DC/UPS System

Prepared by
Safin Amin
Introduction
 Introduction to DC/UPS system
 Major Components and their functions
 Understanding Power plant DC/UPS system
function and line diagram
 Operations work and familiarize with DC/UPS
system .
PURPOSE AND APPLICATIONS

 DC/UPS systems are classified as standby

or emergency power systems.
 the purpose of standby or emergency
power systems is to provide electrical power
for operation of critical functions and
equipment under the following conditions:
1-When the quality of the normal power
source becomes inadequate.
2- When the normal power source completely
fails.
1-When the quality of the normal
power source becomes inadequate?
The following are the typical types of
disturbances that can cause the quality of the
normal power source to become inadequate
and the causes of these disturbances:
1-Microsecond disturbances in the form of
transient under voltages and transient over
voltages that are caused by lightning and
switching surges in the utility system.
 1-When the quality of the normal power
source becomes inadequate?

2- Millisecond disturbances in the form of under

voltages of up to several cycles(50 ms) that are
caused by capacitor switching and transformer
energization in the utility system, by circuit
breaker trips or blown fuses in the facility, and
by cyclic facility loads such as welders.
3-Second disturbances in the form of under
voltages that are caused by feeder switching in
the utility system or by motor starting in the
facility.
 2- When the normal power
source completely fails.
 The following are the typical causes of
complete failure of normal power sources:
1- Transmission or distribution line failures
due to storms.
2- Vehicle accidents that result in downed lines.
3- Equipment failures in the utility system.
4- Equipment failures in the facility.
Categories of Loads Served by
DC/UPS Systems
 The loads on DC/UPS systems are
categorized in accordance with the potential
problems that loss of these loads can cause.
1- Life Threatening
2-Safety
3- Critical Equipment
Life Threatening
A load is categorized as life threatening if a
loss of power to the load is likely to cause a
loss of life. Most of the loads that fall into the
life threatening category are found
in hospitals and other medical facilities. The
following are typical examples of life
threatening loads:
Patient monitors ,Remote instrumentation
Heart and lung machines.
Safety
 A load is categorized as a safety load if, upon
a loss of power to the load, there is a
possibility of personal injury or equipment
damage. It is not necessary for a loss of
power to a safety load to cause an injury, but
the loss of power must increase the potential
for injury. The following are typical examples
of safety loads :lighting systems
Communications systems,Fire monitoring
and alarm systems, Portions of industrial
process control systems
Critical equipment
 A load is categorized as critical equipment if,
upon a loss of power, there is a necessity to
maintain the equipment in operation for a period
of time to allow for the controlled shutdown
of another piece of equipment. The following
are typical examples of loads that are categorized
as critical equipment:
 Auxiliary oil pumps, Breaker control power
Indication and status lights,Valve control power
supplies
Economics: When to Use a UPS System
and When Not to Use a UPS System

 The economics of installation of a UPS

system involves two categories of costs: the
total average annual cost of the UPS systems
and the total average annual cost of the
power outages that installation of a UPS
systems will prevent. If the total average
annual cost of the UPS system is proven to
be less than the total average annual cost of
the power outages that installation of the
UPS system will prevent, the need for the
UPS system is economically justified.
DC Systems
 A DC system is designed to continuously
provide direct current (DC) power to the
connected loads for normal operation and,
upon a loss of the normal source of power, to
provide DC power to the connected loads
for a specified period of time.
DC Systems
Major Components
1. The AC power sources
can be single-phase or three-phase power
sources that are able to supply 50Hz AC power .
The function of the AC power source is to
supply the input power to the battery charger at the
battery charger's rated voltage and frequency.
Major Components
2- Battery Charger
Is a device that receives AC input power from
the AC power source and that converts (rectifies)
this AC input to a regulated DC output.
The regulated DC output power is used for the
following purposes:
To supply power to the DC loads during
normal system operation, To maintain a float
charge on the battery during normal system
operation, To recharge the battery after a loss and
the subsequent return of the normal AC power
Major Components
3-Battery
The function of the battery is to convert
electrical energy into chemical energy during the
charge cycle and to convert the stored chemical
energy into electrical energy during the discharge
cycle. After a loss of the normal AC power source,
the battery will convert its stored chemical energy
into electrical energy to supply power to the
connected DC loads.
Major Components
3- DC Loads
The DC loads can be anything that operates on
DC power.
The functions of the DC loads are dependent on
the types of loads that are installed.
The functions of the DC loads are as follows :
1- The emergency lube oil pump maintains the
pressure in the lube oil system after a loss of the
normal lube oil pump.
Major Components
2- The emergency shutdown system supplies
power to the circuits that are required to allow a
safe and orderly shutdown of the facility.
3- The circuit breaker control power supplies the
necessary power to trip and to close circuit
breakers.
4- The facility alarms warn personnel of problems
that require attention.
5- The emergency lighting provides the illumination
that personnel require to perform a safe and
orderly shutdown of the facility and to locate the
Major Components
6- The motor-operated ESD valves operate to
control the flow of fluids through the process as
necessary to allow a safe and orderly shutdown of
the facility
UPS
 A UPS system is designed to provide a
continuous, transient-free supply of electrical
power to critical loads to protect these loads
from outages, surges, or dips in the normal AC
power that is supplied from the utility or from an
engine generator.
UPS
Major components
 AC Power Source
The function of the AC power source is to
supply the input power to the battery charger of the
UPS systems at the battery charger's rated voltage
and frequency.
The AC power source also must supply power,
through a separate circuit breaker, to the bypass
source at the required voltage and frequency.
Major components
 Battery Charger
The battery charger is a device that receives AC
input power from the AC power source and that
converts (rectifies) this AC input to a regulated DC
output.
The regulated DC output power is used for the
following purposes: To supply power to the inverter
during normal system operation , To maintain a
float-charge on the UPS battery during normal
system operation , To recharge the UPS battery
after a loss and the subsequent return of the
normal AC power source
Major components
 battery
The function of the battery is to convert
electrical energy into chemical energy during the
charge cycle and to convert the stored chemical
energy into electrical energy during the discharge
cycle. After a loss of the normal AC power source,
the battery will convert its stored chemical energy
into electrical energy to supply the inverter with the
required DC input so that the inverter can continue
to supply the critical AC loads
Major components
 Inverter
The function of the inverter of the UPS system is
to convert the DC input from the battery charger
or the battery to an AC sine wave output of the
correct voltage and frequency to supply the critical
AC loads.
Major components
 Static Switch
The function of the static switch is to
automatically connect the critical AC loads to the
output of the inverter during normal operation and,
if the inverter output becomes unsatisfactory, to
automatically transfer the critical AC loads from the
inverter output to the bypass source
Major components
 Static Switch
The function of the static switch is to
automatically connect the critical AC loads to the
output of the inverter during normal operation and,
if the inverter output becomes unsatisfactory, to
automatically transfer the critical AC loads from the
inverter output to the bypass source
Major components
 Bypass Source
The function of the bypass source is to provide
an alternate source of AC power to the critical
loads under the following conditions:
The inverter malfunctions and is unable to supply
an output.
The current demand of the critical AC loads
exceeds the capabilities of the inverter.
Load in-rush currents and faults are the typical
causes of high current demands
Major components
 Manual Bypass Switch
The function of the manual bypass switch is to
provide a means to manually transfer the critical
AC loads from the inverter to the bypass
source. This switch is normally used to keep the
critical AC loads energized while maintenance is
being performed on the inverter.