noise Triangle
called ______.
The high-frequency modulating signals are

35) emphasized or boosted in amplitude in the Pre-emphasis
transmitter prior to performing modulation.
The reciprocal of pre-emphasis that restores the

36) original amplitude-versus-frequency characteristics to De-emphasis
the information signals.
A circuit that provides a constant increase in the

amplitude of the modulating signal with an increase
37) in frequency. Pre-emphasis Network

When the frequency of the carrier is modulated by Direct FM

38)
the information signal, _______ results. ( Indirect PM )
When the phase of the carrier is modulated by the Direct PM

39)
information signal, _______ results. ( Indirect FM )
Angle modulation in which the frequency of the

40) Direct FM
carrier is varied directly by the modulating signal.
Varactor Diode,
Three common methods for producing direct
41) FM Reactance,
frequency modulation.
Linear IC Modulations
Direct frequency modulator used for low-index Varactor Diode Direct FM

42)
Applications, such as two-way mobile radio. Modulator
A direct FM modulator using a JFET as the active

43) FM Reactance Modulator
device.
A complete FM modulator on a single 8-pin DIP

44) MC1376
integrated circuit chip.
Can generate a direct FM output waveform that is

Linear IC VCO and
45) relatively stable, accurate, and directly proportional
Function Generators
to the input modulating signal.
Angle modulation in which the frequency of the

46) Direct PM
carrier is deviated indirectly by the modulating signal.
Varactor Diode and

Two common methods for producing direct phase
47) Transistor Direct PM
modulation.
Modulator
The process of up-converting the frequency of the

48) modulated carrier after modulation has been Frequency Up-Conversion
performed.

Two basic methods of performing frequency up- Heterodyning and

49)
conversion. Frequency Multiplication
An up-conversion method where a low-frequency

modulated carrier can either be up- or down-
50) Heterodyne Method
converted to a different location in the frequency
spectrum without changing its modulation properties.
An up-conversion method where the modulation

51) properties of a carrier can be increased at the same Multiplication Method
time that the carrier frequency is up-converted.
Transmitters that produce an output waveform in

52) which the frequency deviation is directly proportional Direct FM Transmitters
to the modulating signal.
A circuit that compares the frequency of he non

crystal carrier oscillator to a crystal reference Automatic Frequency
53) oscillator and then produces a correction voltage Control
proportional to the difference between the ( AFC )
frequencies.
A frequency-selective device whose output voltage

54) is proportional to the difference between the input Frequency Discriminator
frequency and its resonant frequency.
A voltage added to the modulating signal to

55) automatically adjust the master oscillator’s center dc Correction Voltage
frequency to compensate for the low-frequency drift.
A ________ preceded by a differentiator generates a

56) FM Modulator
PM waveform.
Transmitters that produce an output waveform in

57) which phase deviation is directly proportional to the Indirect FM Transmitters
modulating signal.

Probably the most significant advantage of angle

58) modulation transmission over amplitude modulation Noise Immunity
transmission.
Allows a receiver to differentiate between two signals

59) Capture Effect
received with the same frequency.

ANGLE MODULATION RECEPTION

CHAPTER 8 AND FM STEREO
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
In this receivers, the voltage at the output of the

1) audio detector is directly proportional to the FM Receivers
frequency deviation at its input.
In this receivers, the voltage at the output of the

2) audio detector is directly proportional to the phase PM Receivers
deviation at its input.
The circuits used to demodulate FM and PM signals

3) are both described under the FM Receivers
heading ________ .
A modulation where the information is impressed

4) onto the carrier in the form of frequency or phase Angle Modulation
variations.
A method used to remove amplitude variations

caused by noise from the composite waveform
5) Limiting
simply by clipping the peaks of the envelop prior to
detection.
The section that rejects the image frequency in FM

6) Pre-selector
receivers.
The section that establishes the signal-to-noise ratio

7) RF Amplifier
and noise figure in FM receivers.
8) The section that down-converts RF to IF. Mixer / Converter
The section that provide most of the gain and

9) IF Amplifiers
selectivity.

