1a) Introduction

The author is going to state trends of the periodic table on the following: Down the group
and Across the period.

Definition of terms:

Periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements according to atomic

number

A group is a vertical column in the periodic table

A periodic table is ahorizontal row in the periodic table

ii) Down the group

Elements in the same group contain the same number of electrons in the outer orbit, and in
most cases have similar chemical properties.

Elements within the same group tend to have a shared chemistry and exhibit a clear trend in
properties with increasing atomic number

d-block and F-block, horizontal similarities can be as important as or more pronounced than
vertical similarities

The groups are numbered numerically from 1-18 from left most column-the alkuli, metals to
the right most column the noble gases.

Elements in the same group tend to show patterns in atomic radius, ionisation energy and
electro negativity

From top to bottom in a group, the atomic radii of an atom increases

From the top each successive element has lower ionisation energy because it is easier to
remove an electron since atoms are less highly bound

Major periodic trends include electron negativity, ionization energy, electron affirib, atomic
radius, metallic character, ionic radius and reactivity

Periodic trends arise from the arrangement of elements in the periodic table and allow
chemists to quickly and reliably predict an element`s properties
Down the group

The electronegativity of an element decreases because the increased number of energy

levels puts the outer electrons very far away from the pull of the nucleus

Electro negativity increases as you move from left to right across a period on periodic table

Atoms in group 2: the alkaline earth metals as you move down from berlliun to radium, the
atomic radius increases as one moves down a group because of the increase in number and
size of the energy levels

The valence electrons in each atom are getting further and further away from the nucleus.

The nucleus has quite an effect on pulling those negative electrons in with its positive
charge.
Atoms are tiny and have valence shells close to the nucleus or atoms are large and have
valence shells a great distance from the nucleus.

The closer to the nucleus electrons can get, the more pull that nucleous will have so the
smaller atoms are going to pull in electrons a lot more easily than larger atoms.

Period

Elemets in the same period have the same number of electron shells moving acros a period
(so progressing from group to group)

Elements gain electrons and protons and become less metallic

Variation or physical properties across a period.

The physical properties of elements vary across a period mostly as a function of bonding.

As one moves from left to right across a period, the physical properties of elements change

One loose trend is tendency for elemental states to go from solid to liquid to gas across a
period

Groups 1 and 18 in the extreme cases

Group 1 elements are all solids and group 18 elements are all gases

Many of the changes in physical properties as one cross a period are due to the nature of
the bonding interactions that the elements undergo.

Elements on the left side of the period tend to form more ionic bonds

Those on the right side form more covalent bonds

The periodic table of elements has a total of 118 entries

Elements are arranged in a serioes of rows (periods) in order of etomic number so that
those with similar properties appear in vertical columns

Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells moving across the
period from group to group

Elements gain electrons and protons and become less metallic

Elements in the same period do not exhibit trends and similarities in properties

In d-block, trends across periods become significant and use F-block elemets show a high
degree of similarity across periods.

On the left side of the table elements such as lithium and beryllium are metallic solids
whereas on the right oxygen, nitrogen are all gases.

Elements like beryllium form metallic solids and elements to form covalet compound with
little intermolecular force holding them together. Hence elements tend to go from solids to
liquids to gases as we move across a given period though not strict trend.

As one moves across a period in the periodic table Period 2 elements such as lithium and
beryllium form ionic bonds

Moving across a period, elements such as boron, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen form covalent
bonds. All Group 1 metals form halides which are white solids at room temperature