juk; 12,13

ngsjpftpay;

tpy;iyfspD}L xsp KwpT

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; - 3.9

Xd;W my;yJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Nfhs Nkw;gug;Gf;fshy; milf;fg;gl;l xspGftpL Clfk;
tpy;iy vdg;gLk;.
xU tpy;iyapd; jbg;G Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;fJ vdpy; mt;tpy;iy nky;ypa tpy;iy vdg;gLk;. ,q;F
nky;ypa tpy;iyfspD}lhd xsp KwpNt fUjg;gLfpwJ.
tpy;iyfs; mbg;gilapy; ,U tifg;gLk;.
1. xUf;F tpy;iy (FtpT tpy;iy)
2. tpup tpy;iy (FopT tpy;iy)

xUf;F tpy;iyfs;
1 2 3

4 5 6

xUf;F tpy;iyfs;

1. ,ul;ilf;FtpT tpy;iy
2. jsf; FtpT tpy;iy
3. FopTf; FtpT tpy;iy
4. ,ul;ilf; FopT tpy;iy
5. jsf; FopT tpy;iy
6. FtpTf; FopT tpy;iy

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

tisT ikak;
xU tpy;iyapd; ,U tis Nkw;gug;Gf;Fkhd ikak; mt; tpy;iyapd; tisT ikak; vdg;gLk;.

C1 C2 C1 C2

C1,C2 vd;gd tisT ikaq;fshFk;.

Kjyr;R my;yJ jiyik mr;R

tpy;iyapd; Nkw;gug;Gf;fspd; tisT ikaq;fis njhLf;Fk; NfhL tpy;iyapd; jiyik mr;R
my;yJ Kjyr;R vdg;gLk;.

Kjyr;R

C1 C2 C1 C2

Xspapay; ikak;
tpy;iynahd;wpd; ikak; xspapay; ikak; MFk;. mjhtJ tpy;iyapd; vg;Gs;spf;$lhfr;
nry;Yk; xspf;fjpu;fs; tpyfy; ,d;wpr; nry;YNkh mg;Gs;sp mt;tpy;iyapd; xspapay; ikak;
vdg;gLk;.

P P

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

jiyikf; Ftpak;
tpy;iyapd; Kjyr;Rf;F rkhe;jukhfTk; kpf mz;ikahfTk; tUk; xspf; fjpu;fs; tpy;iyapD}L
Kwptile;jgpd;du; jiyik mr;rpYs;s xU epiyahd Gs;spf;$lhfr; nry;Yk; my;yJ jiyik
mr;rpYs;s xU Gs;spapypUe;J tpuptile;J nry;tJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk; ,g;Gs;sp jiyikf;
Ftpak; (F) vdg;gLk;.
tpy;iy xd;Wf;F ,U jiyikf; Ftpaq;fs; ,U gf;fj;jpYk; ,Uf;Fk;.

F
F F F

f
f

Ftpaj;J}uk; (f)
tpy;iyapd; xspapay; ikaj;jpypUe;J jiyikf; Ftpaj;jpw;F cs;s J}uk; Ftpaj;J}uk;
vdg;gLk;.
tpy;iyapd; ,Ugf;fKk; xNu Clfk; ,Ug;gpd; xspapay; ikaj;jpypUe;J ,U gf;fq;fSf;Fk;
cupa jiyikf; Ftpaq;fSf;Fkhd Ftpaj;J}uq;fs; rkdhf ,Uf;Fk;.

Ftpaj;jsk;
jiyik mr;Rf;F nrq;Fj;jhd Ftpaq;fspD}lhd jsq;fs; Ftpaj;jsq;fs; vdg;gLk;.

Jiz mr;R
tpy;iyapd; xspapay; ikaj;jpw;$lhf tiuag;gLk; ve;j xU Neu; NfhLk; Jiz mr;R MFk;.
vdNt xU tpy;iyf;F vz;zw;w Jiz mr;Rf;fs; tiuayhk;.