The section that removes the information from the

10) Detector
modulated wave.
Limiter,
The envelope (peak) detector common to AM
Frequency Discriminator
11) receivers is replaced in FM receivers by a ________,
and
________, and ________.
De-emphasis Network
The circuit that extracts the information from the

12) Frequency Discriminator
modulated wave.
Are frequency-dependent circuits designed to

13) produce an output voltage that is proportional to the FM Demodulators
instantaneous frequency at its input.
Slope Detector,
Foster-Seely Discriminator,
Ratio Detector,
14) Circuits used for demodulating FM signals.
PLL Demodulator,
and
Quadrature Detector
Circuits that convert FM to AM and then

Tuned-Circuit Frequency
15) demodulate the AM envelope with conventional
Discriminators
peak detectors.
A tuned-circuit frequency discriminator that has

16) the most nonlinear voltage-versus-frequency Slope Detector
characteristics and, therefore, is seldom used.
Is simply two single-ended slope detectors

17) Balanced Slope Detector
connected in parallel and fed 180 out of phase.
Sometimes called a phase shift discriminator that

Foster-Seeley
18) is a tuned-circuit frequency discriminator whose
Discriminator
operation is very similar to that of a balanced
slope detector.

The typical voltage-versus-frequency response

19) S-curve
curve for a Foster-Seeley discriminator.
An FM demodulator that is relatively immune to

20) Ratio Detector
amplitude variations in its input signal.
This FM demodulator requires no tuned circuits

and automatically compensates for changes in
21) PLL FM Demodulator
the carrier frequency due to instability in the
transmit oscillator.
Sometimes called a coincidence detector that

extracts the original information signal from the Quadrature FM
22)
composite IF waveform by multiplying two Demodulator
quadrature (90 out of phase) signals.
Special circuits that removes the unwanted

23) amplitude variations since with FM, the Limiters
information is contained in frequency variations.
The limiter circuit produces a constant-amplitude

Threshold,
output for all input signals above a prescribed
24) Quieting, or
minimum input level, which is often
Capture Level
called the ________.
The improvement in the S/N ratio when the

FM Thresholding, FM
peaks of the signal have the limiter so far into
25) Quieting, or
saturation that the weaker noise is totally FM Capture Effect
eliminated.
The inherent ability of FM to diminish the effects

of interfering signals. Also, the ability to
26) differentiate between two signals received at Capture Effect
the same frequency.

Is the minimum dB difference in signal strength

Capture Ratio of an FM
27) between two received signals necessary for the
Receiver
capture effect to suppress the weaker signal.
An improved monolithic low-power FM IF system

manufactured by Signetics Corporation. It is a
28) high gain, high frequency device that offers low- NE/SA614A
power consumption and excellent input
sensitivity at 455 kHz.
A multiplier cell similar to a mixer stage, but

instead of mixing two different frequencies, it
29) Quadrature Detector
mixes two signals with the same frequencies but
with different phases.
A low-voltage, high-performance monolithic FM

30) IF system similar to the NE/SA614A except with NE/SA616
the addition of a mixer/oscillator circuit.
A monolithic integrated-circuit FM radio system

manufactured by Signetics Corporation for
31) TDA7000
monolithic FM portable radios. A complete FM
radio receiver on a single integrated-circuit chip.
A circuit that is used to reduce the total

32) harmonic distortion (THD) by compressing the IF Frequency-Locked-Loop
frequency swing (deviation).
With this transmission, the information signal is

33) Stereophonic Transmission
spatially divided into two 50-Hz to 15-kHz audio
channels (a left and a right).
Used to broadcast uninterrupted music to Subsidiary

private subscribers, such as department stores, Communications
34)
restaurants, and medical offices equipped with Authorization
special receivers; Sometimes cordially refer to as ( SCA )
“elevator music”
The process of placing two or more independent

channels next to each other in the frequency Frequency Division
35) domain (stacking the channels), and then Multiplexing
modulating a single high-frequency carrier with ( FDM )
the combined signal.
The primary audio channel remained at 50 Hz to 60 kHz

36) 15 kHz, while an additional SCA channel is To
frequency translated to the _______ passband. 74 kHz
The SCA subcarrier may be AM single- or double-

37) sideband transmission or FM with a maximum 7 kHz
modulating-signal frequency of _______.
The frequency of the pilot carrier of FM stereo

38) 19 kHz
transmission.
When the phase of the carrier is modulated by Direct PM

39)
the information signal, _______ results. ( Indirect FM )
A monolithic FM stereo demodulator that uses

40) PLL techniques to derive the right and left audio XR-1310
channels from the composite stereo signal.
Half-duplex, one-to-many radio communications

