PRE-HISTORIC HUMANS IN THE PHILIPPINES

TABON MAN CALLAO MAN

DAWN MAN
-THE FOSSILIZED DISCOVERED IN TABON CAVE, -THE FOSSILIZED DISCOVERED IN 2007 BY ARMAND -DR. HENRY OTLEY BEYER CALLED IT DAWN MAN
PALAWAN SALVADOR MIJARES IN CALLAO CAVE, CAGAYAN FOR APPEARED IN THE PHILIPPINES AT THE
DAWN TIME

NEGRITOS INDONESIANS MALAYS

- THEY ARE BELIEVED TO HAVE MIGRATED TO THE -THE FIRST IMMIGRANTS TO REACH YHE PHILIPPINES -THEY FOLLOWED IN SUCCESSIVE WAVES AFTER
PHILIPPINES ABOUT 25,000 YEARS AGO FROM BY SEA ABOUT 5,000 YEARS AGO THE INDONESIANS ABOUT 2,000 YEARS AGO
BORNEO, SUMATRA AND MALAYA DURING THE
LAST GLACIAL PERIOD.
FERDINAND MAGELLAN’S EXPEDITION OF 1521
The west “discovered” the Philippines
on March 16, 1521, when the Portuguese
navigator and explorer Ferdinand
Magellan headed the first Spanish
expedition to the Philippines. They
sighted the island of Homonhon, part of
what is now Samar. He was welcomed by
two Rajahs, Kolambu and Siagu. He
named the islands the Archipelago of San
Lazaro, erected a cross and claimed the
lands for Spain. Friendship developed
between the Rajas and a blood compact
was entered into by Magellan and Rajah
Kolambu. On March 31, 1521, the first
Christian mass on Philippine soil was conducted at Limasawa.
A short time later he met an untimely death on the nearby island of Mactan. In
a battle between Spanish soldiers and Lapu-Lapu’s (Datu of Mactan Island)
warriors, Magellan was killed on April 27, 1521.
RUY LOPEZ DE VILLALOBOS MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI
Four more expeditions
followed between 1525 and
1542. The commander of
the fourth expedition, Ruy
Lopez de Villalobos, named
the islands “Felipinas” in
honor of Prince Philip heir
to the Spanish throne
(Philip II 1556-1598).
The Philippines was not
formally organized as a
Spanish colony until 1565 when King Philip II appointed Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the
first Governor-General. Legazpi, who established the first permanent Spanish
settlement, in Cebu, in 1565 and later selected Manila for the capital of the colony in
1571 because of its fine natural harbour and the
rich lands surrounding the city.
For over 333 years, the Philippines was a crown colony of Spain. The foremost aim of
Spanish colonization was to spread Christianity. The second aim of the Spanish
colonizers was economic wealth. The third aim of Spanish colonization was political
grandeur, by acquiring the Philippines, Spain emerged as a mighty empire whose
frontier comprised both hemisphere.
 The Struggle of Filipinos for Independence

José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda  (June 19, 1861 –

December 30, 1896) was a  Filipino nationalist, novelist,
poet, ophthalmologist, journalist, and  revolutionary. He is widely
considered as one of the greatest  heroes  of the Philippines.  He was
the author of  Noli Me Tángere, El Filibusterismo, and a number of
poems and essays. He was executed on December 30, 1896 by a
squad of Filipino soldiers of the Spanish Army.

