BOLTED CONNECTIONS

1
 Why Connection Failure Should be Avoided?

A connection failure may be lead to a

catastrophic failure of the whole structure

Normally, a connection failure is not as ductile
as that of a steel member failure

For achieving an economical design, it is
important that connectors develop full or a
little extra strength of the members, it is
joining.
Connection failure may be avoided by adopting a
higher safety factor for the joints than the
members.

2
BEHAVIOR OF JOINTS ARE COMPLEX
• Geometric imperfections.
• Lack of Fit.
• Residual stresses.
• Connection flexibility.
• Geometric complexity.
• Slipping.
• Non linear load deformation.

3
 Classification of Connections

• Method of fastening: rivets, bolts and welding.

• Connection rigidity: simple, rigid or semi-
rigid.
• Joint resistance: Bearing connections and
friction connections
• Fabrication location: Shop or field connections.
• Joint location: Beam-column, beam-to beam,
column to foundation

4
 Classification of Connections

Connection geometry: Single web angle, single
plate, double web angle, top and seat angles
(with and without stiffeners), end plates, or
header plate, welded connections using plates
and angles, etc.

Type of force transferred across the structural
connection: Shear connections, shear and
moment connection or simply moment
connection, tension or compression, tension or
compression with shear.

5
 Classification Based on
Joint Rigidity

Rigid: That develop the full moment capacity of
connecting members and retain the original angle
between the members under any joint rotation.
Rotational movement of the joint will be very small

Simple: No moment transfer is assumed between the
connected parts and hence assumed as hinged (pinned).
Rotational movement of the joint will be large.

Semi-Rigid: May not have sufficient rigidity to hold the
original angles between the members and develop less
than the full moment capacity of the connected
members.
In reality all the connections will be semi-rigid only.
6
Examples of Rigid Connections

7
Examples of Pinned Connections

8
 RIVETS AND RIVETED CONNECTIONS

Riveting not used now due to:

The necessity of preheating the

rivets prior to driving.

Labour costs associated with large

riveting crews.

Cost involved in careful inspection

and removal of poorly installed
rivets.

High level of noise associated with

driving rivets.
9
 TYPES OF BOLTS
• Unfinished bolts or black bolts or C Grade bolts-
bearing type connections

• Turned bolts - Expensive & used in Spl. jobs

– Precision (A-Grade)& Semi-precision (B-Grade) bolts
-They are used when no slippage is permitted

• Ribbed bolts (Rarely used in ordinary steel

structures)

• High strength bolts -Friction type connections.

10
 Black or Ordinary Bolt and Nut

Source: AISC

11
 Black or Ordinary Bolt and Nut
• ASTM-A307-Least expensive bolts-light
structures.
• Temporary fasteners-HSFG Bolts.
• Not recommended for connections subjected
to impact-fatigue or dynamic loads.
• Mild steel rods- square or hexagonal head &
nut.

12
 Hexagonal Head
Black Bolt and Nut

Figures in brackets are for High-strength Bolts & Nuts

Black bolts are inserted in clearance holes of about 1.5mm to

2mm more than the bolt diameter and then tightened through
the nuts.
13
 Tensile Properties of Fasteners

For grade 4.6 bolts, nuts of grade 4 are used and for grade 8.8, nuts of grade 8 or 10 are used.

In property class 4.6, the number 4 indicates 1/100th the

nominal ultimate tensile strength in N/mm2 and the number 6
indicates the ratio of yield stress to ultimate stress, expressed
as a percentage. Thus the ultimate tensile strength of class 4.6
bolt is 400 N/mm2 and yield strength is 0.6 times 400, which
is 240 N/mm2
14
 Turned Bolts
• Similar to unfinished bolts-shank formed – hexagonal
rod- surface of bolt –prepared and machined
carefully- to fit the hole

• Tolerance- 0.15 mm to 0.05mm-highly expensive-no

slippage permitted.

• Used in special jobs- dynamic loads.

15
 RIBBED BOLTS
• Round head –ribs paralleled to shank .
• Actual diameter of shank > bolt hole.
• Driving bolt into the hole-cuts the edges
around the hole- relatively tight fit.
• Used – bearing type connection- stress
reversals.