41) Two-Way Mobile Radio
with no dial tone.
Provides 26.96 to 27.41 MHz public, non-

commercial radio service for either personal or Class D Citizens Band
42)
business use utilizing push-to-talk AM DSBFC and ( CB ) Radio
AM SSBFC.
Cover a broad-frequency band from 1.8 MHz to

43) Amateur ( HAM ) Radio
above 300 MHz. Designed for personal use
without pecuniary interest.
Provides 2.8 MHz to 457 MHz. ABS disseminates

Aeronautical
information for the purposes of air navigation
Broadcasting
44) and air-to-ground communications utilizing Service
conventional AM and various forms of AM SSB in ( ABS )
the HF, MF, and VHF frequency bands.
Full-duplex, on-to-one radio telephone

45) Mobile Telephone Service
communications.
Provides worldwide telecommunication service

Personal
using handheld telephones that communicate
Communications Satellite
46) with each other through low earth-orbit satellite
Service
repeaters incorporating QPSK modulation and ( PCSS )
both FDMA and TDMA.
Is used extensively for public safety mobile

Two-Way FM Radio
47) communications, such as police and fire
Communications
departments and emergency medical services.
The maximum frequency deviation for two-way

FM transmitters is typically ________, and the 5 kHz ;
48)
maximum modulating-signal frequency 3 kHz
is ________.
Transmissions are initiated by closing a ________

Push-To-Talk
49) switch, which turns on the transmitter and shuts
( PTT )
off the receiver.
It was used as early as 1921 when the Detroit

50) Mobile Radio
Police Department used a mobile radio system
that operated at a frequency close to 2 MHz.

It was used rather than a simple mechanical

Electronic
51) switch to reduce the static noise associated with
Push-To-Talk
contact bounce in mechanical switches.
Transmitters equipped with ________ are

Voice-Operated
automatically keyed each time the operator
52) Transmitter
speaks into the microphone, regardless of ( VOX )
whether the PTT button is depressed.

CHAPTER 9 DIGITAL MODULATION
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Is the transmission, reception, and processing of Electronic

1)
information with the use of electronic circuits. Communication
Is defined as knowledge or intelligence that is

2) Information
communicated between two or more points.
Is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog signals

3) (carriers) between two or more points in a Digital Modulation
communication system.
4) System involving the transmission of digital pulses. Digital Transmission
The information signal is digital and the amplitude (V)

Amplitude Shift Keying
5) of the carrier is varied proportional to the information
( ASK )
signal.
The information signal is digital and the frequency (f)

Frequency Shift Keying
6) of the carrier is varied proportional to the information
( FSK )
signal.
The information signal is digital and the phase (θ) of

Phase Shift Keying
7) the carrier is varied proportional to the information
( PSK )
signal.
A modulation where both the amplitude and the Quadrature Amplitude

8) phase are varied proportional to the information Modulation
signal. ( QAM )
Performs level conversion and then codes the

9) incoming data into groups of bits that modulate an Pre-coder
analog carrier.

Is a highly theoretical study of the efficient use of

10) bandwidth to propagate information through Information Theory
electronic communications systems.
Is a measure of how much information can be

11) propagated through a communications system and Information Capacity
is a function of bandwidth and transmission time.
The most basic digital symbol used to represent Binary Digit /

12)
information. Bit
In 1928, _________ of Bell Telephone Laboratories

13) developed a useful relationship among bandwidth, R. Hartley
transmission time, and information capacity.
In 1948, mathematician _________ (also of Bell

Telephone Laboratories) published a paper in the Bell
14) System Technical Journal relating the information Claude E. Shannon
capacity of a communications channel to
bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.
Simply represents a digit that corresponds to the

15) number of conditions, levels, or combinations possible M
for a given number of binary variables.
Refers to the rate of change of a digital information

16) Bit Rate
signal, which is usually binary.
Refers to the rate of change of a signal on a

17) transmission medium after encoding and modulation Baud
have occurred.
Sometimes called a symbol and could be encoded

as a change in the amplitude, frequency, or phase.
18) Signaling Element

The minimum theoretical bandwidth necessary to

19) Nyquist Bandwidth
propagate a signal.
According to ________, binary digital signals can be

propagated through an ideal noiseless transmission
20) H. Nyquist
medium at a rate equal to two time the bandwidth
of the medium.
The carrier is either “on” or “off” which is why

21) amplitude- shift keying is sometimes On-Off Keying
referred to as ________.
22) A logic 1 frequency (fm) for FSK. Mark
23) A logic 0 frequency (fs) for FSK. Space
The mark and space frequencies are separated

