‫ﺟﻤﻬﻮرﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺮاق‬ ‫​‬

‫وزارة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫واﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪/‬ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻻﺣﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬

‫‪The secondary immune‬‬

‫‪Microbial‬‬ ‫‪control‬‬
‫‪response‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺮ ﻣﻘﺪم‬
‫اﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺎت اﻻﺣﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺎدة ﻋﻠﻢ اﻻﺣﯿﺎء اﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮﯾﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻄﺮة ﺑﺎﻳﻠﻮﺟﻲ‬

‫إﺷﺮاف‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺴﻬﻼﻧﻲ‬ ‫رﺷﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻮداﻧﻲ‬ ‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪.‬ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫د‪.‬‬

‫إﻋﺪاد ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﯾﻢ ﻋﻜﺎب ﯾﻮﺳﻒ زﻏﯿﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ‪ A2‬ﺻﺒﺎﺣﻲ‬

‫‪2020 - 2019‬‬
 1

Microbial control

Antimicrobial agent
Definition
The following terms are commonly employed in
connection with antimicrobial agents and there uses
Biocide
A general term describing a chemical agent usually
abroad spectrum that inactivates microorganism

Bacteriostatics
A specific term referring to the property by which
biocide is able to inhibit bacterial multiplication;
multiplication resumes upon removal of agent

Bactericidal
A specific term referring to the property by which a
biocide is able to kill bacteria, bactericidal action differs
from bacteriostatic only in being irreversible the killed
organism can no longer reproduce even after being
removed from contact with agent

Sterilization
A physical or chemical process that completely destroys
or removes all microbial life including spores, e.g.
incineration, certain gases, exposure to ionizing
radiation, some liquid chemical and filtration.

Pasteurization
Is the use of heat at a temperature sufficient to inactivate
important pathogenic organism in liquid such as water or
milk, but at a temperature below that needed to insure
sterilization , for example hating milk at TEP. 74c for 3
 2

to 5 seconds or 65c for 30 minutes kills, most pathogenic

bacteria that may present without alters its quality, spores
are not killed

Disinfectant
Products or biocides used to kill microorganism on
inanimate objects or surfaces, it can be sporostatic but
are not necessary sporicidal

Septic
Characterized by the presence of pathogenic microbes in
living tissue

Antiseptic
A biocide or product that destroys or inhibits the growth
of microorganism in or on living tissue e.g. skin, vaginal
tract (to reduce the number normal flora and pathogenic
contaminant)

Aseptic
Characterized by the absence of pathogenic microbes

Preservation
The prevention of multiplication of microorganism in
formulated product including pharmaceutical
 3

Physical agent
Heat
Application of heat is the simplest means of sterilization
Materials. A temperature of 100c will kill all but spore
forms of bacteria within 2-3 minutes in laboratory scale;
culture a temperature of 121 c for 15 minutes will kill
spores by steams e.g. autoclave (steam moisturized)
Flash autoclave witch is widely used in operating room
often use saturated steam at a temperature of 134c for 3
minutes, air removed before and after the sterilization
cycle so that metal instrument may be available rapidly.

For sterilization of material that remains dry circulating

the hot air electrical oven are available since heat is less
effective on dry material 160c-170c for one hour or
more, sterilization through carbonization.

Quality control of autoclave*

Gas:
A number of articles particularly certain plastic and
lensed instruments that are damaged or destroy by
autoclaving can be sterilized with ethylene oxide,
Ethylene oxide is inflammable and potentially explosive
gas. 10% of this gas along with carbon dioxide at 50 to
60 c for 4 to 6 hours under controlled conditions of
humidity. Aeration don after sterilization to remove the
gas
It is danger to use car must be taken
But it is effective for sterilizing heat labile device such as
artificial heart valve.
 4

