‫وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي‬

‫‪ /‬كلية العلوم‪/‬جامعة بغداد ‪/‬‬

‫قسم التقنيات االحيائية‬

‫‪Michigan State‬‬
‫تقرير مقدم الى قسم التقنيات االحيائية للحصول على درجة النهائي‬

‫في مادة اللغة االنكليزية‬

‫أشراف‬
‫م‪.‬م رامينا ميخائيل‬

‫أعداد‬
‫الطالبة مريم عكاب يوسف زغير‬
‫شعبة ‪A2‬‬

‫‪2019/2020‬‬
 Michigan State
Michigan : is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. Its
name comes from the Ojibwe word mishigami, meaning "large water" or "large lake. With
a population of approximately 10 million, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50
U.S. states, the 11th most extensive by area, and the largest by area east of the
Mississippi River.[b] Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit. Metro Detroit is
among the nation's most populous and largest metropolitan economies.

Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula is shaped
like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula (often called "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower
Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to
Lake Michigan. The Mackinac Bridge connects the peninsulas. Michigan has the longest
freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bordered by four of
the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair It also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds.

The area was first occupied by a succession of Native American tribes over thousands of
years. Inhabited by Natives, Métis, and French explorers in the 17th century, it was
claimed as part of New France colony. After France's defeat in the French and Indian War
in 1762, the region came under British rule. Britain ceded the territory to the newly
independent United States after Britain's defeat in the American Revolutionary War. The
area was part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan
became part of the Indiana Territory. Michigan Territory was formed in 1805, but some of
the northern border with Canada was not agreed upon until after the War of 1812.
Michigan was admitted into the Union in 1837 as the 26th state, a free one. It soon
became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a
popular émigré destination in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; immigration from
many European countries to Michigan was also the busiest at that time, especially for
those who emigrated from Finland, Macedonia and the Netherlands.[1]
Although Michigan developed a diverse economy, it is widely known as the center of the
U.S. automotive industry, which developed as a major economic force in the early 20th
century. It is home to the country's three major automobile companies (whose
headquarters are all in Metro Detroit). While sparsely populated, the Upper Peninsula is
important for tourism due to its abundance of natural resources.while the Lower
Peninsula is a center of manufacturing, forestry, agriculture, services, and high-tech
industry.

History of Michigan
When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian
peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe (referred to as "Chippewa" in
the United States), Odaawaa/Odawa (Ottawa), and the Boodewaadamii/Bodéwadmi
(Potawatomi). The three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation
called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have
been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest.

The Ojibwe were established in Michigan's Upper Peninsula and northern and central
Michigan, and also inhabited Ontario and southern Manitoba, Canada; and northern
Wisconsin, and northern and north-central Minnesota. The Ottawa lived primarily south
of the Straits of Mackinac in northern, western and southern Michigan, but also in
southern Ontario, northern Ohio and eastern Wisconsin. The Potawatomi were in
southern and western Michigan, in addition to northern and central Indiana, northern
Illinois, southern Wisconsin, and southern Ontario. Other Algonquian tribes in Michigan,
in the south and east, were the Mascouten, the Menominee, the Miami, the Sac (or Sauk),
and the Meskwaki (Fox). The Wyandot were an Iroquoian-speaking people in this area;
they were historically known as the Huron by the French.

in17th century ,French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in
Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were
those of Étienne Brûlé's expedition in 1622. The first permanent European settlement
was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste.
Marie, Michigan, as a base for Catholic missions.Missionaries in 1671–75 founded
outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were well received
by the area's Indian populations, with few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert
Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph. In 1691, the French
established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present-
day city of Niles.

