CIENCIAS - FÍSICA

Una descripción sencilla de las Teorías Gauge

6OB EFTDSJQDJØO TFODJMMBofEF
A brief description MBT Th
Gauge 5FPSÓBT
eories (BVHF
2VJOUFSP, N; .PMJOB, F.–

3FTVNFO &O FTUF USBCBKP QSFTFOUBNPT VOB CSFWF EJTDVTJØO TPCSF MBT UFPSÓBT HBVHF
CBTBEBT FO HSVQPT EF -JF "CFMJBOPT Z OP"CFMJBOPT .PTUSBNPT MB GPSNVMBDJØO EFM
.PEFMP &TUÈOEBS EF MBT QBSUÓDVMBT FMFNFOUBMFT DPNP BQMJDBDJØO EF VOB UFPSÓB HBVHF Z
OPT FOGPDBNPT FTQFDJBMNFOUF FO MPT UÏSNJOPT DJOÏUJDPT EF MPT DBNQPT HBVHF BTPDJBEPT
B MBT TJNFUSÓBT 

1BMBCSBT Z GSBTFT DMBWFT *OWBSJBODJB TJNFUSÓB HSVQPT EF -JF UFPSÓB HBVHF .PEFMP
&TUÈOEBS

"CTUSBDU *O UIJT XPSL XF QSFTFOU B CSJFG EJTDVTTJPO BCPVU HBVHF UIFPSJFT CBTFE PO "CF
MJBO BOE OPO"CFMJBO -JF HSPVQT 8F TIPX UIF GPSNVMBUJPO PG UIF 4UBOEBSE .PEFM PG
UIF FMFNFOUBM QBSUJDMFT BT BO BQQMJDBUJPO PG B HBVHF UIFPSZ BOE GPDVTTJOH JO QBSUJDVMBS
PO LJOFNBUJD UFSNT PG HBVHF ëFMET BTTPDJBUFE XJUI UIF TZNNFUSJFT

,FZ XPSET BOE QISBTFT *OWBSJBODF TZNNFUSZ -JF HSPVQT HBVHF UIFPSZ 4UBOEBSE
.PEFM

 *OUSPEVDDJØO
-B FYJTUFODJB EF TJNFUSÓBT IB KVHBEP VO SPM NVZ JNQPSUBOUF FO FM EFTBSSPMMP EF MB GÓTJDB
NPEFSOB EFTEF MBT TJNFUSÓBT EFM FTQBDJPUJFNQP EF MB SFMBUJWJEBE IBTUB MBT TJNFUSÓBT
JOUFSOBT F JOWBSJBODJBT HBVHF EF MB 5FPSÓB $VÈOUJDB EF $BNQPT %FDJNPT RVF IBZ VOB
TJNFUSÓB G DVBOEP VO TJTUFNB GÓTJDP TF NBOUJFOF JOWBSJBOUF CBKP MB USBOTGPSNBDJØO EB
EB QPS G P FRVJWBMFOUFNFOUF DVBOEP MB -BHSBOHJBOB EFM TJTUFNB FT JOWBSJBOUF " WFDFT
EJDIP DPOKVOUP G EF TJNFUSÓBT JOEFQFOEJFOUFT EF VO TJTUFNB HFOFSB VOB FTUSVDUVSB
BMHFCSBJDB EF HSVQP FO UBM DBTP TF EJDF RVF IBZ VO HSVQP EF TJNFUSÓB
$PNP JEFB DFOUSBM Z NPUJWBDJØO B FTUF USBCBKP QPESÓBNPT QSFHVOUBSOPT TJ EBEP DJFSUP
-BHSBOHJBOP RVF TF NBOUJFOF JOWBSJBOUF CBKP DJFSUB TJNFUSÓB TFSÓB QPTJCMF EFUFSNJOBS
MB GPSNB EF MB JOUFSBDDJØO EF VOB UFPSÓB &O PUSBT QBMBCSBT {QPESÓB VOB TJNFUSÓB UBN
CJÏO JNQMJDBS EJOÈNJDB  1BSB PCUFOFS -BHSBOHJBOPT CBKP USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT MPDBMFT TF
VUJMJ[B FM QSJODJQJP HBVHF FM DVBM DPOTJTUF FO JOUSPEVDJS OVFWPT DBNQPT FO FM -BHSBO
HJBOP EF UBM NBOFSB RVF DBODFMFO MPT UÏSNJOPT RVF SPNQFO MB JOWBSJBODJB EF ÏTUF "TÓ
QPS DBEB HFOFSBEPS EFM HSVQP TF JOUSPEVDF VO DBNQP BEJDJPOBM DBNQP HBVHF
FM DVBM