Jizf;Ftpak;
Jiz mr;R xd;W Ftpaj;jsj;ijr; re;jpf;Fk; Gs;sp Jizf;Ftpak; vdg;gLk;.

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

Jiz mr;R

Jizf;Ftpak;

F F

Jiz mr;R

Ftpaj;jsk;

tpy; i yapd; Jiz mr; R f; F rkhe; j ukhfTk; kpf mz; i kahfTk; tUk; xspf; f jpu; f s;
tpy;iyapD}lhf Kwptile;j gpd;du; Jiz mr;rpYs;s xU Gs;spf;$lhfr; nry;Yk; my;yJ
Jiz mr;rpYs;s Gs;spapypUe;J tpuptile;J tUtJNghy; Njhd;Wk; mg;Gs;sp Jizf;Ftpak;
vdg;gLk;.

F
F

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

tpy;iyapy; tpk;gj;jpd; epiyiaf; fz;lwptjw;F trjpahd %d;W

fjpu;fspd; ghij

1. jiyik mr;Rf;Fr; rkhe;jukhf tUk; xspf;fjpu;fs; Ftpaj;jpD}lhfr; nry;Yk; my;yJ

Ftpaj;jpypUe;J tUtJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk;.

F F

2. Ftpaj;jpD}L nry;Yk; xspf;fjpu; my;yJ Ftpaj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; xspf;fjpu; jiyik

mr;Rf;Fr; rkhe;jukhfr; nry;Yk;

F F

3. xspapay; ikaj;jpD}lhfr; nry;Yk; xspf;fjpu; KwptilahJ nry;Yk;

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

FtpT tpy;iyapy; Njhd;Wk; tpk;gq;fs;

1. nghUs; Kbtpypapy;

2F F F 2F

cUr;rpWj;j jiyfPohd nka; tpk;gk; Ftpaj;jsj;jpy; Njhd;Wk;

gad;ghL - njhiyfhl;bapy; nghUspahf

2. nghUs; 2F ,w;F mg;ghy;

O 2F F F 2F

cUr;rpWj;j jiyfPohd nka; tpk;gk; F ,w;Fk; 2F ,w;Fk; ,ilapy; Njhd;Wk;

gad;ghL - fkuh> fz;

3. nghUs; 2F ,y;

2F F F 2F

nghUssthd jiyfPohd nka;tpk;gk; xd;W 2F ,y; Njhd;Wk;

gad;ghL - rkdhd gpujpfisg; ngw fnkuhtpy;

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

4.nghUs; 2F ,w;Fk; F ,w;Fk; ,ilapy;

2F F F 2F

jiyfPohd cUg;ngUj;j nka;tpk;gk; xd;W 2F ,w;F mg;ghy; Njhd;Wk;

gad;ghL - vwpitapy;> EZf;Ff;fhl;bapy; nghUspahf.

5. nghUs; F ,y;

O
2F F F 2F

cUg;ngUj;j tpk;gk; Kbtpypapy; Njhd;Wk;

gad;ghL - JUT tpsf;fpy;> xspg;nghl;by; ,Ue;J rkhe;ju xspf;fw;iwia cUthf;fy;

6. nghUs; F ,w;Fs;

I 2F F O F

epkpu;e;j cUg;ngUj;j khatpk;gk; xd;W nghUspUf;Fk; gf;fj;jpy; nghUSf;Fg; gpd;dhy; Njhd;Wk;.

gad;ghL - cUg;ngUf;Fk; fz;zhb> ePs;ghu;itf;FiwghL jpUj;Jtjw;F> xspapay; fUtpfspy;
ghu;itj;Jz;lhf

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

FopT tpy;iyapy; Njhd;Wk; tpk;gq;fs;

F I
2F

nghUs; vq;fpUe;j NghJk; cUr;rpWj;j kha tpk;gk; xd;W nghUSf;F Kd;dhy; Ftpaj;jpDs;
Njhd;Wk;.
gad;ghL - FWk;ghu;it Fiwghl;il eptu;j;jp nra;a rpy xspapay; fUtpfspy; ghu;itj;Jz;lhf
gad;gLk;.

tpy;iyr; R+j;jpuk; epWty; (Nfj;jpu fzpj Kiw)

njf;fhl;bd; Fwptof;F

J}uq;fs; ahTk; xspapay; ikaj;jpypUe;J jiyik mr;R topNa msf;fg;gLk;.