Peak Frequency
from the The mark and space frequencies are
24) Deviation
separated from thecarrier frequency
(f)
by the _________ and from each of by 2 f.
_______ is the peak frequency deviation of the carrier

and is equal to the difference between the
25) f
carrier rest frequency and either the mark or
space frequency.
A type of FSK detection wherein there is no frequency

involved in the demodulation process that is
26) Noncoherent Detection
synchronized either in phase, frequency, or both with
the incoming FSK signal.
A type of FSK detection wherein the incoming FSK

signal is multiplied by a recovered carrier signal
27) that has exact same frequency and phase as Coherent Detection
the transmitter reference.

Is binary FSK except the mark and space frequencies Continuous-Phase FSK
28)
are synchronized with the input binary bit rate. ( CP-FSK )
A signal state-space diagram, is similar to a phasor

29) diagram except that the entire phasor is not drawn. Constellation Diagram
Only the relative positions of the peaks of the phasors
are shown.
Is a product modulator; the output signal is the

30) Balanced Modulator
product of the two input signals.
Detect and regenerates a carrier signal that is both

Coherent Carrier
31) frequency and phase coherent with the original
Recovery Circuit
transmit carrier.
Also known as quadrature PSK that is another form of

Quaternary PSK
32) angle-modulated, constant-amplitude digital
( QPSK )
modulation.
33) A group of two bits. Dibit
It modulates the carrier that is in phase with the

34) I Bit
reference oscillator.
It modulates the carrier that is 90 out of phase or in

35) Q Bit
quadrature with reference carrier.
36) Is two BPSK modulators combined in parallel. QPSK Modulator
The highest fundamental frequency present at

the data input to the I or the Q balanced modulator
37) is equal to _______ of the input data rate. ¼

The fastest output rate of change (baud) is also

38) ½
equal to ________ of the input bit rate.
The outputs of the product detectors are fed to the

________, where they are converted from parallel I
39) Bit Combining Circuit
and Q data channels to a single binary output
data stream.
Is a modified for of QPSK where the bit waveforms on

Offset QPSK
40) the I and Q channels are offset or shifted in phase
( OQPSK )
from each other by one-half of a bit time.
41) The advantage of OQPSK is the _________ that must Limited Phase Shift
be imparted during modulation.
With ________, three bits are encoded, forming tribits

42) 8 PSK
and producing eight different output phases.
43) Group of 3 bits. Tribit
Also known as maximum distance code used to

44) Gray Code
reduce the number of transmission errors.
Converts the I/C and Q/C bit pairs to serial, Q, and C Parallel-to-Serial
45)
output data streams. Logic Circuit
46) Group of 4 bits. Quadbits
16-PSK can undergo only a _______ phase shift during

47) 11.25
transmission and still retain its integrity.
Is an M-ary encoding technique where M=8. The

output signal from this modulator is not a constant-
48) 8 – QAM
amplitude signal

The process of introducing transitions (pulses) into the

49) Scrambling
binary signal using a prescribed algorithm.
It uses the same algorithm for scrambling to remove

50) Descrambler
the transitions.
Is an alternative form of digital modulation where the

Differential Phase-Shift
binary input is contained in the difference between
51) Keying
two successive signalling elements rather than the
( DPSK )
absolute phase.
Data transmission rates in excess of 56 kbps can be

Trellis Code Modulation
52) achieved, over standard telephone circuits using an
( TCM )
encoding technique called ________.
__________ at IBM Zuerich Research Laboratory

developed TCM, which involves using convolutional
53) (tree codes, which combines encoding and Dr. Ungerboeck
modulation to reduce the probability of error, thus
improving the bit error performance.
Defines the manner in which signal-state transitions

are allowed to occur, and transitions that do not
54) Trellis Coding
follow this pattern are interpreted in the receiver as
transmission errors.
The distance between symbols on the constellation

55) Euclidean Distance
of the TCM coding scheme on standard QAM.
Is the ratio of the average carrier power (the

Carrier-To-Noise
56) combined power of the carrier and its associated
Power Ratio
sidebands) to the thermal noise power.
Is simply the energy of a single bit of information.

57) Energy Per Bit

The phase relationship between signalling elements

58) for BPSK (i.e., 180 out of phase) is the optimum Antipodal Signaling
signalling format, referred to as ________.
Noncoherent
( Asynchronous )
59) Two types of FSK systems. And
Coherant
( Synchonous )
The transmitter and receiver are not frequency or

60) Noncoherent FSK
phase synchronized.
Local receiver reference signals are in frequency and

61) Coherent FSK
phase lock with the transmitted signals.

