Ph.D.

Qualifying Exam, Real Analysis

Spring 2016, part I

Do all five problems. Write your solution for each problem in a separate blue book.

1 Two short problems.

a. Suppose (X, B, µ) is a measure space. If µ(X) < ∞, are there any inclusions among the spaces
L1 (X, µ), L2 (X, µ), L∞ (X, µ)? (List any inclusions you can, and provide a proof for these.) If
µ(X) = ∞, but µ is σ-finite, can the reverse of these inclusions hold? (Give an example or provide a
proof to the contrary.)
b. Suppose Ek , k = 1, 2, . . ., are measurable subsets of Rn with k µ(Ek ) < ∞, where µ is the
P
Lebesgue measure. Show that almost all x lie in Ek for finitely many k, i.e. that
µ{x : x ∈ Ek for infinitely many k} = 0.
(Make sure that you show the measurability of any set whose measure you use.)

2 Prove that a weakly convergent sequence xn ∈ `1 also converges strongly.

3 Recall that for s ≥ 0 the Sobolev space H s (Rn ) consists of u ∈ L2 (Rn ) with
Z
(1 + |ξ|2 )s |(Fu)(ξ)|2 dξ < ∞,

where F is the Fourier transform. Let R : S(Rn ) → S(Rn−1 ) denote the restriction map (Ru)(x0 ) =
u(x0 , 0), x0 ∈ Rn−1 . Show that for s > 1/2, R has a unique continuous extension to a map R :
H s (Rn ) → H s−1/2 (Rn−1 ).

4 Let Tn = (R/(2πZ))n be the n-torus, and let D0 (Tn ) denote the set of distributions on the torus.
a. For φ ∈ C ∞ (Tn+m ) let φx (y) = φ(y, x), (y, x) ∈ Tn × Tm , so φx ∈ C ∞ (Tn ). Show that if
u ∈ D0 (Tn ) and φ ∈ C ∞ (Tn+m ) then the function f : Tm → C defined by f (x) = u(φx ) is C ∞ .
b.
R For φ ∈ C(TRm ; C ∞ (Tn )) (i.e. x 7→ φx is continuous as a map Tm → C ∞ (Tn )) show that
Tm u(φx ) dx = u( Tm φx dx).

5 Suppose that w is a measurable function on Rn which is finite and strictly positive almost everywhere.
Suppose that K is a measurable function on R2n such that
Z Z
|K(x, y)|w(y) dy ≤ Aw(x), |K(x, y)|w(x) dx ≤ Aw(y)
Rn Rn
for almost every x, and for almost every y, respectively. Prove that the integral operator
Z
T f (x) = K(x, y)f (y) dy
Rn

is bounded on L2 (Rn ) with kT k ≤ A.

 Ph.D. Qualifying Exam, Real Analysis
Spring 2016, part II

Do all five problems. Write your solution for each problem in a separate blue book.

1
a. Suppose that Y is a normed complex vector space with norm k.k, and λ : Y → C is linear but is
not continuous. Show that N = λ−1 ({0}) is dense in Y .
b. Show that `2 has an orthonormal basis {xn }, where each xn actually lies in `1 , and has the property
(k) (k)
that if we list the components of each xn as xn , then ∞
P
k=1 xn = 0.

2 Suppose that 1 < p < ∞, f, fn ∈ Lp ([0, 1]), n ∈ N, kfn kLp ≤ 1 for all n, and fn → f almost
everywhere. Show that fn → f weakly and kf kLp ≤ 1.

3
a. Give an example of Hilbert spaces X, Y and an operator A ∈ L(X, Y ) such that RanA is not
closed.
b. Show that if X, Y are Hilbert spaces, A ∈ L(X, Y ), and RanA is closed then RanA∗ is closed
(where A∗ ∈ L(Y, X) is the Hilbert space adjoint). (Hint: reduce to the case when A is invertible.)
c. Show that if there exists C > 0 such that for all y ∈ Y , kykY ≤ CkA∗ ykX then A is surjective. Is
the conclusion still true if only A∗ injective is assumed? (Give a proof or provide a counterexample.)

4 Let S(Rn ), resp. S 0 (Rn ), denote the set of Schwartz functions, resp. tempered distributions, on Rn .
a. Suppose that f ∈ S 0 (R), ψ0 ∈ S(R) with R ψ0 (x) dx 6= 0, and a ∈ R. Show that there is a unique
R

u ∈ S 0 (R) such that u0 = f and u(ψ0 ) = a.

b. For  > 0, k ∈ N+ , define u±, : S(R) → C by u±, (φ) = R (x ± i)−k φ(x) dx, φ ∈ S(R).
R

Show that for all  > 0, u±, ∈ S 0 (R), and that there exist u± ∈ S 0 (R) such that for all φ ∈ S(R),
u±, (φ) → u± (φ) as  → 0, and compute u+ − u− .
Rπ
5 Let φ : R → C be 2π-periodic and Hölder continuous with exponent α. Let cn = 1
2π −π φ(x) e−inx dx
denote the n-th Fourier coefficient of φ.
a. Show that there exists C > 0 such that
∞ Z π
X
2 1
(1 − cos(nh)) |cn | = |φ(x + h) − φ(x)|2 ≤ C|h|2α
n=−∞
4π −π

for each h ∈ R.
P∞
b. Suppose now that α > 12 . Show that n=−∞ |cn | < ∞.