Xsp nry;Yk; jpirf;F vjpu; jpirapy; msf;fg;gLk; J}uq;fs; Neuhdit MFk;. Xsp nry;Yk;
jpirapy; msf;fg;gLk; J}uq;fs; kiwahditahFk;. ,f;Fwp tof;fpd; gb xUf;F tpy;iyapd;
Ftpaj;J]uk; (-) MfTk; tpuptpy;iyapd; Ftpaj;Jhuk; (+) MfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.

F F

f f

PF= +f PF= -f

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

V
X Z
X

F I Y

O
O F I v
F
Y U
U f

nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs;
nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs;
FIY
PIY
FPZ ,uz;Lk; ,ay;nghj;jit
POX ,uz;Lk; ,ay;nghj;jit
IF IY
 PI IY
PF PZ 
PO OX
IF h
 1            (1) PI h
PF h0  1            (2)
PO h0
(1), (2) ,y; ,Ue;J
PI IF

PO PF
FtpT tpy;iyf;F FopT tpy;iyf;F
PI PI  PF PI PF  PI
 
PO PF PO PF
PI PI PI PI
 1  1
PO PF PO PF
,U gf;fKk; PI My; gpupf;f ,U gf;fKk; PI My; gpupf;f
1 1 1 1 1 1
   
PO PF PI PO PI PF
Fwptof;fpd; gb Fwptof;fpd; gb
PI  v PI   v
PO  u PO  u
PF   f PF   f

1 1 1 1 1 1
   
u  f v u v f

1 1 1 1 1 1
   
v u f v u f

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

FtpT tpy;iyapy; khag;nghUSf;F nka; tpk;gk; cz;lhFjy;

I O
I khag;nghUs;

FtpT tpy;iyapy; xUq;F fw;iw gLk; NghJ khag;nghUSf;F nka; tpk;gk; cz;lhFk;.

1 1 1
 
v u f ,y;
Fwptof;fpd;gb

1 1 1
 
v u  f
 uf
v 0
f u

vdNt vy;yh khag;nghUSf;Fk; nka;tpk;gk; cz;lhFk;.

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

FopT tpy;iyapy; khag;nghUSf;F nka; tpk;gk; cz;lhFjy;

O
khag;nghUs;

1 1 1
 
v u f
Fwptof;fpd;gb

1 1 1
 
v u  f

fu
v 
u f

U < f vdpy; v < 0

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

U = f vdpy; v Kbtpyp

U
U=F

2f > u > f vdpy; v > 0

F O 2f
I

U=2f vdpy; v= -2f

2f 2f
F O
I

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

FopT tpy;iyapy; khag; nghUSf;F

nka;tpk;gk; MdJ khag;nghUshdJ
Ftpaj;jpw;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ kl;LNk
ngwg;gLk;.

FopT tpy;iyapy; khag;nghUSf;F nka;tpk;gk;

cUthfyhk;> kha tpk;gKk; cUthfyhk;.

FopT tpy;iyapy; nka;g;nghUSf;F vg;NghJk;

khatpk;gNk cUthFk;.

tpy;iyapy; cz;lhf;fg;gLk; tpk;gj;jpd; Vfgupkhz cUg;ngUf;fk;.