CHAPTER 10 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Is the transmittal of digital signals between two or

1) Digital Transmission
more points in a communications system.
_________ developed the first digital transmission

system for the purpose of carrying digitally encoded
2) AT&T
analog signals, such as human voice, over metallic
wire cables between telephone offices.
The primary advantage of digital transmission over

3) Noise Immunity
analog transmission.
Digital signals are also better suited than analog

4) signals for processing and combining using a Multiplexing
technique called _____.
Is the processing of analog signals using digital

Digital Signal Processing
5) methods and includes bandlimiting the signal with
( DSP )
filters, amplitude equalization, and phase shifting.
Digital transmission systems are more resistant to

6) analog systems to additive noise because they Signal Regeneration
use ________ rather than signal amplification.
Consist essentially of sampling analog information

signals and then converting those samples into
7) discrete pulses and transporting the pulses from Pulse Modulation
a source to a destination over a physical
transmission medium.
PWM, PPM, PAM

The four predominant methods of pulse modulation.
8) And
PCM

Sometimes called pulse duration modulation (PDM) or pulse

length modulation (PLM), as the width (active portion
Pulse Width Modulation
9) of the duty cycle) of a constant amplitude pulse is
( PWM )
varied proportional to the amplitude of the
analog signal at the time the signal is sampled.
The position of a constant-width pulse within a

Pulse Position Modulation
10) prescribed time slot is varied according to the
( PPM )
amplitude of the sample of the analog signal.
The amplitude of a constant-width, constant-position

Pulse Amplitude
11) pulse is varied according to the amplitude of the
Modulation
sample of the analog signal.
The analog signal is sampled and then converted to Pulse Code Modulation
12)
a serial n-bit binary code for transmission. ( PCM )
__________ is credited with inventing PCM in 1937

13) Alex H. Reeves
while working for AT&T at its Paris laboratories.
A circuit that periodically samples the analog input

Sample-and-Hold
14) signal and converts those samples to a multilevel
Circuit
PAM signal.
The transmission line ________ are placed at

15) Repeaters
prescribed distances to regenerate the digital pulses.
An integrated circuit that performs the PCM Codec

16)
encoding and decoding functions. ( Coder / Decoder )
The function of a _________ in a PCM transmitter is to

periodically sample the continually changing analog
input voltage and convert those samples to a series
17) Sampling Circuit
of constant-amplitude pulses that can more easily be
converted to binary PCM code.

The sampling process alters the frequency spectrum

18) Aperture Error
and introduces an error called _________.
The ________ of the capacitor is called the A/D

19) conversion time because it is during this time that the Storage Time
ADC converts the sample voltage to a PCM code.
If the input to the ADC is changing while it is

20) Aperture Distortion
performing the conversion, _______ results.
_________ theorem establishes the minimum sampling

21) Nyquist Sampling
rate (fs) that can be used for a given PCM system.
The binary codes used for PCM are _________,

22) N-Bit Codes
where n may be any positive integer greater than 1.
Most Significant Bit

23) The sign bit in a sign-magnitude code.
( MSB )
Is the process of converting an infinite number of

possibilities to a finite number of conditions.
24) Quantization
Is the process of rounding off the amplitudes of
flat-top samples to a manageable number of levels.
A type of code where the codes on the bottom half

25) of the table are a mirror image of the codes on the Folded Binary Code
top half, except for the sign bit.
Quantization
26) The magnitude difference between adjacent steps.
Interval or Quantum
If the magnitude of the sample exceeds the highest

quantization interval, ________ (also called peak
limiting) occurs.
27) Overload Distortion

Quantization Eror
Any round-off errors in the transmitted signal are
(Qe )
28) reproduced when the code is converted back to
Quantization Noise
analog in the receiver.
(Qn)
Is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the

smallest possible magnitude (other than 0V) that
29) Dynamic Ratio
can be decoded by the digital-to-analog converter
in the receiver.
During times when there is no analog input signal, the

only input to the PAM sampler is random, thermal
30) Idle Channel Noise
noise also called as __________, that is converted to a
PAM sample just as if it were a signa.
A way to reduce idle channel noise wherein the first

Midtread
31) quantization interval is made larger in amplitude than
Quantization
the rest of the steps.
33) Is the process of compressing and then expanding. Companding
-Law and A-law

34) Two methods of companding:
Companding
Involves compression in the transmitter after the input

sample has been converted to a linear PCM code
35) Digital Companding
and then expansion in the receiver prior to
PCM decoding.
When digitizing speech signals only, special voice

36) Vacoders
encoders/decoders called _______ are often used
A _________ coder extracts the most significant

portions of speech information directly from the time
waveform rather than from the frequency spectrum
37) Linear Predictive
as with the channel and formant vocoders.