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro  (30 November 1863 – 10 May 1897)

was a Filipino nationalist  and revolutionary. He is often called "the
father of the Philippine Revolution". He was a founder and
later  Supremo ("supreme leader") of theKataas-taasan, Kagalang-
galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or simply and more
popularly called  Katipunan, a movement which sought the
independence of the  Philippines  from  Spanish colonial rule and
started the  Philippine Revolution. He is considered a  de
facto  national hero  of the Philippines, and is also considered by some
Filipino historians to be the first President of the Philippines (through the revolutionary
government he established), but officially he is not recognized as such.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
The Spanish-American war
which started in Cuba, changed
the history of the Philippines.
On May 1, 1898, the Americans
led by U.S. Navy Admiral George
Dewey, attacked the Spanish
Navy in Manila Bay, in
participation of Emilio
Aguinaldo who was urged by
Admiral Dewey to return to the
Philippines and once more lead
the Filipinos in their fight for
independence from the
Spaniards, this time with the
help of the United States. The
Spaniards faced with defeat, the Philippines was ceded to the United States by Spain in
1898 after a payment of US$ 20 million to Spain in accordance with the “Treaty of Paris”
ending the Spanish-American War.
 Emilio Famy Aguinaldo   (22 March 1869 – 6 February 1964) is the
First Revolutionary President of the Philippines  (1899-1901) and
led Philippine forces first against Spain in the latter part of
the Philippine Revolution (1896-1897), and then in the  Spanish-
American War (1898), and finally against the  United States  during
the Philippine-American War (1899-1901). He was captured in 1901.
In 1935 Aguinaldo ran unsuccessfully for president of the Philippine
Commonwealth against Manuel Quezon. After the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1941, he
cooperated with the new rulers, even making a radio appeal for the surrender of the American and
Filipino forces on Bataan. He was arrested as a collaborationist after the Americans returned but
was later freed in a general amnesty. He explained his action by saying, "I was just remembering
the fight I led. We were outnumbered, too, in constant retreat. I saw my own soldiers die without
affecting future events. To me that seemed to be what was happening on Bataan, and it seemed
like a good thing to stop." Philippine- American War
On June 12, 1898, Filipinos led by Emilio Aguinaldo declared
independence. This declaration was opposed by the U.S. who
had plans of taking over the colony. In defiance of the United
States, Aguinaldo established the First Philippine republic in
1899.
PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR
Armed confrontation
between Filipino and
American troops
started on the night
of February 4, 1899,
after an American
sentry on patrol shot
and killed a Filipino
soldier crossing the
San Juan Bridge, in
Sta. Mesa, Manila.
Despite Aguinaldo’s
attempt to evade a
full-scale war, the
Americans went
ahead with the
hostilities. Aguinaldo
had no other
recourse but to declare war against the Americans. Defeated on the battlefield, the
Filipinos turned to guerrilla warfare. On March 23, 1901, Aguinaldo was captured at
Palanan, Isabela and declared allegiance to the United States.
World War II and the Japanese Invasion

War came unexpectedly to the Philippines, on

December 8, 1941, Japan made a sneak attack on the Philippines, a few hours after
attacking the Pearl harbor, the air and naval base of the United States in the Pacific.
Japanese troops attacked the islands in many places and launched a pincer drive on
Manila. Aerial bombardment was followed by landings of ground troops in Luzon. The
defending Philippine and United States troops were under the command of General
Douglas MacArthur.

While the forces of Gen. Douglas MacArthur retreated to Bataan, the Commonwealth
government of President Quezon moved to Corregidor Island. Manila was declared an
open city to prevent further destruction. After the fall of Bataan on April 9, 1942 and
Corregidor, In March 1942, MacArthur & Quezon fled the country and by invitation of
President Roosevelt, the Commonwealth government went into exile to Washington
D.C. American and Filipino forces surrendered in May 6,
1942.
Manuel Luis Quezón y Molina  (August 19, 1878 –
August 1, 1944) served as president of
the  Commonwealth of the Philippines  from 1935 to
1944. He was the first Filipino to head a government
of the Philippines (as opposed to other historical
states), and is considered by most Filipinos to have
been the second  president of the Philippines,
after  Emilio Aguinaldo  (1897–1901).
Japan’s efforts to win Filipino loyalty found expression in the establishment (Oct. 14,
1943) of a “Philippine Republic,” with José P. Laurel, former Supreme Court justice, as
president. But the people suffered greatly from Japanese
brutality, and the puppet government added little
support.