–(SVQP 2VBSL %FQBSUBNFOUP EF 'ÓTJDB 6OJWFSTJEBE EFM 5PMJNB *CBHVÏ $PMPNCJB ORVJO
UF!HNBJMDPN GSNPMJOBH!HNBJMDPN

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 CIENCIAS - FÍSICA

FTUÈ BTPDJBEP B MBT JOUFSBDDJPOFT FT EFDJS DPO DBEB JOUFSBDDJØO QPEFNPT BTPDJBS VO
HSVQP EF TJNFUSÓBT Z VO DPOKVOUP EF DBNQPT HBVHF
&O FTUF USBCBKP TF EFTDSJCF EF NBOFSB CSFWF Z FYQMÓDJUB MB OPDJØO EF VO QSJODJQJP EF
JOWBSJBODJB HBVHF Z FM VTP EF USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT MPDBMFT BTPDJBEBT B TJNFUSÓBT JOUFSOBT
HSVQPT EF -JF
"CFMJBOBT Z OP"CFMJBOBT MBT DVBMFT TPO EF BNQMJP DPOPDJNJFOUP FO
MB MJUFSBUVSB¤ &M .PEFMP &TUÈOEBS EF MBT QBSUÓDVMBT FMFNFOUBMFT TF QSFTFOUB DPNP VOB
BQMJDBDJØO RVF FNFSHF EF MB SFMBDJØO FOUSF FTUPT EPT DPODFQUPT /VFTUSP JOUFSÏT OP DP
SSFTQPOEF B VOB QSFTFOUBDJØO FYBIVTUJWB EF MBT UFPSÓBT HBVHF 5BNQPDP QSFUFOEFNPT
RVF FTUF TFB VO USBUBEP PSJHJOBM NÈT CJFO TF USBUB EF VO NBUFSJBM NÓOJNP Z TFODJMMP
RVF IBDF SFGFSFODJB BM VTP EF EJDIBT UFPSÓBT QBSB GBDJMJUBS FM BQSFOEJ[BKF EF FTUVEJBO
UFT Z OFØëUPT FO HFOFSBM &TUF USBCBKP FTUÈ PSHBOJ[BEP EF MB TJHVJFOUF NBOFSB FO MBT
TFDDJPOFT  Z  QSFTFOUBNPT MBT OPDJPOFT CÈTJDBT TPCSF JOWBSJBODJB HBVHF "CFMJBOB Z
OP"CFMJBOB SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF &O MB TFDDJØO  TF NVFTUSB FM .PEFMP &TUÈOEBS DPNP
BQMJDBDJØO B VOB UFPSÓB HBVHF Z FO MB TFDDJØO  TF QSFTFOUBO BMHVOBT DPODMVTJPOFT -PT
BQÏOEJDFT " Z # DPOUJFOFO SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF OPDJPOFT CÈTJDBT EF VO HSVQP EF -JF Z
USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT EFM DBNQP HBVHF

 *OWBSJBODJB HBVHF "CFMJBOB

1BSB DPNQSFOEFS MPT BTQFDUPT GVOEBNFOUBMFT EFM QSJODJQJP HBVHF UPNFNPT FM -BHSBO
HJBOP EF %JSBD QBSB QBSUÓDVMB MJCSF EF NBTB m FT EFDJS VO -BHSBOHJBOP TJO UÏSNJOPT
EF JOUFSBDDJØO EFëOJEP DPNP ,BOF 


L0 = ψ̄(x)(iγ μ ∂μ − m)ψ(x),
FM DVBM EFTDSJCF MBT QBSUÓDVMBT FMFNFOUBMFT EF FTQÓO 1/2 MMBNBEBT GFSNJPOFT %POEF
ψ(x) FT VOB GVODJØO EF POEB MMBNBEB FTQJOPS EF %JSBD ψ̄(x) FM FTQJOPS BEKVOUP

FM DVBM TF SFQSFTFOUB QPS VOB NBUSJ[ ëMB EF  DPNQPOFOUFT EFCJEP B MPT SFRVFSJNJFO
UPT EF MB SFMBUJWJEBE FTQFDJBM &M UÏSNJOP ∂μ FT VOB FYUFOTJØO DVBESJEJNFOTJPOBM EFM
PQFSBEPS EJGFSFODJBM HSBEJFOUF Z FTUÈ EFëOJEP DPNP
 
∂ ∂

∂μ ≡ = ;∇ ,
∂xμ ∂t
Z γ μ = (γ 0 ; γ j ) TPO PQFSBEPSFT MJOFBMFT EFTDSJUPT QPS NBUSJDFT 4 × 4 DPOPDJEBT DPNP
NBUSJDFT EF %JSBD EBEBT QPS

γ 0 = σ3 ⊗ 1 Z γ j = γ 0 (σ3 ⊗ σj ).
%JDIBT FYQSFTJPOFT EFëOFO VO ÈMHFCSB EF $MJêPSE EFOPNJOBEB ÈMHFCSB EF %JSBD
,BOF  #KPSLFO Z %SFMM 
 &O HFOFSBM ∂μ Z γ μ TPO WFDUPSFT WFDUPSFT

¤7FS QPS FKFNQMP 8FJOCFSH  %POPHIVF (PMPXJDI Z )PMTUFJO  ,BOF 

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 CIENCIAS - FÍSICA

DVBESJEJNFOTJPOBMFT
DPWBSJBOUFT Z DPOUSBWBSJBOUFT SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF EFM FTQBDJP EF
-PSFOU[©
"IPSB RVFSFNPT BOBMJ[BS TJ FM -BHSBOHJBOP L0 TF NBOUJFOF JOWBSJBOUF DVBOEP BQMJDB
NPT VOB USBOTGPSNBDJØO HBVHF MPDBM U (1) RVF TFB VOJUBSJB FT EFDJS U U † = U † U =
1

ψ(x) U (1) ψ  (x) = FYQ {iQθ(x)}ψ(x),
−−→
EPOEF Q FT FM HFOFSBEPS BTPDJBEP BM HSVQP "CFMJBOP U (1) WFS "QÏOEJDF "
Z θ ≡
θ(x) FT VO QBSÈNFUSP RVF EFQFOEF EF DBEB QVOUP EFM FTQBDJPUJFNQP &O FTUF DBTP
OPUBNPT RVF FM -BHSBOHJBOP OP TF NBOUJFOF JOWBSJBOUF CBKP FTUF UJQP EF USBOTGPSNB
DJØO QVFTUP RVF
L0 U (1) L0 = ψ̄  (iγ μ ∂μ − m)ψ 
−−→
= e−iQθ ψ̄(iγ μ ∂μ − m)eiQθ ψ
= e−iQθ ψ̄[iγ μ ∂μ (eiQθ ψ) − meiQθ ψ]
= e−iQθ ψ̄{iγ μ [iQeiQθ + eiQθ (∂μ θ)] − meiQθ }ψ
= ψ̄[iγ μ ∂μ − Qγ μ (∂μ θ) − m]ψ