Ultraviolet light
In the wavelength 240 to 280 nm is absorbed by nucleic
acids and causes genetic damage including the formation
of the thymidine dimmers , it is limited by its poor ability
to penetration., it is used for sterilization of air like in
critical hospital sites and in the laboratory , it can cause
skin and eye damage so protection should be taken.
Ionizing radiation
Carries far greater energy than uv light. It cases direct
damage to DNA and produces toxic free radicals and
hydrogen peroxides from water within the microbial
cells. Cathode rays and gamma rays from cobalt -60 are
widely used in industrial processes including the
sterilization of many disposable surgical supplies such as
gloves plastic syringes, specimens containers, some
foodstuffs,
Killed organism may remains morphologically intact and
stainable

Filtration
Both live and dead organism can be removed from liquid
by positive or negative pressure filtration. Membrane
filters usually composed of cellulose esters (cellulose
acetate) are commercially available with porosity 0.005
to 1 um. For removal of bacteria a pore size of 0.2 um is
effective because filters act not only mechanically but
electrostatic adsorption of particles to their surface.
Filtration is used for sterilization of large volumes of
fluid especially those containing heat labile component
such as serum. L for inanimate surface

Pasteurization (refer to previous definition)

 5

Disinfection and decontamination

Chemical disinfectant causes death of pathogenic
vegetative bacteria. Most are general protoplasmic
poisons and are not currently used in the treatment of
infection other than very superficial lesion, have been
replaced by antimicrobial agent
E.g.
 Quaternary ammonium compounds
 Alcohol
 Idophors
All reduces the superficial flora and can eliminate
contaminating pathogenic bacterial from skin surface
Phenol only inanimate Surfaces

Alcohol
the alcohol (ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol and n-
propanol) are protein denaturants that rapidly kill
vegetative bacteria when applied as aqueous solution in
the range of 70-90% alcohol. They are in active against
bacterial spores and many viruses. Alcohol requires some
water for antibacterial effectiveness.*

Halogens

Iodine is an effective disinfectant that acts by iodinating

or oxidizing essential components of the microbial cell.
It is used as tincture of 2% iodine in 50% alcohol. It is
killing more rapidly and sensitivity react effectively than
alcohol alone, it has the disadvantages of sometimes
 6

causing hypersensitivity reaction and of staining

materials with witch com in contact.
Iodophores, causes less kin staining used before surgery.
Although less allergic than inorganic iodine preparation,
also idophores should not be used on a patients with
history of iodine sensitivity.
Chlorine is highly effective oxidizing agent, it is lethal to
microbes. It exists as a (hypochlorous acid in aqueous
solution that dissociate to yield free chlorine over a wide
pH range, particularly under slight acidic conditions).
Less than one part million, chlorine is lethal within
seconds to most vegetative bacteria, and it inactivates
most viruses. it is used sterilizing drinking water and in
chlorination of water in swimming pools. It reacts very
rapidly with protein and many other organic compound
and its activity is lost quickly in the presence of organic
material.

Surface active compound

Surfactant
Compound with hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups that
attach to and solubilize various compounds or alter their
properties. Anionic detergent such as soaps are highly
effective cleansers, but have little direct antibacterial
effect probably because of there charge is similar to that
of most microorganisms. There action on lipid of
bacterial cell membrane.

Cationic detergent particular quaternary amonium

compound such as benzalkoniuinm chloride, are highly
bactericidal in the absence contaminating organic matter.
 7

Quaternary ammonium compounds e.g.