16
 HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS
• HSB-Medium Carbon
• 1956- factored delayed – immediate acceptance- high
cost.
• High strength- quenching & tempering process.
• Washer at both side purpose-to distribute the clamping
pressure to a large area of the softer metal, to prevent
the nut or bolt head from damaging the member.
• To prevent the threaded portion of the bolt from
bearing on the connected members.

17
High-Strength Bolts

18
 HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTS

The material of the bolts do not have a well defined
yield point.

Instead of using yield stress, a so-called proof load is
used.

The proof load is the load obtained by multiplying
the tensile stress area (approximately equal to 0.8
times the shank area of bolt) by the proof stress.

the proof stress is taken as 0.7 times the ultimate
tensile stress of the bolt.

19
 HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTS
• They are identified by
manufacturer’s
identification symbol and
property class identification
symbol 8 S or 8.8 S or 10 S
or 10.9 S which will be
embossed on the heads of
Source:
www.nichiasteel.co.jp
these bolts.

20
 High-Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) Bolts

• Special techniques are used for tightening the nuts

to induce a specified initial tension in the bolt
(called the proof-load), which causes sufficient
friction between the faying faces.
• Such bolts are called High-Strength Friction Grip
bolts (HSFG).
• Due to this friction, the slip in the joint is
eliminated; joints with HSFG bolts are called non-
slip connections or friction type connections.

21
 Advantages of Bolted connections

Bolted connections offer the following advantages over
riveted or welded connections:

Use of unskilled labour and simple tools

Noiseless and quick fabrication

No special equipment/process needed for installation

Fast progress of work

Accommodates minor discrepancies in dimensions

The connection supports loads as soon as the bolts are
tightened (in welds and rivets, cooling period is
involved).

Main drawback of black bolt is the slip of the joint when
subjected to loading

22
 ADVANTAGES OF HSFG BOLTS
• HSFG bolts do not allow any slip between the elements
connected, especially in close tolerance holes, Thus they
provide rigid connections.
• Because of the clamping action, load is transmitted by
friction only and the bolts are not subjected to shear and
bearing.
• Due to the smaller number of bolts, the gusset plate sizes
are reduced.
• Deformation is minimized.
• Holes larger than usual can be provided to ease erection and
take care of lack-of-fit. However note that the type of hole
will govern the strength of the connection.
• Noiseless fabrication, since the bolts are tightened with 23
wrenches.
 ADVANTAGES OF HSFG BOLTS
• The possibility of failure at the net section under the working
loads is eliminated.
• Since the loads causing fatigue will be within proof load, the nuts
are prevented from loosening and the fatigue strength of the
joint will be greater than in welded/connections.
• Since the load is transferred by friction, there is no stress
concentration in the holes.
• Unlike riveted joints, few persons are required for making the
connections.
• No heating is required and no danger of tossing of bolt. Thus
safety of the workers is enhanced.
• Alterations, if any (e.g. replacement of defective bolt) is done
easily than in welded connections.

24
 DRAWBACKS OF HSFG BOLTS

Bolting usually involves a significant fabrication

effort to produce the bolt holes and associated plates
or cleats.

Special procedures are required to ensure that the
clamping actions required for preloaded friction-
grip joints are achieved.

The connections with HSFG bolts may not be as
rigid as a welded connection.

HSFG bolts are about 50% higher than black bolts

The percentage elongation at failure is 12% only.

25
 EBCS 3 Is Subdivided In Various Parts
EBCS EN 1993:2013

• EBCS EN 1993-1:2013 Design of Steel Structures: General

rules and rules for buildings.
• EN 1993-2 Design of steel structures: Steel bridges
• EN 1993-3 Design of steel structures: Towers, masts and
chimneys
• EN 1993-4 Design of steel structures: Silos, tanks and
pipelines
• EN 1993-5 Design of Steel Structures: Piling.
• EN 1993-6 Design of Steel Structures: Crane supporting
structures.

26
EBCS EN 1993-1:2013 “General rules and rules for buildings” comprises:

EBCS EN 1993-1-1:2013 Design of Steel Structures: General rules and rules for buildings.

EN 1993-1-2 Design of steel structures: Structural fire design

EBCS EN 1993-1-3 Design of Steel Structures: Cold-formed members and sheeting.

EN 1993-1-4 Design of steel structures: Stainless steel.

EN 1993-1-5 Design of steel structures: Plated structural elements.