(Neu;Nfhl;L cUg;ngUf;fk;) [m]

A A

B
V
I
P
O O I
U
V

U
B

tpy;iyapy; cz;lhf;fg;gLk; tpk;g cauj;jpw;Fk;> nghUspd; cauj;jpw;Fk;

,ilahd tpfpjk; Vfgupkhz cUg;ngUf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

tpk;g cauk;
Vfgupkhz cUg;ngUf;fk; =
nghUspd; cauk;

hi IB
M  
ho OA
Δ fs;> OAP, IBP vd;gd ,ay;G xj;jit
IB PI V
  
OA PO U

hi V
M  
ho U

FtpT tpy; iyapy; nka; g; nghUspd; nka;

tpk; gj; ij jpiuapy; ngWtjw; F
nghUSf; F k; jpiuf; F k; ,ilg; g l; l
nghUSf;Fk; jpiuf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l ,opTj;
J}uk; d < 4f Mapd; nghUSf;Fk;
J}uj; j pd; ngWkjp tpy; i yapd; Ftpaj;
jpiuf;Fk; ,ilapy; tpy;iy
J}uj;jpd; ehd;F klq;fpw;Fr; rkdhFk;.
mirf;fg;gLk; NghJ tpy;iyapd; ve;j
epiyf;Fk; jpiuapy; njspthd tpk;gk; mjhtJ
cz;lhfhJ D min = 4f
|u| + |v| = 4f

ng h U Sf; F k ; jp iu f; Fk ; , il g; gl ; l
J}uk; d = 4f Mapd;
U=2f V=2f
nghUSf;Fk; jpiuf;Fk; ,ilapy;
tpy;iy mirf;fg;gLk; NghJ tpy;iyapd;
xNu xU epiyf;F kl;Lk; jpiuapy;
O
njspthd tpk;gk; cz;lhFk;. ,e;epiyapy;
nghUl; J}uk; = tpk;gj;J}uk; = 2f
Mf ,Uf;Fk;. jpiu

d=4f

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

nghUSf;Fk; jpiuf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l J}uk; d > 4f

vdpd; nghUSf;Fk; jpiuf;Fk; ,ilapy; tpy;iy
mirf;fg;gLk; NghJ tpy;iyapd; ,U
NtWNtwhd epiyfSf; F jpiuapy; njspthd
tpk;gk; cz;lhFk;.
xU epiyapy; cz;lhFk; tpk;gk;
cUr;rpWj;jjhfTk; kw;iwa epiyapy; cUthFk;
tpk; gk; cUg;ngUj; jjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk; . Kjyhk;
epiyapy; nghUl;J}uk; tpk; gj;J}uKk;
KiwNa ,uz;lhk; epiyapy; tpk;gj;J}uj;jpw;Fk;
nghUl;J}uj;jpw;Fk; rkdhFk;.

U V

U1=V V1=U
jpiu
d > 4f

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

FtpT tpy;iyapd; Ftpaj;J}uk; JzpAk; Kiwfs;.

jpiu tpy;iyapy; Njhd;Wk; O tpd; tpk;gk; I Ak; Crp

X ck; Nru;e;J Njhd;Wk; epiy.

f
O’
I
S

F F
O X
X >= D
O’

U V
jug;gl;l xUf;F tpy;iyapdhy; njhiytpYs;s nghUs; xd;wpd; tpk;gk; jpiu xd;wpd; kPJ Ftpar;
nra;ag;gl;L tpy;iyapd; mz;zsthd Ftpaj;J}uk; kjpg;gplg;gLk;.
gpd;du; tpy;iyia jhq;fpapd; cjtpAld; xspspay; thq;fpy; itf;f. gpd;du; mz;zsthd
Ftpaj;J}uj;jpw;F mg;ghy; thq;fpd; kPJ Xu; Crp O it itj;J tpy;iyapd; mr;rpy; epWj;jp
vjpu;gf;fj;jpw;F mg;ghy; jiyik mr;Rf;F nrq;Fj;jhf gf;f thl;by; fz;iz mirg;gjd; %yk;
Crp O’ ,d; EdpahdJ Crp O ,d; tpk;gj;jpd; EdpAld; rhu;gpaf;fk; ,d;wp mirAkhW
nrg;gQ;nra;ag;gLk;. ,e;epiyapy; Crp O ,w;Fk; tpy;iyf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l J}uk; U IAk; Crp
O’ ,w;Fk; tpy;iyf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l J}uk; tpk;gj;Jhuk; V iaAk; jUk;.
Crp O ,d; epiyia khw;wp khw;wp gupNrhjidia jpUk;g jpUk;gr; nra;tjd; %yk; ntt;NtW
nghUl;Jhuq;fSf;F xj;j tpk;gj;J}uq;fs; ngwg;gLk;.
nfhs;if
1 1 1
 
