TRANSFORMERS

Prepared by :Safin Amin

1. INTRODUCTION
• As Faraday first law of induction stated that Any change
in the magnetic field of a coil of wire will cause an emf to
be induced in the coil.
• This emf induced is called induced emf
• The magnetic field produced by a coil will be as shown in
the first part of Fig. With the fluctuating nature of the
alternating current, the magnetic field associated with the
coil will also fluctuate.
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• 2.1 CORE
Core is constructed of cold rolled grain oriented sheet steel
laminations with a high magnetic permeability and a very
low no load loss.
Each lamination is insulated on each side with
magnesium-silicate-phosphate coating to reduce the eddy
current loss.
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• 2.2 WINDINGS
Windings consist of copper conductors and solid
insulation materials such as insulation paper, press board
and so on.
• We usually select copper conductors considering
transformer capacity, permissible current, temperature
rise limits and mechanical strength to withstand the
electromagnetic force
produced by a short circuit current without damage.
• In manufacturing transformers, the most suitable winding
method has to be employed according to the capacity,
voltage and tap range of each transformer.
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• 2.2 WINDINGS
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• 2.2 WINDINGS
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• 2.3 TAP CHANGERS
• Tap changers are used to modify the voltage ratio of a
transformer.
This can be done by adding or subtracting the tapping winding’s
turns from those of the main winding.
An on-load tap changer can change tap position when the
transformer is energized and carrying full load current.
A de_energized tap changer must only be operated when the
apparatus is isolated from the system.
Tap changers’ brands and models are indicated on their name
Plates,If tap voltage is to be known, it can be seen on
transformer name plate
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• 2.3 TAP CHANGERS
• Tap changers are used to modify the voltage ratio of a
transformer.
This can be done by adding or subtracting the tapping winding’s
turns from those of the main winding.
An on-load tap changer can change tap position when the
transformer is energized and carrying full load current.
A de_energized tap changer must only be operated when the
apparatus is isolated from the system.
Tap changers’ brands and models are indicated on their name
Plates,If tap voltage is to be known, it can be seen on
transformer name plate
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• 2.3 TAP CHANGERS
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2.4 TERMINALS
Getting transformer's windings terminal out of the main tank is
done by the bushing which is fixed on the cover.
Bushings are consisted of copper, exist conductor and porcelain insulator.
Generally DIN type insulators, which are fixed copper stud bolt,
are used for the 45 kV and under (45 kV) resistance limits.
Over 45 kV, condenser type bushings are used. Conductors are became
from an inserted metal pipes which are covered with a kind of
paper insulation.
Thereby homogeny voltage is provided between the conductor and
insulator by the conductor. Condenser bushing’s types depend on
a transmission line system and its type may be oil/air, oil/oil,
oil/SF6. Bushings may be protected with an oily/fatty or airy cable
box, if there is a customer requirement or an environmental
13 pollution where the transformer is used.
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2.4 TERMINALS
Getting transformer's windings terminal out of the main tank is
done by the bushing which is fixed on the cover.
Bushings are consisted of copper, exist conductor and porcelain insulator.
Generally DIN type insulators, which are fixed copper stud bolt,
are used for the 45 kV and under (45 kV) resistance limits.
Over 45 kV, condenser type bushings are used. Conductors are became
from an inserted metal pipes which are covered with a kind of
paper insulation.
Thereby homogeny voltage is provided between the conductor and
insulator by the conductor. Condenser bushing’s types depend on
a transmission line system and its type may be oil/air, oil/oil,
oil/SF6. Bushings may be protected with an oily/fatty or airy cable
box, if there is a customer requirement or an environmental
13 pollution where the transformer is used.
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2.5 MAIN TANK – COVER – CONSERVATOR
2.5.1 MAIN TANK
Protection of core and coil assembly in the transformer is very
important, especially in case of high voltage and large current
transformer.
While achieving the optimized size of transformer to suit the site
condition for installation, the main role of the tank is to protect the
core and coil assembly and the tank is manufactured to have
sufficient strength to withstand internal and external faults that
may occur during operation. Various ancillary devices such as
lifting lug, jack pad, pulling eye and skid base are designed and
provided on the tank so that the completely assembled transformer
14 unit can be moved in any direction without damage by using
rollers, plates or rails.
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2.5 MAIN TANK – COVER – CONSERVATOR
2.5.2 COVER
The active part assembly is mechanically affixed to the cover plate
with all connections made, and is processed prior to lowering and
locating into the tank.
2.5.3 CONSERVATOR
The conservator is an expansion vessel that provides fluid head for
the transformer and fittings, and accommodates the change in the
volume of fluid as its temperature fluctuates. The fluid volume
fluctuation may be due to either a change in ambient temperature
or a change in transformer loading.
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2.6 TRANSFORMER OIL
Transformer oils perform at least four functions for the
transformer.
- Oil provides insulation, provides cooling, and helps extinguish
arcs.
- Oil also dissolves gases generated by oil degradation, moisture
and gas from cellulose insulation, deterioration, and gases and
moisture from whatever atmosphere the oil is exposed to.
- Close observation of dissolved gases in the oil, and other oil
properties, provide the most valuable information about
transformer health.
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2.7 COOLING SYSTEM
Explanation Designation
1. First letter: Internal cooling medium in contact with the
Windings.