= L0 − Qψ̄γ μ ψ(∂μ θ).
1PS UBOUP FM QSJODJQJP HBVHF BQBSFDF DPNP FM SFRVFSJNJFOUP QBSB BTFHVSBS RVF MB JOWB
SJBODJB EF MB GBTF U (1) TF NBOUFOHB MPDBMNFOUF &TUP FT TØMP QPTJCMF TJ BEIFSJNPT VOB
QJF[B FYUSB BM -BHSBOHJBOP USBOTGPSNÈOEPMP EF UBM NBOFSB RVF DBODFMFNPT FM UÏSNJOP
(∂μ θ) 1PS UBOUP JOUSPEVDJNPT FM DBNQP HBVHF Aμ MMBNBEP QPUFODJBM WFDUPSJBM RVF
USBOTGPSNB DPNP

Aμ Aμ = Aμ − ∂μ θ,
U (1)
−−→
Z EFëOJNPT MB EFSJWBEB DPWBSJBOUF B USBWÏT EFM BDPQMF NÓOJNP

Dμ ≡ ∂μ + iQAμ ,
UBM RVF QSFTFSWF MBT QSPQJFEBEFT GÓTJDBT CBKP VOB USBOTGPSNBDJØO HBVHF %F PUSB NBOF
SB MB EFSJWBEB OPDPWBSJBOUF ∂μ OP QSFTFSWBSÓB MB TJNFUSÓB HBVHF EFM -BHSBOHJBOP 1PS
UBOUP

Dμ ψ U (1) (Dμ ψ) = FYQ {iQθ(x)}Dμ ψ
−−→
= U Dμ ψ,

©&M UÏSNJOP γ μ ∂μ EF MB FYQSFTJØO 

FTUB FTDSJUP CBKP MB DPOWFODJØO EF &JOTUFJO EF ÓOEJDFT SFQFUJ
EPT MB DVBM TF TJHVF VTBOEP B MP MBSHP EFM USBCBKP

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 CIENCIAS - FÍSICA

BTFHVSBOEP RVF FM -BHSBOHJBOP EF %JSBD

L = ψ̄(iγ μ Dμ − m)ψ,
= ψ̄[iγ μ (∂μ + iQAμ ) − m]ψ,
= ψ̄[iγ μ ∂μ − Qγ μ Aμ − m]ψ,

= L0 − Qψ̄γ μ ψAμ ,
TFB JOWBSJBOUF CBKP VOB USBOTGPSNBDJØO HBVHF MPDBM U (1) "MHP JOUFSFTBOUF QPS SFTBMUBS
FT RVF FM SFRVFSJNJFOUP EFM QSJODJQJP HBVHF IB HFOFSBEP EF NBOFSB OBUVSBM MB JOUFS
BDDJØO FOUSF FM FTQJOPS EF %JSBD ψ Z FM DBNQP HBVHF Aμ 
&M UFOTPS EF JOUFOTJEBE "CFMJBOB FTUB EFëOJEP DPNP 1JDI  .BSUÓOF[ 


Fμν ≡ ∂μ Aν − ∂ν Aμ ,
FM DVBM TF NBOUJFOF JOWBSJBOUF CBKP MB USBOTGPSNBDJØO HBVHF EBEB QPS MB &D 
P
 → F  "TÓ FM UÏSNJOP DJOÏUJDP EFM -BHSBOHJBOP QBSB FM DBNQP HBVHF A FT
TFB Fμν μν μ

1

LA = − Fμν F μν .
4
4J DPOTJEFSBNPT FM DBNQP Aμ BTPDJBEP BM GPUØO Z Q DPNP FM HFOBSBEPS EF DBSHB MB
&D 
FT DPOPDJEB DPNP FM UFOTPS EF JOUFOTJEBE FMFDUSPNBHOÏUJDB Z KVOUP DPO MB
&D 
EFTDSJCFO DPNQMFUBNFOUF MB &MFDUSPEJOÈNJDB $VÈOUJDB 2&%
1JDI 
/PWBFT 
NFEJBOUF FM -BHSBOHJBOP
1 μ

LQED = − Fμν F μν + L0 − JEM Aμ ,
4
μ
EPOEF JEM = Qψ̄γ μ ψ FT MB DPSSJFOUF FMFDUSPNBHOÏUJDB

 *OWBSJBODJB HBVHF OP"CFMJBOB

1SPDFEJFOEP BOÈMPHBNFOUF BM DBTP "CFMJBOP RVFSFNPT JNQPOFS RVF FM -BHSBOHJBOP
EF %JSBD QBSB QBSUÓDVMB MJCSF L0 TFB JOWBSJBOUF CBKP VOB USBOTGPSNBDJØO HBVHF MPDBM G

ψ(x) G
−
→ ψ  (x) = U ψ(x);

UBM RVF U U † = U † U = 1 Z EFU |U | = 1 Z G = SU (N ) SFQSFTFOUF VO HSVQP EF -JF

OP"CFMJBOP WFS "QÏOEJDF "
QPS UBOUP

ψ(x) − →G ψ  (x) = FYQ {iTa θa (x)}ψ(x) DPO Ta = ta /2,
EPOEF θa ≡ θa (x) TPO QBSÈNFUSPT BSCJUSBSJPT RVF TPO GVODJPOFT EF DBEB QVOUP EFM
FTQBDJPUJFNQP Z ta a = 1, 2, . . . , N 2 − 1
TPO MPT HFOFSBEPSFT EF MB SFQSFTFOUBDJØO
GVOEBNFOUBM EFM HSVQP EF -JF SU (N ) RVF TBUJTGBDFO MB SFTQFDUJWB ÈMHFCSB EF -JF

