University of technology

Department of applied sciences

Classification of elements

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Student name :Taqwa Ali hashim

Grad :one /morning
Subject : chemistry

Supervisor : Dr. Yasmin Kadhm

INTRODUCTION:
Categorize the elements and include properties in the league

attempts to classify items for ease of studies

1 – The attempt of Berzelius. Berzelius divided the elements into Metals, not
metals

2 - 2- Newlands' Octa: Discovery of the periodic feature.

3 -3- Mendeleev's table and the periodic law When the Mendelva arranged an
upward arrangement by its atomic weights, found that physical and chemical
properties are repeated periodically .
Although his first periodic table contained a number of errors and weaknesses, his remarkable
predictions of the properties of several then unknown elements, together with his capacity to
adapt the table to new discoveries, slowly led to its general acceptance. The theory of atomic
structure slowly developed to a point where it could rationalise the structure of the table which
had, however, been established solely on the basis of experimental observations

4- Moseley Table (1913)

A) Mosley arranged the elements in ascending order according to their atomic

numbers

B) Amend the periodic law to become

If the elements arranged an upward arrangement at its atomic numbers, its physical
and chemical properties are repeated periodically

Long periodic table:

The idea behind the periodic table

Arrange the elements in ascending order according to their atomic
numbers in the table, in order to conform to the principle of construction
Upwcor (I.e. filling in the sub-levels of energy) because the sub-levels
are the true levels In the corn .
Description of the table:

1 - The schedule consists of seven horizontal sessions and 18 vertical groups There
are 8 vertical groups representing the A elements There are 10 vertical groups
representing the transition elements. The lanthanide and actinide chains are found
below the table .

2 - - The elements of the periodic table are divided into four categories

A) Class S items

1- It contains the elements whose external electrons are located in the sub-Level s

2 – include groups A1, A2 and Its electronic distribution is at the last power level
ns1 , ns2

3 - Turn to the left of the table

B) Class (p) elements

1- It contains the elements whose external electrons are located in the p sub-Level

2- It includes groups 3A to 7A and also group 0 (Inert gases) and its electronic

distribution at the last power level of np1to np6

3- It occupies the right of the table

C) Class (d) elements

1- Occupy the middle region in the table

2- It contains the elements whose outer electrons are located in the sub-level d

3- Includes transitional elements , and its recent electronic distribution n - 1d1

to n - 1d10

D) Class f elements

1- It is located at the bottom of the table

2- The sub-level f , which holds 14 electrons, continues to be full

3- It consists of two horizontal chains

1 lanthanides and their final distribution 4 f1 to 4f 14 and the actinides and their

Distribution 5f1 to 5f14

Types of items
1 - Noble elements (inert gases)
The group elements are zero - their last electronic installation ns2 np6 ,
except for heluim 1s2 , with all levels of energy in each of which is
completed, there is no complete energy level, which does not enter
chemical reactions in normal circumstances and molecules that are single
atoms
2 - Ideal elements

Class S element and p , except for inert gases and are characterized by full

levels of energy except for the last level and tend to reach the structure of the

nearest gas, which is in interaction by loss or acquisition of electron or participation

3 - - Main transitional elements, category D elements, where the sub-level is

followed and characterized by full levels of energy except other levels and are
divided into :

1 - The initial transition chain is followed by 3d1 - 10

2 - The second transition chain is followed by 4d1 - 10

3 - the third transition chain is followed by 5d1 - 10

4 - Internal transitional elements

They are the F-class elements where the sub-level is followed It is characterized by
full levels of energy except for the last three levels It is divided into :

• Lanthhanides - falls after the Linthanem component - which is on which the F4

level is followed 14. The latest equivalence of all these elements is NS2 so it is
very similar elements so that it is difficult to Separated so it call the ground
element and it is fulse name.

• Located after the actinide element The fullness of the sub-level continues f5

14 elements Radioactive elements because their nuclei are unstable

The arrangement of the elements in the periodic table

After discovering the energy levels, the structure of the atom, and the distribution of
electrons, the scientists arranged the elements in a periodic manner, this method
depends on filling the energy levels with the electron and the atomic number of the
element, resulting in the presence of similarities for the elements that are similar in
the same properties in terms of the number of electrons present in the internal
energy level

Properties of the elements in the periodic table

Metallic and nonmetallic properties
• The more we go in the periodic table from top to bottom, we find that the
metallic characteristic increases. If we search in group "1A", we will find that
cesium is the highest element in terms of metallicity, and lithium is the least.

As we go from left to right, we will find that the non-metallic property increases
while the metallic property gradually decreases.

Radius
• As the atomic number increases in vertical groups, we find that the radius of the
atom also increases, due to the addition of a new level of energy, which reduces
the force of attraction between the electrons of the last level and the nucleus

• As the atomic number increases and we turn to the right, we find that the radius
in the horizontal cycle decreases significantly, and this is due to the increase in
the charge inside the positive nucleus, and the increase in the force of attracting
electrons of the last level by the nucleus, so a decrease in the diameter of the
atom occurs

Ionization potential

When the atomic number increases in the horizontal rotations, the ionization
potential decreases, due to the decrease in the diameter of the atom and the
increased attraction of the valence electrons and the nucleus.

As the atomic number increases in vertical groups, we find that the ionization
potential decreases, due to the increase in the radius of the atom and the number
of levels.

Electronegativity

When the atomic number increases in the horizontal rotations, we find that the
electronegativity increases because the radius of the atom decreases, so the
attractive forces increase the effective charge of the nucleus.
 When the atomic number increases in vertical groups, we find that the
electronegativity decreases due to the increase in the radius of the atom, so the
attractive forces between the energy-filled levels and the nucleus are blocked.

References

1 - Book Chemistry Periodic Table

Authoring : Atef Khalifa
Publication year: 2014 m / 1435 h /
2 -
https://www.mosoah.com/science/chemistry/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8
%AB-%D8%B9%D9%86-
%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81-
%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1/

3 - The book Atlas of Chemistry authored by: Emad Al-Din Effendi

and the rest of Basma J.
Edition Number: Second Edition 2013 .
4. Johnson DA, Williams AF. The Gestation and Growth of the Periodic
Table. Chimia (Aarau). 2019;73(3):144-151. doi:10.2533/chimia.2019.144