Père Marquette and the Indians (1869)

, Wilhelm Lamprecht

Government of Michigan
Michigan is governed as a republic, with three branches of government: the executive
branch consisting of the Governor of Michigan and the other independently elected
constitutional officers; the legislative branch consisting of the House of Representatives
and Senate; and the judicial branch. The Michigan Constitution allows for the direct
participation of the electorate by statutory initiative and referendum, recall, and
constitutional initiative and referral (Article II, § 9,[2] defined as "the power to propose
laws and to enact and reject laws, called the initiative, and the power to approve or reject
laws enacted by the legislature, called the referendum. The power of initiative extends
only to laws which the legislature may enact under this constitution"). Lansing is the
state capital and is home to all three branches of state government.

The governor and the other state constitutional officers serve four-year terms and may
be re-elected only once. The current governor is Gretchen Whitmer. Michigan has two
official Governor's Residences; one is in Lansing, and the other is at Mackinac Island.
The other constitutionally elected executive officers are the lieutenant governor, who is
elected on a joint ticket with the governor, the secretary of state, and the attorney
general. The lieutenant governor presides over the Senate (voting only in case of a tie)
and is also a member of the cabinet. The secretary of state is the chief elections officer
and is charged with running many licensure programs including motor vehicles, all of
which are done through the branch offices of the secretary of state.

The Michigan Legislature consists of a 38-member Senate and 110-member House of

Representatives. Members of both houses of the legislature are elected through first past
the post elections by single-member electoral districts of near-equal population that
often have boundaries which coincide with county and municipal lines. Senators serve
four-year terms concurrent to those of the governor, while representatives serve two-
year terms. The Michigan State Capitol was dedicated in 1879 and has hosted the
executive and legislative branches of the state ever since.

The Michigan judiciary consists of two courts with primary jurisdiction (the Circuit
Courts and the District Courts), one intermediate level appellate court (the Michigan
Court of Appeals), and the Michigan Supreme Court. There are several administrative
courts and specialized courts. District courts are trial courts of limited jurisdiction,
handling most traffic violations, small claims, misdemeanors, and civil suits where the
amount contended is below $25,000. District courts are often responsible for handling
the preliminary examination and for setting bail in felony cases. District court judges are
elected to terms of six years. In a few locations, municipal courts have been retained to
the exclusion of the establishment of district courts. There are 57 circuit courts in the
State of Michigan, which have original jurisdiction over all civil suits where the amount
contended in the case exceeds $25,000 and all criminal cases involving felonies. Circuit
courts are also the only trial courts in the State of Michigan which possess the power to
issue equitable remedies. Circuit courts have appellate jurisdiction from district and
municipal courts, as well as from decisions and decrees of state agencies. Most counties
have their own circuit court, but sparsely populated counties often share them. Circuit
court judges are elected to terms of six years. State appellate court judges are elected to
terms of six years, but vacancies are filled by an appointment by the governor. There are
four divisions of the Court of Appeals in Detroit, Grand Rapids, Lansing, and Marquette.
Cases are heard by the Court of Appeals by panels of three judges, who examine the
application of the law and not the facts of the case unless there has been grievous error
pertaining to questions of fact. The Michigan Supreme Court consists of seven members
who are elected on non-partisan ballots for staggered eight-year terms. The Supreme
Court has original jurisdiction only in narrow circumstances but holds appellate
jurisdiction over the entire state judicial system.

Michigan Supreme Court at the Hall of Justice

Law of Michigan
Michigan has had four constitutions, the first of which was ratified on October 5 and 6,
1835.[3] There were also constitutions from 1850 and 1908, in addition to the current
constitution from 1963. The current document has a preamble, 11 articles, and one
section consisting of a schedule and temporary provisions. Michigan, like every U.S.
state except Louisiana, has a common law legal system.

Administrative divisions of Michigan

State government is decentralized among three tiers—statewide, county and township.

Counties are administrative divisions of the state, and townships are administrative
divisions of a county. Both of them exercise state government authority, localized to
meet the particular needs of their jurisdictions, as provided by state law. There are 83
counties in Michigan.

Cities, state universities, and villages are vested with home rule powers of varying
degrees. Home rule cities can generally do anything not prohibited by law. The fifteen
state universities have broad power and can do anything within the parameters of their
status as educational institutions that is not prohibited by the state constitution. Villages,
by contrast, have limited home rule and are not completely autonomous from the county
and township in which they are located.