[ta , tb ] = iCabc tc ,

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 CIENCIAS - FÍSICA

EPOEF Cabc FT MB DPOTUBOUF EF FTUSVDUVSB EFM ÈMHFCSB EF -JF (FPSHJ  )BNFS
NFTI 
 1PEFNPT OPUBS RVF FM -BHSBOHJBOP OP TF NBOUJFOF JOWBSJBOUF CBKP FTUF
UJQP EF USBOTGPSNBDJØO HBVHF G QPS MP UBOUP EFCFNPT SFRVFSJS OVFWBNFOUF EFM QSJO
DJQJP HBVHF QBSB NBOUFOFS MB JOWBSJBODJB 1PS UBOUP JOUSPEVDJNPT N 2 − 1 DBNQPT
HBVHF Gaμ FRVJWBMFOUF BM NJTNP OÞNFSP EF HFOFSBEPSFT EFM HSVQP G
RVF USBOTGPS
NBO DPNP WFS "QÏOEJDF #

1

Gaμ −→G (Gaμ ) = Gaμ − (∂μ θa ) + Cabc θb Gcμ ,
g
Z EFëOJNPT MB EFSJWBEB DPWBSJBOUF

Dμ ≡ ∂μ + igTa Gaμ .
1PS DBEB HFOFSBEPS EFM HSVQP TF JOUSPEVDF VO DBNQP HBVHF FM DVBM FTUÈ BTPDJBEP B MBT
JOUFSBDDJPOFT FT EFDJS DPO DBEB JOUFSBDDJØO QPEFNPT BTPDJBS VO HSVQP EF TJNFUSÓBT
Z VO DPOKVOUP EF DBNQPT HBVHF -B DPOTUBOUF g FT VOB DPOTUBOUF EF BDPQMBNJFOUP Z
DBSBDUFSJ[B MB JOUFOTJEBE EF MB JOUFSBDDJØO
&M -BHSBOHJBOP FO GVODJØO EF MB EFSJWBEB DPWBSJBOUF Dμ TF FTDSJCF DPNP

L = ψ̄(x)(iγ μ Dμ − m)ψ(x),
FM DVBM FT JOWBSJBOUF CBKP VOB USBOTGPSNBDJØO HBVHF MPDBM G 6OB UFPSÓB RVF TFB TJ
NVMUÈOFBNFOUF OP"CFMJBOB Z MPDBMNFOUF JOWBSJBOUF FT DPOPDJEB DPNP VOB UFPSÓB EF
:BOH.JMMT :BOH Z .JMMT 

5BNCJÏO QPEFNPT HFOFSBMJ[BS FM UFOTPS EF JOUFOTJEBE QBSB UFPSÓBT EF :BOH.JMMT

Fμν
a
= ∂μ Gaν − ∂ν Gaμ − gCabc Gbμ Gcν ,
FM DVBM USBOTGPSNB DPNP
a 

Fμν
a
G
−
→ (Fμν ) = Fμνa
+ Cabc θb Fμν
c
.
&M UÏSNJOP DJOÏUJDP QBSB MPT DBNQPT HBVHF Gaμ QVFEF TFS FTDSJUP DPNP
1 a μν

LG = − Fμν Fa ,
4
Z BTÓ ëOBMNFOUF UFOFNPT RVF FM -BHSBOHJBOP JOWBSJBOUF CBKP SU (N ) FT
1 a μν

L = − Fμν Fa + ψ̄(iγ μ Dμ − m)ψ,
4
RVF EFTDPNQVFTUP FO EJGFSFOUFT QJF[BT QVFEF TFS WJTUP DPNP
1
L = − (∂μ Gaν − ∂ν Gaμ )(∂ μ Gνa − ∂ ν Gμa ) + ψ̄(iγ μ ∂μ − m)ψ
4
− g ψ̄γ μ (Ta Gaμ )ψ
g g2

+ C abc (∂ μ Gνa − ∂ ν Gμa )Gbμ Gcν − C abc Cade Gμb Gνc Gdμ Geν .
2 4

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 CIENCIAS - FÍSICA

%F MB BOUFSJPS FDVBDJØO QPEFNPT EFDJS RVF MB QSJNFSB MÓOFB DPOUJFOF FM -BHSBOHJBOP

DJOÏUJDP QBSB MPT DBNQPT HBVHF Z QBSB MPT GFSNJPOFT EFTDSJUPT QPS MPT FTQJOPSFT EF
%JSBD ψ(x)
SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF MB TFHVOEB MÓOFB DPOUJFOF MPT UÏSNJOPT EF JOUFSBDDJØO
EF MPT CPTPOFT HBVHF Z MPT GFSNJPOFT Z MB UFSDFSB MÓOFB B EJGFSFODJB EFM DBTP "CFMJBOP
QSFTFOUB VOB OVFWB DBSBDUFSÓTUJDB QBSB Gμ  MPT DBNQPT HBVHF UJFOFO BVUPJOUFSBDDJPOFT
USJQMFT Z DVÈSUJDBT 1JDI  /PWBFT 