EN 1993-1-6 Design of steel structures: Strength and stability of shell structures.

EN 1993-1-7 Design of steel structures: Strength and stability of planar plated structures
transversely loaded.

EBCS EN 1993-1-8:2013Design of Steel Structures: Design of joints.

EN 1993-1-9 Design of steel structures: Fatigue strength of steel structures.

EN 1993-1-10 Design of steel structures: Selection of steel for fracture toughness and through-
thickness properties.

27
 Design assumptions

• Connections shall be designed on the basis of a realistic assumption

or the distribution of internal forces provided that:
(a) the assumed internal forces and moments are in equilibrium with
the applied forces and moments,
(b) each element in the connection is capable of resisting the internal
forces or stresses,
(c) the internal forces follow the direct load path i.e., the path with
the greatest rigidity through the elements of connections, and
(d) the deformations implied by this load distribution are within the
deformation capacity of the fasteners or welds and of the connected
parts.

28
PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR
As per EBCS EN 1993-1-8:2013
Table 2.1

29
 JOINTS LOADED IN SHEAR SUBJECT TO IMPACT,
VIBRATION AND/OR LOAD REVERSAL

Where a joint loaded in shear is subject to impact or significant
vibration one of the following
jointing methods should be used:
− welding
− bolts with locking devices
− preloaded bolts
− other types of bolt which effectively prevent movement of the
connected parts
− rivets.

Where slip is not acceptable in a joint (because it is subject to reversal

of shear load or for any other reason), preloaded bolts in a Category B
or C connection, rivets or welding should be used.

For wind and/or stability bracings, bolts in Category A connections may

be used.
30
 Bolt specification

The yield strength fyb and the ultimate tensile strength fub
for bolt classes 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 5.8, 6.8, 8.8 and 10.9 are given in
Table 3.1

Preloaded bolts- assemblies of classes 8.8 and 10.9

31
 Categories of bolted connections
Shear connections
Bolted connections loaded in shear should be designed as one of the
following:
• a) Category A: Bearing type
In this category bolts from class 4.6 up to and including class 10.9
should be used. No preloading and special provisions for contact surfaces
are required. The design ultimate shear load should not exceed the design
shear resistance.

32
• Category B: Slip-resistant at serviceability limit state
In this category preloaded bolts shall be used. Slip should not
occur at the serviceability limit state. The design serviceability
shear load should not exceed the design slip resistance.
• Category C: Slip-resistant at ultimate limit state
In this category preloaded bolts shall be used . Slip should not
occur at the ultimate limit state. The design ultimate shear load
should not exceed the design slip resistance.
 Tension connections
Bolted connection loaded in tension should be designed as
one of the following:
a) Category D: non-preloaded
In this category bolts from class 4.6 up to and including class 10.9
should be used. No preloading is required. This category should not
be used where the connections are frequently subjected to
variations of tensile loading. However, they may be used in
connections designed to resist normal wind loads.
b) Category E: preloaded
In this category preloaded 8.8 and 10.9 bolts with controlled
tightening .

34
35
Dimension of Holes

36
 BOLT HOLES

Bolt holes are usually drilled.

punched holes only in materials whose yield
stress (fy) does not exceed 360 MPa and where
thickness does not exceed (5600/fy) mm.

Bolt holes are made larger than the bolt
diameter to facilitate erection.

Oversize holes should not exceed 1.25d or (d+8)
mm in diameter, where d is the nominal bolt
diameter in mm.

Slotted hole [provided to accommodate
movements) should not exceed 1.33d in length
(for short slotted hole) and 2.5 d in length (for
long slotted hole).

37
38
39
40
Typical Bolted Connections

41
 Behavior of Bolted Joints

As soon as the load is applied, there is a very small friction at the
interface; slip occurs and the force is transferred from bolts to other
elements through bearing of bolts.

Once the bolts are in bearing, the connection will behave linearly,
until yielding takes place at the following:
1. At the net section of the plate(s) under combined tension and
flexure.
2. On the bolt shear plane(s)
3. In bearing between the bolt and the side of the hole.

The response of the connection becomes non-linear after yielding and

failure takes place at one of the critical section/locations listed above.
42
BEHAVIOR OF MULTI-BOLT CONNECTION

In multi-bolt connection, the behavior
is similar except that the more highly
loaded bolt starts to yield first, and the
connection will become less stiff.