José Paciano Laurel y García,  PLH  (March 9, 1891 –

November 6, 1959) was the president of the  Second
Philippine Republic, a Japanese  puppet state  when
occupied during World War II, from 1943 to 1945. Since the administration of
President  Diosdado Macapagal  (1961–1965), Laurel has been recognized as a
legitimate president of the Philippines.
Meanwhile, President Quezon, who had escaped with other high officials before the
country fell, set up a government-in-exile in Washington. When he died (Aug., 1944), In
October 1944, Gen. MacArthur with President Sergio Osmeña (who assumed the
presidency after Quezon died on August 1, 1944 in exile in Saranac Lake, New York)
returned and liberated the Philippines from the Japanese.

Sergio Osmeña,  PLH, better known

as  Sergio Osmeña, Sr.  (September
9, 1878 – October 19, 1961) was a
Filipino politician who served as
the  fourth  President of the
Philippines  from 1944 to 1946. He
was  Vice President  under  Manuel L.
Quezon, and succeeded as President
upon Quezon's sudden death in
1944, becoming the oldest
officeholder at age 65. A founder
of  Nacionalista Party, he was also the first  Visayan  to become President of the
Philippines.
Independent Philippines and the Third Republic
In April 1946, elections were held. Despite the fact that the Democratic Alliance won
the election, they were not allowed to take their seats under the pretext that force had
been used to manipulate the elections. The United States withdrew its sovereignty over
the Philippines on July 4, 1946, as scheduled.
Manuel Roxas (Liberal Party), having been inaugurated as President as scheduled, on
July 4, 1946 before the granting of independence, strengthened political and economic
ties with the United States in the controversial Philippine-US Trade Act, In Mar., 1947,
the Philippines and the United States signed a military assistance pact (since renewed)
which allowed the US to participate equally in the exploitation of the country’s natural
resources—and rented sites for 23 military bases to the US for 99 years (a later
agreement reduced the period to 25 years beginning 1967). These bases would later be
used to launch operations in the areas of Korea, China,
Vietnam, and Indonesia.

Manuel Acuña Roxas  (January 1, 1892 – April 15,

1948) was the fifth  President of the Philippines, the
last of theCommonwealth of the Philippines  and the
first of the sovereign  Third Philippine Republic. He
ruled as President from thePhilippines' independence from the  United States of
America  on 4 July 1946 until his abrupt death in 1948.

Elpidio Rivera Quirino  (November 16, 1890 –

February 29, 1956) was a  Filipino  politician, and
the sixth  President of the Philippines.

Ramón del Fierro Magsaysay  (August 31, 1907 –

March 17, 1957) was the seventh  President  of
the  Republic of the Philippines, serving from
December 30, 1953 until his death in a  1957
aircraft disaster. An automobile mechanic,
Magsaysay was appointed military governor of
Zambales after his outstanding service as a
guerilla leader during thePacific War. He then
served two terms as  Liberal Party  congressman
for  Zambales  before being appointed as Secretary
of National Defense by President  Elpidio Quirino.
He was elected President under the banner of the  Nacionalista Party. He was
the first Philippine President born during the 20th century.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE MODERN PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
Carlos P. Garcia (November 4, 1896- June 1, 1971) was
the eighth President of the Philippines. He presided over
eight months of Magsaysay’s remaining term and went
on to win the 1957 elections, “the noisiest and the most
expensive in Philippine History. He hailed from the
Talibon, Bohol. He finished his law studies at the
Philippine Law School in Manila.