 "QMJDBDJØO .PEFMP &TUÈOEBS

&M .PEFMP &TUÈOEBS .&
EF MBT QBSUÓDVMBT FMFNFOUBMFT FT VOB UFPSÓB HBVHF CBTBEB FO
FM HSVQP EF TJNFUSÓB SU (3)⊗SU (2)⊗U (1) FM DVBM EFTDSJCF MBT JOUFSBDDJPOFT GVFSUF
EÏCJM Z FMFDUSPNBHOÏUJDB SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF NFEJBOUF FM JOUFSDBNCJP EF MPT DPSSFTQPO
EJFOUFT DBNQPT HBVHF  HMVPOFT TJO NBTB Z VO GPUØO γ TJO NBTB QBSB MB JOUFSBDDJØO
GVFSUF Z FMFDUSPNBHOÏUJDB SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF Z  CPTPOFT NBTJWPT W ± Z Z QBSB MB
JOUFSBDDJØO EÏCJM %JDIP NPEFMP DPOTUJUVZF IBTUB MB GFDIB VOP EF MPT MPHSPT NBT FYJ
UPTPT FO MB GÓTJDB NPEFSOB ²TUF QSPWFF VO FTRVFNB UFØSJDP NVZ FMFHBOUF FM DVBM MF
IB IFDIP QPTJCMF EFTDSJCJS DPO BMUB QSFDJTJØO EVSBOUF MPT ÞMUJNPT  B×PT SFTVMUBEPT
FYQFSJNFOUBMFT FO MB GÓTJDB EF MBT QBSUÓDVMBT FMFNFOUBMFT
&O FTUB TFDDJØO TØMP DPOTJEFSBSFNPT MPT UÏSNJOPT DJOÏUJDPT EF MPT DBNQPT HBVHF BTP
DJBEPT BM TFDUPS FMFDUSPEÏCJM EFM .& ȅ FT EFDJS BTPDJBEPT BM HSVQP EF TJNFUSÓB SU (2)⊗
U (1) 1PS UBOUP DPOTJEFSBSFNPT TJNVMUBOÏBNFOUF USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT HBVHF MPDBMFT "CF
MJBOBT Z OP"CFMJBOBT UBM RVF ψ(x) USBOTGPSNF DPNP

G
−
→ ψ  (x) = UY UL ψ(x),
ψ(x)
SFQSFTFOUBOEP MB USBOTGPSNBDJØO G = SU (2) ⊗ U (1) UBM RVF
 j 
σ j

UY = FYQ {iY β(x)} y UL = FYQ i θ (x) ,
2
EPOEF MBT GBTFT β ≡ β(x) Z θj ≡ θj (x) TPO QBSÈNFUSPT BSCJUSBSJPT RVF TPO GVO
DJPOFT EF DBEB QVOUP EFM FTQBDJPUJFNQP &M QBSÈNFUSP Y FT MMBNBEP IJQFSDBSHB Z
σj (j = 1, 2, 3) TPO MBT NBUSJDFT EF 1BVMJ RVF DPSSFTQPOEFO B MPT HFOFSBEPSFT EFM
HSVQP "CFMJBOP U (1) Z OP"CFMJBOP SU (2) SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF 1BSB RVF MB UFPSÓB TFB
JOWBSJBOUF CBKP VO DPOKVOUP EF USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT MPDBMFT G MB EFSJWBEB DPWBSJBOUF
EFCF UFOFS MB GPSNB
σj
Dμ ≡ ∂μ + ig Wμj + ig  Y Bμ ,
2
EPOEF g  Z g TPO MBT DPOTUBOUFT EF BDPQMBNJFOUP BTPDJBEBT B MPT HSVQPT SU (2) Z
U (1) SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF Bμ FT FM DBNQP HBVHF SFRVFSJEP QBSB RVF MB JOWBSJBODJB EF
MB UFPSÓB TF NBOUFOHB CBKP MB USBOTGPSNBDJØO "CFMJBOB U (1) Z Wμj (j = 1, 2, 3)

ȅ&M NPEFMP FMFDUSPEÏCJM GVF QSPQVFTUP QPS (MBTIPX 

4BMBN 
8FJOCFSH 
B NF
EJBEPT EF MPT T Z GVF HBMBSEPOBEP DPO FM QSFNJP /PCFM FO GÓTJDB FO 

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 CIENCIAS - FÍSICA

TPO MPT  DBNQPT HBVHF BTPDJBEPT W ± Z Z

QBSB NBOUFOFS MB JOWBSJBODJB CBKP MB
USBOTGPSNBDJØO OP"CFMJBOB SU (2) "TÓ MPT DBNQPT HBVHF "CFMJBOPT Z OP"CFMJBOPT
USBOTGPSNBO SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF DPNP
1
Bμ − G
→ Bμ = Bμ −  ∂μ β,
g
1
Wμj − G
→ (Wμj ) = Wμj − (∂μ θj ) + εjkl θk Wμl ,
g
EPOEF εjkl FT MB DPOTUBOUF EF FTUSVDUVSB QBSB FM HSVQP EF -JF SU (2) 1BSB DPOTUSVJS
MPT UÏSNJOPT DJOÏUJDPT JOWBSJBOUFT QBSB MPT DBNQPT HBVHFT JOUSPEVDJNPT MPT DPSSFT
QPOEJFOUFT UFOTPSFT EF JOUFOTJEBE "CFMJBOP Z OP"CFMJBOP

Bμν ≡ ∂ μ B ν − ∂ ν Bμ ,

Wμν
j
≡ ∂μ Wνj − ∂ν Wμj − gεjkl Wμk Wνl .
/PUFNPT RVF Bμν TF NBOUJFOF JOWBSJBOUF CBKP FM HSVQP EF USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT G NJFO
j
USBT RVF Wμν USBOTGPSNB DPWBSJBOUFNFOUF FT EFDJS

Bμν G
−
→ Bμν , Wμνj
G
−
→ UL Wμν j
UL† .
1PS MP UBOUP MPT UÏSNJOPT DJOÏUJDPT QBSB MPT DBNQPT HBVHF FTUÈO EBEPT QPS
1 1 j