V U f
,y;
nka;nghUl; J}uq;fs; (+) MfTk;> nka; tpk;gj;Jhuq;fs; (-) MfTk; fUjg;gbd;

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

1 1 1
 1  
V U  f
1
V
Y = MX + C 1
U

tiugpd; ntl;Lj;Jz;L C vdpy;

1
c 
f
1
f  C
c
1
Ftpaj;J}uk; =
ntl;Lj;Jz;L

vd;gjpypUe;J tpy;iyapd; Ftpaj;J}uk; ngwg;gLk;.

Note:
nghUe; Jifia mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ Vida nghUl; fspy; ,Ue;J tUk; fjpu; fshy; Vw; gLk;
,ilA+iw jtpu; j; J > nghUj; J ifia njspthf mtjhdpf; f O ,w; F gpd; dhy; jpiu S
itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

nka;g;nghUspd; khatpk;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp tpy;iyapd; Ftpaj;J}uk; Jzpjy;.

Crp O’ ,d; jsthbapdhy; Md

jsthb

S
O’
I O M

Crp O ,d; tpy;iyahy; Md U

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

glj; j py; fhl; b athW Ftpaj; j pw; F s; Crp O it epiy epWj; j p vjpu; g ; g f; f j; j pw; F
jsthbiaAk; itj; J Crp O’ I mirj; J jsthbapy; Njhd; Wk; mjd; tpk; g Kk;
tpy;iyapd; Kwptpdhy; Md Crp O ,d; tpk;gKk; rhu;gpaf;fkpd;wp Nru;e;J mirAk; epiy
ngwg;gLk;.
Crp O ,d; epiyia khw;Wtjd; %yk; gupNrhjidia jpUk;gj; jpUk;gr; nra;J ntt;NtW
nghUl;fSf;F xj;j kha tpk;gj; J}uq;fs; msf;fg;gLk;.
FtpT tpy;iyf;F
U = PO
V=PI
= MI—PM
= MO’ - PM

1 1 1
 
V U f ,y;

nka;g;nghUs; J}uKk;> kha tpk;gj; J}uKk; Neu; (+) Mff; nfhs;sg;gbd;

1 1 1
 1  
V U  f
1
V
Y = MX + C

450
tiugpd; ntl;Lj;Jz;L C vdpy;
1
1 U
c 
f
1
f 
c C

1
Ftpaj;J}uk; =
ntl;Lj;Jz;L

vd;gjpypUe;J tpy;iyapd; Ftpaj;J}uk; ngwg;gLk;.

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

Kiw 2

O’
O

V
O ,d; tpk;gj;ij tpy;iyapd; Nkyhf ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;L Crp O’ ,d; tpy;iyf;F Nkyhfj; njupAk;
gFjpahdJ rhu;gpaf;fkpd;wp Nru;e;J mirAk; epiy Crp O’ I mirj;Jg; ngwg;gLk;.
,e; epiyapy;
PO = U
PO’=V

Note-
,q; F nka; g ; n ghUs; f Sk; > nka; tpk; g q; f Sk; > nka; g ; n ghUl; f Sk; kha tpk; g q; f Sk;
gupNrhjidf; f hf fUjg; g l; L s; s d. Njitg; g bd; khag; n ghUs; nka; tpk; g q; f Sf; F k;
gupNrhjidia Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

1
V nka;g;nghUs;
kha
tpk;gq;fSf;F

1
U
nka;g;nghUs;
nka;
khag;nghUs; tpk;gq;fSf;F
nka;
tpk;gq;fSf;F

%d;W re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; tiuG xNu Neu;Nfhl;bd; gFjpfshf mikfpd;wJ. ve;j xU tiugpd;

ntl;Lj;Jz;bd; %yk; f If; fhzyhk;.