Diosdado Pangan Macapagal  (September 28, 1910 –

April 21, 1997) was the  ninth  President of the
Philippines, serving from 1961 to 1965, and
the  sixth  Vice-President, serving from 1957 to 1961. He
also served as a member of theHouse of Representatives,
and headed the  Constitutional Convention of 1970. He is
the father of  Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, who was the
fourteenth President of the Philippines from 2001 to
 2010. In 1965, Diosdado Macapagal ran for reelection but was defeated by
former party-mate, Senate President Ferdinand E. Marcos.
 Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos, Sr.  (September
11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was a  Filipino  lawyer
and politician who served as  President of the
Philippines  from 1965 to 1986. Prior to assuming
office, he served as a member of the  Philippine House
of Representatives  from 1949 to 1959, a member of
the  Philippine Senate  from 1959 to 1965. He was
also  Senate President  from 1963 to 1965.
 In 1972 Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos declares martial law in response to
an alleged ‘Communist rebellion’ and assumes near-dictatorial powers. (September 21).
 In 1981, Marcos officially lifted the Martial Law after 8 years, However, he retained
much of the government’s power for arrest and detention.
 In 1983 Former Philippine senator & opposition leader
Benigno “Ninoy” S. Aquino, Jr., was assassinated at the Manila
International Airport upon his return to the Philippines after a
long period of exile, by an unknown gunman who is himself
immediately shot dead.
 In 1982-85, assassination of “Ninoy Aquino” encouraged a new and more powerful
wave of anti-Marcos dissent. This amalgamated popular dissatisfaction with Marcos and
 began a succession of events, including pressure from the United States that ended in a
snap presidential election
 In 1986,( February) snap presidential election was held, both Marcos and his
opponent, Corazon Aquino (the widow of Benigno), declared themselves the winner,
and charges of massive fraud and violence were leveled against the Marcos faction.
 People Power was held, Marcos’s domestic and international support battered and
he fled the country on Feb. 25, 1986, finally obtaining refuge in the United States.
 Maria Corazon Sumulong “Cory”
Cojuangco Aquino (January 25, 1933 – August 1,
2009) was a Filipina politician who served as the
11th President of the Philippines, the first woman to
hold that office, and the first female president in
Asia. She was the most prominent figure of the
1986 People Power Revolution. She was named
Time magazine’s “Woman of the Year” in 1986.
Fidel Valdez Ramos  AFP,  PLH,  GCMG  (born March 18, 1928),
popularly known as  FVR  and  Eddie, was
the  12thPresident of the Philippines  from 1992 to
1998. During his six years in office, Ramos was
 widely credited and admired by many for revitalizing and renewing international
confidence in the  Philippine economy.
 In the 1992 elections, Defense Secretary Fidel V. Ramos (Lakas-NUCD), authorized
by Aquino, won the presidency with just 23.6% of the vote in a field of seven candidates.
He immediately launched an economic revitalization plan premised on three policies:
government deregulation, increased private investment, and political solutions to the
continuing insurgencies within the country. His political program was somewhat
successful, opening dialogues with the Marxist and Muslim guerillas.
 Joseph Ejercito Estrada was born on April 19,
1937 at Tondo, Manila when his family moved to San
Juan, where he grew up. He changed his surname to
Estrada, after his father(a successful engineer)
objected his acting career. He was inaugurated as the
13th President of the Republic of the Philippines.

 In 1998 election, Vice President Joseph Estrada, a former movie actor, was elected
to the presidency with a landslide victory. Pledging to help the poor and develop the
agricultural sector. Under the cloud of the Asian financial crisis which began in 1997,
Estrada’s wayward governance took a heavy toll on the economy. Unemployment
worsened, the budget deficit grew, the currency fell. Eventually, the economy recovered
but at a much slower pace than its Asian neighbors.
 In 2000, Estrada Legislature impeaches Estrada on corruption charges. Public
outrage over corruption allegations forces Estrada to step down.
In 2001 January, the Supreme Court declared
the presidency vacant and swore in Vice
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as the
country’s fourteenth President.
 In 2004, Arroyo was elected to a full six-year term.




 In 2010, Benigno “Noynoy” Aquino was
elected President of the Philippines.
 SUBMITTED BY:
PAULANE R. NAVALTA
BEED-I
STUDENT

SUBMITTED TO:
MRS. ANNABEL P. MALICDEM
INSTRUCTOR