Lgauge = − Bμν B μν − Wμν Wjμν .
4 4
&TUB FYQSFTJØO QBSB MPT UÏSNJOPT DJOÏUJDPT EF MPT DBNQPT HBVHF DPOUJFOF MPT SFTQFDUJWPT
-BHSBOHJBOPT DJOÏUJDPT RVF EFUFSNJOBO MB FDVBDJØO EF NPWJNJFOUP QBSB MPT DBNQPT
Bμ Z Wμj Z BEJDJPOBMNFOUF FGFDUPT EF BVUPJOUFSBDDJPOFT USJQMFT Z DVÈSUJDBT EF MPT DBN
QPT OP"CFMJBOPT Wμj FT EFDJS FM UÏSNJOP DJOÏUJDP −Wμνj
Wμνj
/4 UFOESÈ GPSNBT QSP
2
QPSDJPOBMFT B (∂W ) DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF BM QSPQBHBEPS Z PUSPT EPT UÏSNJOPT EF MB GPSNB
(∂W − ∂W )W W Z W W W W DPSSFTQPOEJFOUFT B MPT UÏSNJOPT EF BVUPJOUFSBDDJØO
USFT Z DVBUSP DBNQPT SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF Ȇ $PNP FM DBNQP FMFDUSPNBHOÏUJDP UJFOF VOB
TJNFUSÓB "CFMJBOB U (1) FM GPUØO OP UJFOF BVUPJOUFSBDDJPOFT DPNP TJ PDVSSF DPO MPT
DBNQPT HBVHF OP"CFMJBOPT

 " NPEP EF DPODMVTJØO

&O FTUF USBCBKP IFNPT QSFTFOUBEP VOB CSFWF EFTDSJQDJØO EFM VTP EF USBOTGPSNBDJP
OFT MPDBMFT BTPDJBEBT B TJNFUSÓBT JOUFSOBT "CFMJBOBT Z OP"CFMJBOBT Z FM QSJODJQJP EF
JOWBSJBODJB HBVHF &M .PEFMP &TUÈOEBS EF MBT QBSUÓDVMBT FMFNFOUBMFT TF QSFTFOUB DP
NP VOB BQMJDBDJØO EF BNCPT DPODFQUPT NPTUSBOEP BTÓ BM QSJODJQJP EF JOWBSJBODJB
HBVHF DPNP VOB QPEFSPTB IFSSBNJFOUB QBSB EFUFSNJOBS MB EJOÈNJDB EF MBT QBSUÓDVMBT

Ȇ7FS 1JDI 

Z .BSUÓOF[ 
EPOEF TF FTUVEJB FO EFUBMMF MPT UÏSNJOPT EF BVUPJOUFSBDDJØO Z
TF EB DVFOUB FYQFSJNFOUBM EF FTUPT GFOØNFOPT EFOUSP EFM .PEFMP &TUÈOEBS

25
 CIENCIAS - FÍSICA

GVOEBNFOUBMFT EF MB NBUFSJB 5BNCJÏO QSFTFOUBNPT FTQFDJBM JOUÏSFT FO MPT UÏSNJOPT

DJOÏUJDPT EFM -BHSBOHJBOP BTPDJBEPT B MPT DBNQPT HBVHF "CFMJBOPT Z OP"CFMJBOPT
DPODMVZFOEP RVF FM GFOØNFOP EF BVUPJOUFSBDDJPOFT USJQMFT Z DVÈSUJDBT EF MPT CPTPOFT
HBVHF FT HFOFSBEP QPS MB FTUSVDUVSB OP"CFMJBOB EFM HSVQP SU (N )

3FDPOPDJNJFOUPT
-PT BVUPSFT BHSBEFDFO BM $PNJUÏ $FOUSBM EF *OWFTUJHBDJPOFT EF MB 6OJWFSTJEBE EFM
5PMJNB QPS MB ëOBODJBDJØO EFM QSFTFOUF USBCBKP Z BM %S + ) .V×P[ QPS TVT PQPSUVOPT
DPNFOUBSJPT

" (SVQPT EF -JF

&O GÓTJDB EF 1BSUÓDVMBT FM FTUVEJP EF MPT HSVQPT FT JNQPSUBOUF QPSRVF FTUPT SFQSFTFOUBO
TJTUFNBT GÓTJDPT JOWBSJBOUFT CBKP USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT 6O HSVQP EF -JF FT VO DPOKVOUP G
EF FMFNFOUPT DBSBDUFSJ[BEPT QPS EFQFOEFS EF VO QBSÈNFUSP DPOUJOVP θ RVF QVFEF
UPNBS VO OÞNFSP JOëOJUP EF WBMPSFT Z RVF KVOUP DPO VOB PQFSBDJØO ◦ TBUJTGBDFO

4J U1 Z U2 TPO EPT FMFNFOUPT DVBMFTRVJFSB EF VO HSVQP G FOUPODFT U1 ◦ U2
QFSUFOFDF UBNCJÏO B G

&YJTUF VO FMFNFOUP U0 UBM RVF QBSB DVBMRVJFS FMFNFOUP U EFM HSVQP TF DVN
QMF
"
U ◦ U0 = U0 ◦ U = U.

$BEB FMFNFOUP U UJFOF VO ÞOJDP JOWFSTP U −1 DPO
"
U ◦ U −1 = U −1 ◦ U = U0 .