These compounds have two regions in there molecular
structure one a water repellent (hydrophobic) group and
the other a water attracting (hydrophilic) group. Are
useful antiseptic of clinical purpose e.g. preoperative
disinfection of unbroken skin as well as for cleaning of
hard surfaces they are sporstatic they inhibit the
outgrowth of spores but not the actual germination
process
Are also mycobacteriostatic and have an effect on lipid

Phenolics
Phenol: One of the first effective disinfectants was the
primary agent employed by Lister in this antiseptic
surgical procedure. It is a potent protein denaturant and
bactericidal agent. Substitution in the ring structure of
phenol have substantially improved activity and have
provided a range of phenols and cresols that are the most
effective environmental decontaminants available for use
in hospital hygiene. It is too toxic to skin and tissues,
they are the active ingredient in many mouth wash and
on throat preparations.
Hexachlorophene: is primarily bacteriostatic,
incorporated into a soap, it is skin decontaminant with
effect against normal flora and gram positive bacteria.
Chlorohexidine: it replaced the previous disinfectant as
routine hand and skin disinfectant and for other optical
application it is great bactericidal without its toxicity it
act on gram negative and positive bacteria.

both Causes toxicity to skin but the chlorohexdine is less

toxicity
 8

Glutaraldehyde and formalaldehyed

Both are alkalyating agent highly lethal to essential all
microorganism. Formalaldehyed gas is allergenic,
unpleasant, and it is vapor defective environmental
decontaminate the laboratory, rooms that have such
bacillus anthrax.
Glutaraldehyde is effective sterilizing agent for apparatus
that cannot be heat treated, such as some lensed
instrument and equipment for respiration therapy.

Heavy metal derivatives

Silver sulfadiazine a combination of two antibacterial
agent Ag+ and sulfadiazine has a broad spectrum of
activity binding to cell component such as DNA may be
responsible for its inhibitory properties

Peroxogens
Hydrogen peroxides has broad spectrum activity against
viruses bacteria yeasts and bacterial spores, sporicidal
activity require higher concentration (10-30%) of h2o2
and longer contact items

Vapor phase sterilant

Heat resistant medical device and surgical supplies can
be effectively sterilized by vapor phase system
employing ethylien oxide formal aldehyde hydrogen
peroxide
 9

Chemotherapeutic agent the natures and modes of action

of these

Antimicrobial agents
Antibiotics
Naturally occurring or synthetic organic compounds
which inhibit or destroy selective bacteria, generally at
low concentration

Antimicrobial agents:
Clinically effective antimicrobial agents all exhibit
selective toxicity toward the parasite rather than the host,
a characteristic that differentiate them from the
disinfectant.
Selective toxicity is explained by action on microbial
process or structure that differs from those of mammalian
cells. e.g. Some of agents act on the cell wall synthesis,
Some antimicrobial agent as penicillin are essentially
non toxic to host, unless hypersensitivity has developed.
Aminoglycosides have a much therapeutic index which
have a certain toxicity to host so monitoring the dose and
blood levels.
Bactericidal
Bacteriostatics
Fungicidal fungistatic

The basic measurement of the virto activity of an

antimicrobial agenst aginst an organism is minimum
inhibitory concentration (MIC) or minimum bactericidal
concentration (MBC)
MIC: is the least a mount that prevents the growth of the
organism under standarediezed conditions
 10

There are three sources of antimicrobial agents: thee true

antibiotics are of biological origin and probably play an
important part in microbial ecology in the natural
environment. Peneicilline for example is produced by
several mold of the genus Penicillium where
cephalocporen broght from other mold.
The largest source of antibiotics were drivred from the
genus Strptomyces, strptomycine tetracycline,
chloramphenicol, erythromycine a few antibiotics
derived from bacteria of the genus Bacillus

The true chemotherabiotic agents are chemically

synthesized antimicrobial agent
Sulfonamides for example were discovered as results of
routine screening of aniline dyes

Third source of new antimicrobial agents is molecular

manipulation of previously discovered antibiotics or
chemotherapeutics

Antimicrobial agent, terms

o Antimicrobic agent
o Chemotherapy
o Spectrum
Spectrum: the rang of activity of each antimicrobic, it
used to describe the genera and species against which it
has been shown
narrow spectrum agents: e.g. bmezly pnenicillin is highly
active against enteric gram negative bacilli
broad spectrum e.g. that inhibit a wide range of gram
positive and gram negative bacteria including some
obligate intracellular organism