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

Ftpaj;J}uk; fhZk; NtW Kiwfs;

1. nka;g;nghUs;> nka;tpk;gq;fSf;fhf U,V,f Mfpa vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Fwptof;ifg; gpuNahfpj;jy;.

1 1 1
  1
v u f V
1 1 1
 
v u  f
1 1 1
 1. 
v u f
1
ntl;Lj;Jz;L c 
f 1
U

2. U,V,f Mfpa vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Fwptof;fpd; gb FwpaPLfis ,Lk; NghJ

uv
1 1 1
 
v u  f

UV= f (U+V)

Y = mx

Tiugpd; gbj;jpwd; > m=f uv

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

FopT tpy;iyapd; Ftpaj;J}uk; Jzpjy;

Crp O tpd; tpk;gk;

P
S
Crp O F I M
Crp O’

Crp O’ ,d; tpk;gk;

V Y X

U
glj;jpy; fhl;bathW cgfuz mikg;ig xOw;F nra;J Crp O ,d; tpy;iyapd; Kwptpdhy;
Md tpk;gKk; Crp O’ ,d; jsthbapd; njwpg;gpdhy; Md tpk;gKk; rhu;gpaf;fk; ,d;wpg;
nghUe;JkhW Crp O’ I mirj;J nrg;gd; nra;f.
PO, MO’, PM vd;gtw;iw msf;f
FopT tpy;iyf;F
nghUl;J}uk; u = PO
tpk;gj; J}uk;
V = PI
=MI - PM
= MO’ - PM
=x– y

Crp O ,d; epiyia khw;Wtjd; %yk; gupNrhjid jpUk;gj; jpUk;gj; nra;ag;gl;L ntt;NtW
nghUl;J}uk; U ,w;F xj;j tpk;gj;J}uk; V ,d; ngWkjpfs; ngwg;gLk;.
,y;
1
V
1 1 1
 
V U f Fwptof;fpd; gb 1 1 1
 
v u  f
C
1 1 1
 1. 
v u f 1
1 U
ntl;Lj;Jz;L c 
f

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

tpy;iyapd; tY

tpy;iy xd;wpd; Ftpaj;J}uj;jpd; epfu;khW ngWkhdk; mjd; tY vdg;gLk;.

1
tpy;iyapd; tY =
Ftpaj;J}uk;

1
P
f

Ftpaj;J}uk; f MdJ kPw;wupy; nfhLf;fg;gLk; me;j tifapy; tY P apd; myF lNahg;ju;

(DIOPTER) (D) vdg;gLk;.
tYTf;fhd Fwp tof;F
tYTf;fhd Fwptof;F ru;tNjr uPjpahdJ. xUf;F tpy;iyapd; tY Neu; MFk;. Tpuptpy;iyapd;
tY kiw MFk;.

tpy;iyfspd; Nru;khdk;.
nky;ypa ,U tpy;iyfs; njhLifapy; cs;s NghJ

f1 f2

O I I’

V
U
V’

U
V

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

KjyhtJ tpy;iyf;F

,uz;lhtJ tpy;iyf;F

Nru;khd tpy;iyf;F
1
f

%d;W nky;ypa tpy;iyfs; njhLifapy;

Note :-

tif 01 f1= (-) f2= (-)

,uz;L FtpT tpy;iyfs; njhLifapy; ,Ug;gpd; Nru;khd tpy;iy FtpT tpy;iyahfj;

njhopw;gLk;

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

tif 02 f1= (-) f2= (+)

vd;f

Nru;khd tpy;iy FopT tpy;iyahFk;

tif 03
f1= (-) f2= (+)
vd;f

Nru;khd tpy;iy FtpT tpy;iyahFk;

Nru; khd tpy; iy FtpT tpy; iyahfj; njhopw;gLtjw; F FopT tpy; iyapd; Ftpaj; J}uk; FtpT
tpy;iyapd; Ftpaj; J}uj;jpYk; $lthf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

Note :-

P = P1+P2

Nru;khd tpy;iyapd; tY ,U tpy;iyfspd; tYf;fspd; $l;Lj;njhiff;Fr; rkdhFk;.