At a later stage, due to redistribution of

forces, each bolt is loaded to its
maximum capacity.

In a long bolted connection the bolts at

the end of a joint resist the highest
amount of shear force.

43
 Behaviour of HSFG Bolted Connection

• In HSFG bolts, the slip will occur when load overcomes

the frictional resistance provided by the preload of the
bolt.
• After slip occurs, the behavior is similar to the normal
bolts.
• In this case also, it is commonly assumed that equal size
bolts share the loads equally in transferring the
external force.

44
Force Transmission Through Bolts
(Trahair et al, 2001)

45
 POSSIBLE FAILURE MODES

Thus any joint may fail in any one of the following

modes:
 Shear failure of bolt
 Shear failure of plate
 Bearing failure of bolt
 Bearing failure of plate
 Tensile failure of bolts
 Bending of bolts
 Tensile failure of plate
46
POSSIBLE FAILURE MODES

47
 Bearing Failure of Bolt

Photo by P.S. Green (Copyright© AISC)

48
 Tension failure of bolts
The image part with relationship ID rId3 was not found in the file.

Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon of Georgia Institute of

Technology © AISC
49
 Bearing failure of plates
The image part with relationship ID rId3 was not found in the file.

Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon of Georgia Institute of

Technology© AISC
50
51
 Shear Planes With and Without
Threads

Threads included in the Shear

Plane

Threads Excluded from the Shear Plane52

53
54
Reduction factor for shear

55
Bearing resistance

56
The bearing resistance Fb,Rd for bolts
– in oversized holes is 0.8 times the bearing resistance for
bolts in normal holes.
– in slotted holes, where the longitudinal axis of the slotted
hole is perpendicular to the direction of the force transfer, is
0.6 times the bearing resistance for bolts in round, normal
holes.

57
 Tension resistance

Punching shear resistance

Combined shear and tension

58
Prying Forces in Beam-Column
Connection

59
 Failure Modes Due to
Prying Forces

Photo by J.A. Swanson and R.

Leon of Georgia Institute of
Technology© AISC

60
 Additional Force in Bolt
due to Prying
The additional force Q in the
bolt due to prying action:
lv βγf obet 4 βf o
Q = [ ][Te − 2
] le = 1.1t
2le 27lelv fy
• γ = 1.5

β= 2 for non-tensioned bolt and 1 for pre-tensioned bolt

be = Effective width of flange per pair of bolts, mm
fo = Proof stress (kN or kN/mm2)

61
 Bolts With Shear and Tension

• A circular
2
interaction
2
curve
V   Te 
  +   ≤ 1.0
 Vsd   Tnd 
V = Applied factored shear
Vsd = Design shear strength
Te = Externally applied
factored tension
Tnd = Design tension strength

62
 Block shear Failure
Block tearing consists of failure in shear at the row of
bolts along the shear face of the hole group accompanied by
tensile rupture along the line of bolt holes on the tension face
of the bolt group.

63
 Typical Block Shear Failure

Photo by J.A. Swanson and R. Leon of Georgia

Institute of Technology© AISC

64
Block Shear Strength

65
 Case Study: Kemper Arena collapse

On June 4, 1979
severe wind
(110 km/h) and rain
storm (108 mm)
caused a portion (61
by 66 m )of Kemper
Arena's roof to
collapse

source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemper_Arena
The secondary steel plane trusses were supported by the
space frame by pipe hangers at 42 different panel points.
Each of these hangers carried 622 kN in tension. the roof was
designed to hold water as a temporary reservoir.

66
Details of the Kemper Arena Hanger Assembly

The important lesson to

be learnt by this failure is
that high-strength bolts,
which are relatively
brittle, should not be used
in joints subjected to
fatigue loads.

HSFG bolts, with pre-

tensioning, are suitable
for such connections.
67
 Simple Connections
Connections may be classified as:
• Lap and butt joints
• Truss joint connections
• Connections at beam-column junctions
Seat angle connection
Web angle connection
Stiffened seat angle connection
Header plate connection
• Tension and flange splices

68
Lap Joints

69
Butt Joints

70
Typical Truss Connections
Block shear model may
be used to predict the
ultimate capacity of
gusset plate
connections in tension.
Local buckling may be
prevented , by
restricting the
unsupported edge of a
gusset plate to 42ε
times the thickness,
where ε= (250 / fy)0.5.
71
 Case Study:
Mississippi River Bridge

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-35W_Mississippi_River_bridge

On August 1, 2007,the bridge collapsed into the river, killing

35 people and injuring 100.The National Transportation
Safety Board (NTSB), concluded that the gusset plates
contributed to the failure of the bridge, as their thickness
was 50% less than the required. NTSB found 16 fractured
gusset plates from the bridge's center span.