-O: Mineral oil or synthetic insulation liquid
-K: Insulating liquid
-L: Insulating liquid with no measurable fire point
2 Second letter: Circulation mechanism
-N: Natural convection flow through cooling equipment
-F: Forced circulation through cooling equipment
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2.7 COOLING SYSTEM
3. Third letter: External cooling ODWF
-A: Air, W: Water
4. Fourth letter: Circulation mechanism for external cooling
equipment
-N: Natural convection
-F: Forced circulation
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2.8 PROTECTION DEVICES
2.8.1 Oil Level Indicator
The oil level indicator is used for indicating the oil level in a
conservator and is usually installed on a removable end cover.
When the oil level reaches pre-set low or high positions,
mechanically actuated micro-switches will operate and send
alarm signals. The oil level indicator consist of an indicating dial,
a coupling magnet (or cam) to link the internal mechanism with
the indicating pointer, drive gear, a float connected to a lever arm
bar and micro switch.
When the float rises or falls with oil level change, it rotates the
arm which is connected to the drive gear. The drive gear has a
fixed gear ratio determined by the lever arm length, thus
converting up and down movement rotation. By means of a cam
or a coupling magnet the indicating pointer will also rotate.
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2.8 PROTECTION DEVICES
2.8.1 Oil Level Indicator
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2.8 PROTECTION DEVICES
2.8.2 Oil to Air Separator Bag
The function of the flexible fluid to air separator bag is to
reside within the transformer conservator allowing any
change in fluid volume due to fluid temperature
fluctuations, but by separating the fluid from the air,
protecting the fluid from any type of contamination or
external corrosive or aging agents, such as oxygen, ozone,
humidity etc.
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2.8 PROTECTION DEVICES
2.8.3 Bucholz Relay
The Bucholz relay is used for checking whether any
internally generated gas has been collected, or there is very
low oil level or there has been an oil flow surge due to a
serious fault in the transformer.
The Bucholz relay consists of enclosure, a terminal box,
two floats and one baffle, two permanent magnets and some
magnet contact tubes.
The Bucholz relay is installed in the pipework between the
transformer tank and the conservator and under normal
circumstances it remains completely filled with oil and the
buoyancy of the floats ensures that they maintain their
highest positions.
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2.8 PROTECTION DEVICES
2.8.3 Bucholz Relay
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2.8 PROTECTION DEVICES
2.8.4 Silikagel and Dehumidifier
Silikagel is a kind of material which takes moisture in the
damp air in the conservator. Silikagel is held together by
the case which is called dehumidifier. The particles in the
air are kept by filling the oil bottom of the dehumidifier.
Silikagel and dehumidifier are used in the conservator with
or without separator.
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2.8 PROTECTION DEVICES
2.8.5 Pressure Relief Device
Should there be an occurrence of a serious fault inside the
transformer, the energy of arc is of colossal proportions and
its peak is reached almost instantaneously.
Dissipation of this vast energy creates gases which give rise
to high pressures within the transformer tank since the
liquid inside is incompressible. Failure to release this
pressure could cause the tank to rupture, spill and spray hot
and burning oil over a large area including onto adjacent
personnel and/or equipment. A fast pressure build up
requires a fast acting device to relieve the pressure, and
having released it to reclose automatically to minimize the
loss of oil.
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2.8 PROTECTION DEVICES
2.8.5 Pressure Relief Device
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2.8 PROTECTION DEVICES
2.8.6 Safety Valve (Auto Shut-Off Valve)
The lowest oil level in the conservator will be higher than
the highest oil level in the main tank of the transformer. So
when there is a serious leakage from the tank, the oil will
flow from the conservator to replenish the oil that has
escaped from the transformer tank. In order to prevent such
a situation, a safety valve can be used. The usual design of
auto shut of valve has two separated oil cavities inside the
casing.
By detecting the differential pressure due to oil flow speed
in these two cavities, a float and a float arm is actuated, thus
driving a magnet which causes the valve to shut off.
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2.8 PROTECTION DEVICES
2.8.7 Oil and Winding Temperature Indicator
Hot oil moves to top of the main tank. Therefore the
devices, which measure changes of winding and oil
temperature, are at the top of the main tank. Winding
temperature thermometer shows the temperature by
simulating. The current, which coming from the current
transformer, gets through the parallel resistance system in
the SST. One of these resistances is fixed and the other one
may be calibrated by the potentiometer. In this way the
heating element becomes hot with calibrating the current,
which is passing above the static resistance. So winding
temperature is simulating by this way. Calibrating the
current, that is passing above the static resistance, makes
the heating element heat.
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2.8 PROTECTION DEVICES
2.8.7 Oil and Winding Temperature Indicator
Hot oil moves to top of the main tank. Therefore the
devices, which measure changes of winding and oil
temperature, are at the top of the main tank. Winding
temperature thermometer shows the temperature by
simulating. The current, which coming from the current
transformer, gets through the parallel resistance system in
the SST. One of these resistances is fixed and the other one
may be calibrated by the potentiometer. In this way the
heating element becomes hot with calibrating the current,
which is passing above the static resistance. So winding
temperature is simulating by this way. Calibrating the
current, that is passing above the static resistance, makes
the heating element heat.