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

1. 30cm Ftpa ePsKila Ftptpy;iyapd; Kd; xU nghUis itj;jNghJ Kk;klq;F

cUngUj;j cz;iktpk;gk; ngwg;gl;lJ vdpd; nghUspd; epiyiaf; fhz;f.

2. 40cm FtpePKila Ftptpy;iyapd; Kd; xUnghUis itj;jNghJ 4 klq;F cUg;ngUj;j kha

tpk;gk; ngwg;gl;lJ vdpd; nghUspd; epiyiaf; fhz;f..

3. f Ftpa ePsKila FtpTtpy;iy xd;wpd; Kd; A vd;Dk; Gs;spapy; xU nghUs; itf;fg;gl m

klq;F cUg;ngUj;j epkpHj;j tpk;gk; cUthfpaJ. Kjyr;rpy; B vd;Dk; Gs;spapy; nghUs;

itf;fg;gl;l NghJ m klq;F cUg;ngUj;j jiyfPohd tpk;gk; cUthfpaJ. AB = 2f/m

vdf;fhl;Lf.

4. 30cm Ftpa ePsKila Ftptpy;iy xd;wpd; jiyik mr;R topNa 10cm ePskhd Nfhy; xd;W

itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nfhypd; fpl;ba Kid tpy;iyapypUe;J 40cm J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ cz;lhFk;

tpk;gj;jpd; ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.

5. 6D tYTila Ftptpy;iy xd;wpypUe;J 20cm J}uj;jpy; nghUs; xd;W itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

tpk;gj;jpd; gf;fj;jpy; tpy;iyapypUe;J 30cm J}uj;jpy; Foptpy;iy xd;W itf;fg;gl;lNghJ

tpk;gk; 60cm J}uj;jhy; efHe;jJ. Foptpy;iyapd; tYitf; fhz;f.

6. FtpT tpy;iy xd;wpd; Kd; xU nghUis itj;jNghJ Kk;klq;F cUg;ngUj;j tpk;gk;

jpiuapy; ngwg;gl;lJ. tpy;iy epiyahf ,Uf;f nghUSk; jpiuAk; mirf;fg;gl;lNghJ xU

epiyapy; 5 klq;F cUg;ngUj;j tpk;gk; jpiuapy; ngwg;gl;lJ. jpiuia efHj;jpa J}uk; 60cm

vdpd; tpy;iyapd; Ftpa ePsk;> nghUs; efHe;j J}uk; Mfpatw;iwf; fhz;f.

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

7. ePH Nkw;gug;gpypUe;J 0.4m Moj;jpy; xU nghUs; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ePH Nkw;gug;gpw;F Nky;

0.2m ,y; 10cm Ftpa ePsKila Ftptpy;iy cs;sJ. tpy;iyapD}L mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ

Njhd;Wk; tpk;gj; J}uj;ij fhz;f. (ePhpd; KwpTr; Rl;b = 4/3)

8. 20cm Ftpa ePsKila Ftptpy;iy xd;Wk; mNj Ftpa ePsKila FtpT tpy;iy xd;Wk;

xur;rhf 50cm ,ilj;J}uj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. FtpTtpy;iyf;F Kd;dhy; 30cm xU nghUs;

itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ ,Utpy;iyfspdhYk; cz;lhFk; ,Wjp tpk;g epiyiaf; fhz;f. (tpk;gk;

cUthFtijf;fhl;Lk; fjpHg;glk; tiuf.)

9. 15cm Ftpa ePsKila FtpT tpy;iyAk;> 40cm Ftpa ePsKila FtpT tpy;iyAk; xur;rhf

80cm ,ilj;J}uj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. KjyhtJ tpy;iyf;F Kd;dhy; 20cm ,y; xU

nghUs; cs;sJ vdpd;

1. cz;lhFk; ,Wjp tpk;g epiyiaf; fhz;f

2. nghUspd; cauk; 4mm vdpd; ,Wjptpk;g cauj;ijf; fhz;f.