There are two types of township in Michigan: general law township and charter. Charter
township status was created by the Legislature in 1947 and grants additional powers and
stream-lined administration in order to provide greater protection against annexation by
a city. As of April 2001, there were 127 charter townships in Michigan. In general, charter
townships have many of the same powers as a city but without the same level of
obligations. For example, a charter township can have its own fire department, water and
sewer department, police department, and so on—just like a city—but it is not required to
have those things, whereas cities must provide those services. Charter townships can
opt to use county-wide services instead, such as deputies from the county sheriff's office
instead of a home-based force of ordinance officers.

Geography of Michigan
Michigan consists of two peninsulas separated by the Straits of Mackinac. The 45th
parallel north runs through the state, marked by highway signs and the Polar-Equator
Trai along a line including Mission Point Light near Traverse City, the towns of Gaylord
and Alpena in the Lower Peninsula and Menominee in the Upper Peninsula. With the
exception of two tiny areas drained by the Mississippi River by way of the Wisconsin
River in the Upper Peninsula and by way of the Kankakee-Illinois River in the Lower
Peninsula, Michigan is drained by the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence watershed and is the
only state with the majority of its land thus drained. No point in the state is more than six
miles (9.7 km) from a natural water source or more than 85 miles (137 km) from a Great
Lakes shoreline.

The Great Lakes that border Michigan from east to west are Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake
Michigan and Lake Superior. The state is bounded on the south by the states of Ohio and
Indiana, sharing land and water boundaries with both. Michigan's western boundaries are
almost entirely water boundaries, from south to north, with Illinois and Wisconsin in Lake
Michigan; then a land boundary with Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula, that is
principally demarcated by the Menominee and Montreal Rivers; then water boundaries
again, in Lake Superior, with Wisconsin and Minnesota to the west, capped around by
the Canadian province of Ontario to the north and east.

The heavily forested Upper Peninsula is relatively mountainous in the west. The
Porcupine Mountains, which are part of one of the oldest mountain chains in the
world,[49] rise to an altitude of almost 2,000 feet (610 m) above sea level and form the
watershed between the streams flowing into Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. The
surface on either side of this range is rugged. The state's highest point, in the Huron
Mountains northwest of Marquette, is Mount Arvon at 1,979 feet (603 m). The peninsula is
as large as Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island combined but has
fewer than 330,000 inhabitants. They are sometimes called "Yoopers" (from "U.P.'ers"),
and their speech (the "Yooper dialect") has been heavily influenced by the numerous
Scandinavian and Canadian immigrants who settled the area during the lumbering and
mining boom of the late 19th century.

The Lower Peninsula is shaped like a mitten and many residents hold up a hand to depict
where they are from.[4] It is 277 miles (446 km) long from north to south and 195 miles
(314 km) from east to west and occupies nearly two-thirds of the state's land area. The
surface of the peninsula is generally level, broken by conical hills and glacial moraines
usually not more than a few hundred feet tall. It is divided by a low water divide running
north and south. The larger portion of the state is on the west of this and gradually
slopes toward Lake Michigan. The highest point in the Lower Peninsula is either Briar Hill
at 1,705 feet (520 m), or one of several points nearby in the vicinity of Cadillac. The
lowest point is the surface of Lake Erie at 571 feet (174 m).

The geographic orientation of Michigan's peninsulas makes for a long distance between
the ends of the state. Ironwood, in the far western Upper Peninsula, lies 630 miles (1,010
kilometers) by highway from Lambertville in the Lower Peninsula's southeastern corner.
The geographic isolation of the Upper Peninsula from Michigan's political and population
centers makes the U.P. culturally and economically distinct. Occasionally U.P. residents
have called for secession from Michigan and establishment as a new state to be called
"Superior".