72
73
74
75
Clip and Seating Angle Connections
(Angle seat Connection )

Cleat angle –lateral / torsion restraint
– lateral stability.

Beam reaction- bearing, shear, and
bending of horizontal leg – seat angle.

Horizontal force – Connection
between the vertical leg and column.

Beam is designed for simply support
and column is designed for eccentric
beam reaction.
Clearance – 2mm to 5 mm between-
Maximum Bearing .
Clip and Seating Angle Connections
(Angle seat Connection )

Minimum length of bearing at edge
of root radius = Reaction / (web
thickness x design strength of web) .

Seat angle – unstiffened-shear force
–Column bolts.

Outstanding leg – stiffened- beam
reaction is too large & no enough
bearing is provided.

Beam web – stiffened to resist
shear and bearing .
Stiffened Seat Angle

Packing equal to thickness of

seat angles.

Pair of stiffener angles .

Horizontal leg no longer flexible

Bolt connected to column and
stiffener angle – designed to resist
bending moment & Shear.

Cleat angle – Resist shear by
flexure of legs.
Web Angle Connection

Double web cleat connection

The beam reaction is transferred by
shear and bearing from the web of the
beam to the web bolts and to the angle
cleats - Bolts junction – Supporting
member .

mainly by shear and also by tension and
compression.

The beam is designed as a simply
supported beam.
Web Angle Connection
• Length – web angle- number of
bolts & pitch

• Maximum- clear depth of the web

cleat between the fillets ( approx-
0.75 times the depth of beam web).

• Not less that 0.6 times the depth of

the beam.

• Bolts designed for shear force only.

• Other cases- Shear – column face-

Bolts connected designed- Moment
due to eccentricity.
Web Angle Connection

Web angle – Thk increases –decreases –

flexibility.

Increasing the g value- increase the

flexibility of joint.

Seat angle can also be used.
 Flexible End Plate Connection
( Header plate connection)

End plate –connected – web of beam.

Plate connected to flange of column.

This connection behavior is similar to the legs of
web angles connected to the column flange.

Limit the thickness of the plate and position the
bolts not too close to the web and flange of the
beam.

The reaction is transferred
Keep the length ‘a’ < 30t

By weld shear to the end plate,

by shear and bearing to the
Design the beam for zero end moment.
bolts,

Design the column for the eccentric beam

by shear and bearing to the
supporting member. reaction.
Flange notching < 20 tw- Prevent buckling.
 Web Side Plate Connection
(Fin Plate Connection)

Consists of a fin plate that is fillet welded to the
supporting member, and bolted to the beam web.

Bending Flexibility – not available- Semi rigid

Moment released – hole clearance- elongation of
bolts.

Force transfer by shear between the web & Fin
plate ( bolt )- shear b/w fin plate and column - weld.

Use only ordinary bolts.

Design the bolts to fail by bearing of the connected plies and not
by shear of the bolt.

Keep Edge distances > two times bolt diameter.

Make resistance of the welds attaching the fin plate to the
support > the moment applied by the bolts.

Select minimum size of weld, relative to the web thickness, to
achieve ductility.
 Moment Resistant Connections

• Used in framed structures, where the joints are considered

rigid.
• Transfer –moment, axial force and shear
• Classified as
– Eccentrically loaded connections
• Type I (Ecc. Load causing Twisting)
• Type II (Ecc. Load causing BM)
– Tee stub connections and
– Flange angle connections.

89
 Eccentrically loaded connections

• Depending on the arrangement-subjected to twisting and

bending moments due to eccentricity of applied load.

• Effect of twisting moment and shear forced on the bolt

group cause shear force on two directions.

• Bending moment and shear on bolt group causes tension

and shear in the bolt group.
Eccentric Shear in Connections
Causing twisting moments (Type-1)

Eccentricity of a load – bolt group is

less than 60mm is neglected .