3. tpk;gk; cUthtijf;fhl;Lk; fjpHg;glk; tiuf.

4. tpk;gj;jpd; ,ay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

10. 6cm,6cm,12cm Ftpa ePsq;fis cila A,B,C vd;Dk; %d;W tpy;iyfs; glj;jpy; fhl;bathW

itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. A ,d; Kd;dhy; jiyik mr;rpy; 24cm J}uj;jpy; xU nghUs; O

itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
A B C

24cm
4cm 6cm

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

a)

1. A apdhy; cz;lhf;fg;gLk; tpk;gj;J}uk;> cUg;ngUf;fk;

2. B apdhy; cz;lhf;fg;gLk; tpk;gj;J}uk;> cUg;ngUf;fk;

3. C apdhy; cz;lhf;fg;gLk; tpk;gj;J}uk;> cUg;ngUf;fk;

vd;gtw;iwf; fz;L tpisAs; cUg;ngUf;fj;ijf; fhdz;f.

b) tpk;gk; cUthFtijf;fhl;Lk; fjpHg;glk; tiuf.

11. jsthb Kd; 15cm J}uj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;l 30cm Ftpa ePsKila FtpT tpy;iyapd;

Kd;dhy; glj;jpy; fhl;bathW 15cm J}uj;jpy; xU nghUs; OA itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhFjpahy;

cz;lhf;fg;gLk; ,Wjptpk;g epiyiaf; fz;L> mij fjpHthpg;gl%yk; fhl;Lf.

f=30cm

15cm
15cm

12. glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s 10cm Ftpa ePsKila FopT tpy;iyapy; gLk; fjpUf;Fhpa khag;

nghUs; O MFk; .gpd;tUk; xt;nthU re;jHg;gj;jpYk; tpk;gj;J}uj;ijAk; cUg;ngUf;fj;ijAk;

fzpj;J mtw;Wf;fhd fjpH thpg;glq;fis tiuf.

I. op= 5cm II. OP=10cm III. OP=15cm IV. Op= 20cm V. OP= 30cm

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)
 juk; 12,13

13. 6cm Ftpa ePsKila FtpT tpy;iy xd;wpypUe;J 12cm J}uj;jpy; nghUs; xd;W itf;fg;gl;L

mjd; tpk;gk; ngwg;gl;lJ. 6cm jbg;Gs;s fz;zhbf; Fw;wpnahd;W nghUSf;Fk;

tpy;iyf;FkpilNa itf;fg;gbd; tpk;gj;jpd; epiyapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;ijf; fhz;f.

14. xt;nthd;Wk; 20cm Ftpa ePsk; nfhz;l ,U nky;ypa FtpT tpy;iyfs; xd;whf nghUs;

xd;wpypUe;J 15cm ,y; itf;fg;gbd; NrHkhd tpy;iyahy; Md tpk;gk; nghUspypUe;J

vt;tsT J}uj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;?

15. xspH nghUs; xd;W jpiunahd;wpypUe;J 50cm ,y; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtw;Wf;fpilNa FtpT

tpy;iy xd;W itf;fg;gl;L nghUspd; njspthd tpk;gk; jpiuapy; ngwg;gl;lJ. tpy;iyia

NkYk; 30cm My; efHj;jpa NghJ kPz;Lk; nghUspd; njspthd tpk;gk; ngwg;gl;lJ.

tpy;iyapd; Ftpaj; J}uk;> ,Utpk;gq;fspdJk; cauq;fspd; tpfpjk; Mfpatw;iwf; fhz;f.

njhFg;G - jpU.T.nre;jpy; Fkud;, ngsjpftpay; MrpupaH (ah/nfhf;Ftpy; ,e;J fy;Y}up> aho;gg

; hzk;)
fzdp tbtikg;G - jpU. k.fPjd;uhI;> j.njh.njh Mrpupau; (kd;/rpj;jptpehafu; ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up Njrpa ghlrhiy> kd;dhu;)