R.

C Design

1
2
3
6
 3. Analysis of Structures

•The analysis must begin with an evaluation of all the loads carried by
the structure including its own weight.

•Many of the loads are variable in magnitude and position, and all
possible critical arrangements of loads must be considered.

•The force in each member can be determined by one of the following

methods:

15
 Analysis of Structures

•Dead loads
•Live /imposed loads

•For most reinforced concretes, a typical value for the

self-weight is 24kN/m3
•Imposed loads are more difficult to determine
accurately. For many of them it is only possible to
make estimate based on standards codes of practice
based on past experience.
16
Analysis of Structures

17
 Analysis of Structures

• The imposed loads can cover all or any part of the

structure and, and therefore should be arranged to give
a severe stresses.
18
 Analysis of Structures

• Combination giving the maximum sagging moment in

the outer spans and maximum hogging moment in the
interior span
19
Analysis of Structures

20
Analysis of beams and frames

21
Analysis of beams and frames

22
Analysis of beams and frames

23
 Analysis of beams and frames

A continuous beam should be analysed for the loading arrangements

which give the maximum stresses at each section, as described above

24
25
26
27
28
29
Analysis of beams and frames

30
Analysis of beams and frames

31
 Moment redistribution
In an under-reinforced beam with tension steel only or a
doubly reinforced beam the tension steel yields before failure
if the load is increased. A hinge forms at the point of
maximum elastic moment, i.e. at the hogging moment over
the support in a continuous beam. As the hinge rotates a
redistribution of moments takes place in the beam where the
hogging moment reduces and the sagging moment increases.

Redistribution of moments may be carried out provided that

the following hold:

1. Equilibrium between internal and external forces is

maintained under all appropriate combinations of design
32
ultimate load;
2. Where the design ultimate resistance moment at a section
is reduced by redistribution from the largest moment
within that region, the neutral axis depth x should not be
greater than x=(βb−0.4)d

where

33
34
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Analysis of the Section

55
56
57
58
The distribution of strains and stresses across a section

59
The distribution of strains and stresses across a section
(Cont’d)

60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72