In direct speech ‘Oh!, Alas!, Oh God!, For God's sake!, Hurrah!, Bravo!, Wow!’ convert into ---- exclaimed or cried in sorrow, expressed with joy, yelled in surprise/ amazement, declared enthusiastically, exclaimed in anxiety, suspicion, welcomed warmly, etc. in the direct speech. Direct Speech: “Hurrah! I have topped again,” said he. Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with joy that he had topped again. Instructor: Aamir MaharSaad said to Saleh, “Lots of people will be willing to help you.” Saad assured Saleh that lots of people would be willing to help him, In Future tense, only “will” changes into “would” and “shall” into “should or would” She said, “He will go there.” She said that he would go there, He said, “We cannot be quite happy in this life.” He said that we cannot be quite happy in this life. He reminded me, “When the cat is away, the mice play.” He reminded me that when the cat is away, the mice play. Model verbs; Must --— Have/has / had + to May -~-- Might Can --- Could Has/ Have to --- Had to Rules for the change of nearness of time and place Direct Speech ----- Indirect Speech. This or these That or those Instructor: Aamir MaharRule: Verb ‘let’ show proposals. Abeera said to Anam, “Let’s go somewhere.” Abeera proposed or suggested Anam that they should go somewhere. Direct Speech: Aisha said to her«uncle, “Let me go home now as it is getting dark.” Indirect Speech: Aisha requested her uncle to let her go home them as it was getting dark. Here. ‘let’ gives meaning ‘to allow’. Transformation of Exclamatory Sentence into Indirect Speech: Rule: The reporting verb ‘said’ --- exclaimed, wished, prayed, blessed, cried, thanked, welcomed, etc. Direct Speech: “Many happy returns of the day,” we said to the birthday girl, Maria. Indirect Speech: We wished the birthday girl, Maria, many happy returns of the day. Instructor: Aamir MaharDirect Speech: Zuber said to his boss, “Sir, please do grant me two months’ salary in advance.” Indirect Speech: Zuber requested his boss to grant him two months’ salary in advance. Direct Speech: I said to my teacher, “Miss Amna, please attend the class.” Indirect Speech: I requested my teacher, Miss Amna, to attend the class. Direct Speech: “Leave the room at once and do not show me your face,” said the Boss angrily to the peon. Indirect Speech: The boss angrily ordered the peon to leave the room at once and not to show him his face. Instructor: Aamir MaharUniversal truth Scientific fact speech Proverbs Habitual facts. Present Continuous Tense -- Past Continuous. Present Perfect Tense -- Past Perfect Tense Present Perfect Cont. Tense -- Past Perfect Cont. Tense Mahnoor said, “You came very early.” Mahnoor said that I had come very early. Simple Past Tense --- Past Perfect Tense Past Cont. Tense --= Past Perfect Cont. Tense Past Perfect Tense --- No change Past Perfect Cont. Tense —-- No change. Saad said, “I had gone to the market.” Saad said that he had gone to the market. Said ---- No object in the Reporting Verb Told ---- Object in the Reporting Verb Replacement: Added, Assured, Objected, Reminded, Admitted, Argued, Remarkedd, Condemned, Complained, Pointed out, Replied, Answered, Promised, Explained, Confessed, Consoled, etc. Instructor; Aamir MaharDirect Speech: She said to me, “What can I do for you, dear?” Indirect Speech: She asked me affectionately what she could do for me. Adverbs like: Angrily, politely, anxiously, greedily, affectionately, cunningly, hurriedly, cordially, happily, sincerely, etc. Transformation of Imperative Sentence into Indirect Speech: Rule: The reporting verb ‘Said’ ---- told, ordered, begged, forbids, warned, urged, requested, pleaded, invited, advised, commanded, reminded, discouraged, asked (polite request), encouraged, scolded, suggested, etc. Direct Speech: The father said to his unsuccessful son, “Don’t worry, everything will be fine.” Indirect Speech: The father encouraged his unsuccessful son not to worry as everything would be fine. Instructor: Aamir MaharNarration - 2 Transformation of Interrogative Sentences in Indirect Speech: Rule 1: The reporting verb ‘Said’ — asked, inquired of, demand of, wondered, wantedita know. Direct Speech: I went to the old manandisaid, "Who are you and why are you sitting here?”, Indirect Speech: I went to the old: manand asked/ enquired of him/ demanded of him/ wanted to know who (he) was and why he was sitting there. Wh Qs —— Who, Whal, When, Where, How, etc We don’t use conjtinction ‘that’ to replace comma, Direct Speech: | said to Abeera, “Aren't you afraid of going out alone in the dark?”. Indirect Speech: Tasked Abeera if she wasn’t afraid of going out alone in the dark. Ténse Interrogative (Yes or No Qs) -—- If, Whether Instructor: Aamir MaharNARRATION —-I Reported Speech Direct speech Reported speech (Actual words of speaker are quoted) (Words of speaker are reported) Example: He said to me, “How are you?” Direct speech + + — Reporting verb reported speech He asked me how I was. Indirect/Reported speech a Steps to change direct speech into reported speech: 1- Change the reporting verb-according to type of sentence of reported speech. 2+ Remove commas- use conjunction- according to type of sentence of reported speech. 3+ Change the verb of reported speech- according to tense of reporting verb. 4- Change the personal pronouns in reported speech $- Always use full stop (.) at the end. My teacher said, “It is time to go away.” Reporting verb Reported Speech My teacher ~ that it was time to go away. Personal Pronouns First person | ----- 1, We Subject. Second person ------ You Object Third person -—--He, she, any name, it , they. No change. Short code ==== SON. Instructor: Aamir MaharDirect : He says to me, “You are tired.” Indirect: He says to me that I am tired. Or He tells me that I am tired. Three Things to keep in mind while converting from Direct speech to Indirect speech. 1. Change of Tense 2. Change of Personal Pronouns 3. Change of nearness of time and place, Rules for the change of Tense! Rule 1: Present or Future Tense in Direct speech -—-~ Unchanged (Indirect Speechy My friend will say, “You're always busy.” My friend will say that I am always busy. Rule 2; Past tense (direct speech) --- Change He said, “I go there.” He said (told) that he went there. Simple Present Tense -—- Simple Past Tense No change in case of: Instructor: Aamir Mahar