A feature of Michigan that gives it the distinct shape of a mitten is the Thumb. This
peninsula projects out into Lake Huron and the Saginaw Bay. The geography of the
Thumb is mainly flat with a few rolling hills. Other peninsulas of Michigan include the
Keweenaw Peninsula, making up the Copper Country region of the state. The Leelanau
Peninsula lies in the Northern Lower Michigan region.

Numerous lakes and marshes mark both peninsulas, and the coast is much indented.
Keweenaw Bay, Whitefish Bay, and the Big and Little Bays De Noc are the principal
indentations on the Upper Peninsula. The Grand and Little Traverse, Thunder, and
Saginaw bays indent the Lower Peninsula. Michigan has the second longest shoreline of
any state—3,288 miles (5,292 km), [5] including 1,056 miles (1,699 km) of island shoreline.

The state has numerous large islands, the principal ones being the North Manitou and
South Manitou, Beaver, and Fox groups in Lake Michigan; Isle Royale and Grande Isle in
Lake Superior; Marquette, Bois Blanc, and Mackinac islands in Lake Huron; and Neebish,
Sugar, and Drummond islands in St. Mary's River. Michigan has about 150 lighthouses,
the most of any U.S. state. The first lighthouses in Michigan were built between 1818 and
1822. They were built to project light at night and to serve as a landmark during the day
to safely guide the passenger ships and freighters traveling the Great Lakes. See
Lighthouses in the United States.
The state's rivers are generally small, short and shallow, and few are navigable. The
principal ones include the Detroit River, St. Marys River, and St. Clair River which
connect the Great Lakes; the Au Sable, Cheboygan, and Saginaw, which flow into Lake
Huron; the Ontonagon, and Tahquamenon, which flow into Lake Superior; and the St.
Joseph, Kalamazoo, Grand, Muskegon, Manistee, and Escanaba, which flow into Lake
Michigan. The state has 11,037 inland lakes—totaling 1,305 square miles (3,380 km2) of
inland water—in addition to 38,575 square miles (99,910 km2) of Great Lakes waters. No
point in Michigan is more than six miles (9.7 km) from an inland lake or more than 85
miles (137 km) from one of the Great Lakes. [6]

The state is home to several areas maintained by the National Park Service including:
Isle Royale National Park, in Lake Superior, about 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Thunder
Bay, Ontario. Other national protected areas in the state include: Keweenaw National
Historical Park, Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, Sleeping Bear Dunes National
Lakeshore, Huron National Forest, Manistee National Forest, Hiawatha National Forest,
Ottawa National Forest and Father Marquette National Memorial. The largest section of
the North Country National Scenic Trail passes through Michigan.

With 78 state parks, 19 state recreation areas, and six state forests, Michigan has the
largest state park and state forest system of any state. These parks and forests include
Holland State Park, Mackinac Island State Park, Au Sable State Forest, and Mackinaw
State Forest.

Marquette Park on Mackinac Island

 Michigan Mackinac Island

Tahquamenon Falls in the Upper Peninsula

Dearborn, Michigan
Dearborn is a city in the State of Michigan. It is located in Wayne County and is part of
the Detroit metropolitan area. Dearborn is the eighth largest city in the State of Michigan.
As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 98,153 and is home to the largest Muslim
population in the United States.[7] First settled in the late 18th century by ethnic French
farmers in a series of ribbon farms along the Rouge River and the Sauk Trail, the
community grew in the 19th century with the establishment of the Detroit Arsenal on the
Chicago Road linking Detroit and Chicago. In the 20th century, it developed as a major
manufacturing hub for the automotive industry.

Henry Ford was born on a farm here and later established an estate in Dearborn, as well
as his River Rouge Complex, the largest factory of his Ford empire. He developed mass
production of automobiles, and based the world headquarters of the Ford Motor
Company here. The city has a campus of the University of Michigan as well as Henry
Ford College. The Henry Ford, the United States' largest indoor-outdoor historic museum
complex and Metro Detroit's leading tourist attraction, is located here.[7][8]

Dearborn residents are Americans primarily of European or Middle Eastern ancestry,

many descendants of 19th and 20th-century immigrants. Because of new waves of
immigration from the Middle East in the late 20th century, the largest ethnic grouping is
now composed of descendants of various nationalities of that area: Christians from
Lebanon and Palestine, as well as Muslim immigrants from Syria, Iraq, and Yemen. The
primary European ethnicities, as identified by respondents to the census, are German,
Polish, Irish, and Italian.