-B PQFSBDJØO ◦ FT BTPDJBUJWB
"
(U1 ◦ U2 ) ◦ U3 = U1 ◦ (U2 ◦ U3 ).
4J U1 Z U2 TPO EPT FMFNFOUPT DVBMFTRVJFSB EF VO HSVQP G Z TPO UBMFT U1 ◦ U2 = U2 ◦
U1 EFDJNPT RVF MPT FMFNFOUPT EFM HSVQP DPONVUBO Z MMBNBNPT (SVQP "CFMJBOP B G
&TQFDÓëDBNFOUF TFB G FM HSVQP VOJUBSJP VOJEJNFOTJPOBM MMBNBEP U (1) RVF DPOTJTUF
FO FM DPOKVOUP EF QBSÈNFUSPT DPOUJOVPTȇ EF UPEBT MBT GBTFT EF VOB GVODJØO EF POEB
U (α) = eiα EPOEF α FT VO QBSÈNFUSP FTDBMBS SFBM
"
U (α1 )U (α2 ) = eiα1 eiα2 = eiα2 eiα1 = U (α2 )U (α1 ).
"IPSB DVBOEP FO FM HSVQP MPT FMFNFOUPT EF FTUF OP DPONVUBO EFDJNPT RVF FT VO
(SVQP OP"CFMJBOP $POTJEFSFNPT FM HSVQP EF -JF SU (2) DPNP FM DPOKVOUP EF MBT
NBUSJDFT VOJUBSJBT 2 × 2 DPO EFUFSNJOBOUF JHVBM B 1 UBMFT RVF DVBMRVJFSB EF TVT FMF
NFOUPT QVFEFO TFS FTDSJUPT EF MB GPSNB
→
−
"
U (α) = eiα· σ ,
ȇ6O HSVQP EF USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT FT DPOUJOVP TJ MPT QBSÈNFUSPT TPO EFTDSJUPT QPS WBSJBCMFT DPOUJOVBT

Revista Tumbaga 2009 | 4 | 19-29 26

 CIENCIAS - FÍSICA

EPOEF α ∈ R3 FT VO QBSÈNFUSP BSCJUSBSJP Z − →σ = (σ1 , σ2 , σ3 ) DPSSFTQPOEF B VO

WFDUPS DPO MBT NBUSJDFT EF 1BVMJ HFOFSBEPSBT EFM HSVQP EFëOJEBT DPNP
     
0 1 0 −i 1 0
"
σ1 = , σ2 = , σ3 = ,
1 0 i 0 0 −1
RVF TBUJTGBDFO MB SFMBDJØO EF DPONVUBDJØO
"
[σj , σk ] = 2iεjk σ ,
EFëOFO Z HFOFSBO MB SFQSFTFOUBDJØO GVOEBNFOUBM EFM ÈMHFCSB SU (2) Z TV DPOTUBOUF EF
FTUSVDUVSB FT FRVJWBMFOUF BM UFOTPS BOUJTJNÏUSJDP -FWJ$JWJUB εjkl 
4F QVFEF PCTFSWBS
→
−
"
eiα· σ = DPT |α| + iα̂ · −
→
σ TJO |α|,
DPO α̂ = α/|α| "TÓ
"
U (α)U (β) = U (β)U (α),
QVFTUP RVF
→
− →
− →
− →
−
U (α)U (β) − U (β)U (α) = eiα· σ eiβ· σ − eiβ· σ eiα· σ
= TJO |α| TJO |β|[(β̂ · −
→
σ )(α̂ · −
→
σ ) − (α̂ · −
→
σ )(β̂ · −
→
σ )]
= 0,
DVBOEP α = 0 Z β = 0 1PS UBOUP SU (2) FT VO HSVQP OP"CFMJBOP
&O HFOFSBM DVBMRVJFS HSVQP EF -JF SU (N ) SFTVMUB TFS OP"CFMJBOP Z DPSSFTQPOEF B FM
HSVQP EF NBUSJDFT VOJUBSJBT N × N U U † = U † U = 1
DPO EFU U = 1 UBMFT RVF
DVBMRVJFSB EF TVT FMFNFOUPT QVFEFO TFS FTDSJUPT EF MB GPSNB
a
"
U = eiTa θ DPO a = 1, 2, ..., N 2 − 1,
EPOEF Ta = ta /2 TJFOEP ta MBT NBUSJDFT HFOFSBEPSBT EF MB SFQSFTFOUBDJØO GVOEBNFO
UBM Z DVZBT SFMBDJPOFT EF DPONVUBDJØO
"
[ta , tb ] = 2iCabc tc ,
EFëOFO FM ÈMHFCSB EF SU (N ) (FPSHJ 


# 5SBOTGPSNBDJPO EFM DBNQP Gμ

&O FTUB BQÏOEJDF QSFTFOUBNPT OPDJPOFT HFOFSBMFT EF MB USBOTGPSNBDJØO EF VO DBNQP
HBVHF Gμ 
$POTJEFSFNPT VOB USBOTGPSNBDJØO HBVHF MPDBM G UBM RVF
#
ψ(x) G
−
→ ψ  (x) = U ψ(x);

27
 CIENCIAS - FÍSICA

UBM RVF U U † = U † U = 1 Z G SFQSFTFOUF VO HSVQP EF -JF FO HFOFSBM "CFMJBOP P

OP"CFMJBOP
QPS UBOUP

#
ψ(x)
G
−
→ ψ (x) = FYQ {iT θ(x)}ψ(x),
DPO T FM HFOFSBEPS EFM HSVQP Z θ ≡ θ(x) FT VO QBSÈNFUSP BSCJUSBSJP RVF FT GVODJØO
EF DBEB QVOUP EFM FTQBDJPUJFNQP "IPSB RVFSFNPT FODPOUSBS DØNP USBOTGPSNB Gμ 
1BSUJFOEP EF MB &D 