_________ modulation uses a single-bit PCM code to

38) Delta
.chieve digital transmission of analog signals
Two problems associated with delta modulation that Slope Overload and
39)
do not occur with conventional PCM. Granular Sudivision
With ________, the difference in the amplitude of two

Differential PCM
40) successive samples is transmitted rather than the
( DPCM )
actual sample.
41) The secondary lobes are called __________. Ringing test
_________ causes crosstalk between channels

Inter symbol interference
42) that occupy adjacent time slots in a time-division-
( ISI )
multiplexed carrier system.
Special filters called _________ are inserted in the

transmission path to “equalize” the distortion for al
43) Equalizers
frequencies, creating uniform transmission medium
reducing transmission impairments.
A ________ is simply the superposition of a series of

44) Pulse Modulation
harmonically related sine waves with specific
amplitude and phase relationships.
The decision levels for the regenerator are

45) Crosshairs
represented by
The _______ has an effect on the symbol timing

(clock) recovery circuit and, if excessive, may
46) Jitter
significantly degrade the performance of cascaded
regenerative sections.

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(Chapter 6-10) Single - Sideband Communications Systems (41-70) PDF

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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

SINGLE – SIDEBAND COMMUNICATIONS

A form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier is AM Single-sideband Full

A form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier is AM Single-sideband

A form of amplitude modulation in which one

It is the reinserted carrier in SSBRC for demodulation

A form of amplitude modulation in which a single AM Independent

A form of amplitude modulation in which the carrier

________ is the picture portion of a commercial

Are obvious advantages of single-sideband

Prepared By : RANIEL P. BABON 41

This ratio determines the degree of intelligibility of a

With double-sideband transmission, the two

A condition in double-sideband transmission where

A form of selective fading where there is a reduction

A condition where the relative positions of the carrier

A product modulator where the output signal is the

Modulator circuits that inherently remove the carrier

A circuit that produces a double-sideband

A balanced modulator that is constructed with

Prepared By : RANIEL P. BABON 42

The small carrier component that is always present in

The operation of this balanced modulator as the

A double-balanced modulator/demodulator that

21) The circuit where the carrier is reinserted. Linear Summer

Filter, Phase-Shift, and

A mechanically resonant transducer that receives

Filters that use acoustic energy rather than electro-

Reflected energy that cancels and attenuates the

Prepared By : RANIEL P. BABON 43

A transducer which launches the acoustic wave in

Any difference between the transmit and receive

Fifty hertz or more offset is distinguishable by a normal

A narrowband PLL that tracks the pilot carrier in the

An SSB receiver that uses a PLL carrier recovery circuit

Systems that provide narrowband voice Amplitude-

The process of combining transmissions from more

A transmission that can be used to combine

Peak Envelope Power

Prepared By : RANIEL P. BABON 44

CHAPTER 7 ANGLE MODULATION TRANSMISSION

1) Two forms of angle modulation. FM and PM

Angle modulation was first introduced in the year

He developed the first successful FM radio system in

A modulation that results whenever the phase angle

Varying the frequency of a constant-amplitude

Varying the phase of a constant-amplitude carrier

The relative angular displacement (shift) of the carrier Phase Deviation

The relative displacement of the carrier frequency in Frequency Deviation

9) The original unmodulated carrier frequency in the Carrier Rests Frequency

Prepared By : RANIEL P. BABON 45

The instantaneous change in the phase of the carrier

The precise phase of the carrier at a given instant of

The instantaneous change in frequency of the carrier

The precise frequency of the carrier at a given instant

Are the output–versus-input transfer functions for the

Is called the modulation index or sometimes index of

The change in frequency that occurs in the carrier

17) The peak-to-peak frequency deviation (2f). Carrier Swing

The ratio of the frequency deviation actually

Prepared By : RANIEL P. BABON 46

A circuit in which the carrier is varied in such a way

A circuit which the carrier is varied in such a way that