Bolt group subjected to shear and

moment in shear plane results shear

effects in bolts – Eccentric shear- results

in rotation of the connection.

 Ecc. Shear Causing Twisting
Assumptions

Deformation of the connected parts may be ignored.

The relative movement of the connected parts are considered as the
relative rigid body rotation of the two parts about some centre of
rotation.

There is friction between the ‘rigid’ plates and the elastic fasteners.

The deformation induces reactive bolt forces- tangential to the centre of
rotation.

Elastic method yields conservative results.
Eccentric load causing bending moments
(Bracket-Type II Connection)

Action of load not in the plane of bolt group

Line of rotation does not pass through the
center of gravity of the bolt.

The bolts are subjected to direct
shear along with tension due to
the moment.

All bolts carry equals shear.

Critical bolts are always at top of the
connection. Must be checked for combined
shear and tension.

To estimate -Amount of tension –position of
netural axis to be located.

Stiffeners at column web is provided at
opposite to lower bracket flanges.
Bracket-Type II Connection (cont.)

M* = Pe

Tensile force in
extreme critical bolt Direct
Assume NA below Shear
the last bolt
Eccentric load causing bending moments
(Bracket-Type II Connection)

• Neutral axis position –

one sixth to one seventh
of the depth of the
connection from the
base of the bracket.
• Bolts above N.A will be
in tension and in direct
shear. Tension maximum
at extreme fiber .
 END-PLATE CONNECTIONS
• Transfer moment, axial force and
shear force.
• End plate is fillet welded to web and
flange of beam & bolted to the
column flange & web.
• End plates can be extended –to carry
moments.
• Extended end plate – Transfer 80%
of yielding moment capacity.
• End plated welded with beam- bolted
at site – column- economical
alternative
• Cost of bolts are expensive than steel
sections.
 Rigid Beam-to-Column Connections

Column may need additional stiffeners. Such as web stiffners, diagonal stiffners , web
plate .

Deep beams to slender columns – haunced connections provided .

Bending of end plate – Prying action-increases bolt load upto 30% .
Flange-Angle Connection

Four angles- one pair of angles

used in web of beam and other
pair of angle is placed one at top
and other below the flange of the
beam.

Clockwise moment- bolt 1 will
be in tension, 2 & 4 subjected to
shear .

Anticlockwise moment – bolt
3 in tension, 2 & 4 subjected to
shear.

End shear force is transferred
by web connection .

98
 T-stub connection

I section – used to clip the flange of the I Section.- connection
bolts will be in tension.

Prying action- bolts connecting T with the column flange .

Only two bolts can be provided in one gauge length – if more
than one- non-uniform forces – transfer only limited moments .
Bracket connection

More rigid – fabrication cost is high

Three pair of angles – two at beam

flange with bracket

Third pair is kept across beam and

column flange.

Forces transfer – cleats to bolts

connected to column-by shearing and
bearing

Moments – shearing and bearing to the

bolts on beam flange and then to cleats .

Tension – beam to cleat – cleat to bolt ,

then to the column.
Beam-to- Beam Connections

101
Beam-to-Beam Connections

102
 Moment Resistant
Beam-to-Beam Connections

103
 BEAM AND COLUMN SPLICES

Rolled beams, plate girder and columns are spliced due to several
reasons,

Full length may not be available form the mill

Size of section which can be transported is based on the size of

the trucks maximum 6m length .

Designer may desire to use splice points to camber the beam.

Designer may desire a change in section to fit the variation in

strength required along the span of the beam.
 Bolted Beam-Splice
• Splices – designed –moment and shear
occurring over the spliced section.
• Area of splice plate should not be less
than 5 % in the excess of the area of
flange element splices .
• Web plates – deep girders –should resist
both shear and moments- Double row of
bolt should be used .
• Splices –location – shear & bending
moment is low .
• Bolts designed to resist shear and
tension ( moment )

105
Types of Beam-Splices
 COLUMN SPLICING

• Provides opportunity to change in size of column.

• Retain the column outside dimensions – reduce only
the thickness of flange/ web in the upper floor.
• Change in size of column can be balanced by packing
plates
• Predominantly axial forces-end bearing or leaving a
gap between the ends may be used .
Bolted Column Splice

108
Bolted Column Splice

109
 Column Splices
Using End-Plates

110