Dearborn .. the capital of Arab Americans

An American city that includes the largest Arab gathering within the cities of the United
States, dubbed "the capital of the American auto industry," and it hosts the largest
mosque in North America, and the headquarters of Ford, which specializes in the
automotive industry.

Site
Dearborn is located in Wayne County, Michigan, in the northeastern United States, and is
a suburb of Detroit, the state's largest city, with an area of 63.45 square kilometers.
The River Rouge passes through it with a low waterfall, and there is Fordson Island in a
tributary of the Detroit River, and it was established in 1922 when a secondary trench
was dug to change the course of the River Rouge to increase mobility for shipping
purposes.

History
The colony was first established in 1786 after French farmers first settled in it in a series
of farms stretching between Detroit and Chicago along the Rivers Rouge and the Sock
Trail, then it later grew into a village in 1836, and then developed from 1927 to become A
city that embraces a center for the manufacture of cars, especially after Henry Ford
established the "Ford" company for cars.

Population
The population of the city is about 98 thousand, and includes races from Europe such as
Germany, Poland, Ireland and Italy, in addition to the Arab community, which represents
a third of the city's population, and most of its members come from Palestine, Lebanon,
Syria, Iraq, Egypt and Yemen, and the number of students of Arab origin in its schools
represents 80%. The white population in the city represents 89.1%, blacks of African
descent 4%, and 1.7% of Asians, in addition to the rest of the races.

the climate
It is dominated by a humid continental climate, and it rises 182 meters above sea level,
and the annual rainfall on it is 812 mm, in addition to the snow, which is 63.5 centimeters
per year, and the temperature in the summer reaches 30 degrees Celsius and 8 degrees
in the winter.

Economy
Dearborn's economy is focused mainly on the automotive industry, where it is home to
the headquarters of the "Ford" company, in addition to clothing companies, financial
services, insurance, and education. And it is ranked 83rd out of 100 American cities in
terms of the standard of living in the United States. The average household income in it
is 47 thousand dollars annually, and the unemployment rate in it is 5.6%.
Dearborn is one of the few municipalities in America that owns real estate in other cities
to support the city’s budget, including "Dearborn Towers" and a residential complex in
"Clearwater", Florida, which includes the University of Michigan and Henry Ford College.

Milestones
Dearborn includes the largest complex of America's Open Air Museum, as well as the
largest mosque in North America, in addition to churches of various denominations, and
cultural institutions, most notably the Arab American Museum, which is concerned with
documenting Arab immigration to the country, and Warren Street with its Arab
restaurants is one of its facades. Main.

Design homes in Dearborn

 Residents' homes decorated with Ramadan lights

References
1- "Carnegie Classifications Institution Lookup". carnegieclassifications.iu.edu. Center
for Postsecondary Education. Retrieved July 18, 2020.

2-Kozlowski, Kim (January 18, 2018). "What IS The Detroit News.

3-Michigan State President Resigns; US Olympic Committee Face Fallout of Larry Nassar
Sentencing". NBC Chicago. January 24, 2018.

4- "Saints' Rest: Early Campus Life at MSU". Archived from the original on June 13,
2007. Retrieved June 13, 2007. Michigan State University. Retrieved on March 5, 2008.

5- "Building Data Summary Archived April 27, 2015, at the Wayback Machine". MSU
Physical Plant. Retrieved February 18, 2010.

6- "Land Management Office Archived June 8, 2010, at the Wayback Machine". Michigan
State University Land Management Office. August 29, 2005. Retrieved March 5, 2008.

7- Population of Michigan Cities, Villages, Townships, and Remainders of Townships.

www.michigan.gov.

8- State of Michigan: MI Kids (2006).Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village