#
(Dμ ψ) = U Dμ ψ,
EPOEF ψ ≡ ψ(x) Z MB EFSJWBEB DPWBSJBOUF Dμ
#
Dμ = ∂μ + igGμ .
Z Gμ SFQSFTFOUB FM DBNQP HBVHF RVF EFCF TFS BEIFSJEP QBSB NBOUFOFS MB JOWBSJBODJB
(Dμ ψ) = U Dμ ψ
(∂μ + igGμ )U ψ = U (∂μ + igGμ )ψ
#
igGμ U ψ = −(∂μ U )ψ + ig U Gμ ψ
1VFTUP RVF BNCPT UÏSNJOPT EF MB JHVBMEBE BOUFSJPS BDUÞBO TPCSF VO FTUBEP BSCJUSBSJP
ψ QPEFNPT PNJUJSMP Z NVMUJQMJDBS EFTEF MB EFSFDIB QPS U † UBM RVF
igGμ U U † = −(∂μ U )U † + ig U Gμ U †
Z ZB RVF U U † = 1 ëOBMNFOUF PCUFOFNPT
i
#
Gμ → Gμ = U Gμ U † + (∂μ U )U † .
g
*NQPOJFOEP VOB USBOTGPSNBDJØO HBVHF MPDBM U (1) "CFMJBOB U = FYQ {iθ(x)} FT
GÈDJM NPTUSBS B QBSUJS EF &R #
RVF

1
Aμ Aμ = U Aμ U † − (∂μ U )U † ,
U (1)
−−→ g
1
= U U † Aμ − (∂μ θ)U U † ,
g
1
#
= Aμ − (∂μ θ).
g
QVFTUP RVF U U † = 1 1BSB FM DBTP OP"CFMJBOP OP FTUÈO JONFEJBUB FTUB FYQSFTJØO
*NQPOFNPT VOB USBOTGPSNBDJØO HBVHF MPDBM G RVF SFQSFTFOUF VO HSVQP EF -JF OP
"CFMJBOP SU (N ) QPS UBOUP
#
U = FYQ {iTa θa (x)} DPO Ta = ta /2,

Revista Tumbaga 2009 | 4 | 19-29 28

 CIENCIAS - FÍSICA

3FGFSFODJBT

EPOEF θa ≡ θa (x) TPO QBSÈNFUSPT BSCJUSBSJPT RVF TPO GVODJPOFT EF DBEB QVOUP EFM
FTQBDJPUJFNQP Z ta a = 1, 2, . . . , N 2 − 1
TPO MPT HFOFSBEPSFT EF MB SFQSFTFOUBDJØO
GVOEBNFOUBM EFM HSVQP EF -JF SU (N ) 1BSUJFOEP EF USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT JOëOJUFTJNBMFT
#
U = FYQ {iTa θa } 1 + iTa θa ,
Z EFCJEP B MB DPONVUBUJWJEBE EF MPT HFOFSBEPSFT EFM HSVQP [ta , tb ] = iCabc tc TF
QVFEF NPTUSBS RVF
1
#
Gaμ −G
→ (Gaμ ) = Gaμ − (∂μ θa ) + Cabc θb Gcμ .
g
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
#KPSLFO + % Z %SFMM 4 % 
 3FMBUJWJTUJD RVBOUVN NFDIBOJDT /FX :PSL
.D(SBX)JMM #PPL $PNQBOZ
%POPHIVF + ' (PMPXJDI & Z )PMTUFJO # 3 
 %ZOBNJDT PG UIF TUBOEBSE
NPEFM /FX :PSL $BNCSJEHF 6OJWFSTJUZ 1SFTT
(FPSHJ ) 
 -JF BMHFCSBT JO QBSUJDMF QIZTJDT /FX :PSL "EJTTPO8FTMFZ
(MBTIPX 4 - 
 1BSUJBM TZNNFUSJFT PG XFBL JOUFSBDUJPOT /VDM 1IZT 

)BNFSNFTI . 
 (SPVQ UIFPSZ BOE JUT BQQMJDBUJPOT UP QIZTJDBM QSPCMFNT /FX
:PSL %PWFS 1VCMJDBUJPOT
,BOF ( - 
 .PEFSO FMFNFOUBSZ QBSUJDMF QIZTJDT 1FSTFVT 1VCMJTIJOH
.BSUÓOF[ 3 
 5FPSÓB DVÈOUJDB EF DBNQPT #PHPUÈ $PMPNCJB
 6OJWFSTJEBE
/BDJPOBM EF $PMPNCJB
/PWBFT 4 ' 
 4UBOEBSE NPEFM "O JOUSPEVDUJPO
%JTQPOJCMF FO JOUFSOFU ?iiT,ff`tBpXQ`;fSan++?2f?2T@T?fT/7f
yyyRfyyyRk3jpRXT/7

1JDI " 

 ɨF TUBOEBSE NPEFM PG FMFDUSPXFBL JOUFSBDUJPOT
%JTQPOJCMF FO JOUFSOFU ?iiT,ff`tBpXQ`;fSan++?2f`tBpfT/7f
ydy8fydy8X9ke9pRXT/7

4BMBN " 

 &MFNFOUBSZ QBSUJDMF UIFPSZ &O / 4WBSUIPMN &E
Q 

4UPDLIPMN "MNRWJTU BOE 8JLTFMM
8FJOCFSH 4 
 " NPEFM PG MFQUPOT 1IZT 3FW -FUU  
8FJOCFSH 4 
 DzF RVBOUVN UIFPSZ PG íFMET 7PM 
 /FX :PSL $BNCSJEHF
6OJWFSTJUZ 1SFTT
:BOH $ Z .JMMT 3 - 
 $POTFSWBUJPO PG JTPUPQJD TQJO BOE JTPUPQJD HBVHF
JOWBSJBODF 1IZT 3FW  

Referencia Recepción Aprobación

Quintero, N. y Molina, F. Una descripción sencilla de las teorías de Gauge.
17/04/2009 15/09/2009
Revista Tumbaga (2009).

29