APPENDIX A.

DISASTER

A disaster hits any place at any period of any year. It sees no color, knows no culture, and
recognizes no geographical boundaries. It puts lives and properties at risk. The frequency of disaster
occurrences challenges the government in reducing the effects of disasters and in building a more
resilient community. The tasks of the government become even more challenging especially in
disaster-prone areas like the Philippines. However, the task of disaster risk reduction is not the sole
responsibility of the government. The citizens, including students and various sectors must participate
in this task.

What is a disaster?
The United Nations International strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR, 2004) defines
disaster as "a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread
human, material, economic or environmental losses, which exceed the ability of the affected
community or society to cope, using its own resources. Disaster impacts may include loss of lives,
injuries, diseases, and other negative effects on human physical, mental and social well-being, together
with damage to properties destruction of assets, loss of services, social and economic disruption, and
environmental degradation. Similarly, the World Health Organization (WHO, 2002) describes disaster
as any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health
and health services, on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected
community or area." Disaster causes a multidimensional impact affecting not only the socioeconomic
and political life but also the mental and cultural state of the affected area (Srivastava, 2010). It
disrupts the people's normal day- to-day life such as school life, business activities, and government
services. It brings toa condition which overpowers local capacity (1JMES Quarentelly. 1987)

APPENDIX B. BASIC CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING A DISASTER

Disasters are frequently described as a result of the combination of (1) the exposure to a hazard;
(2) the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and (3) insufficient capacity or measures to reduce
or cope with the potential negative consequences (Department of Education, DRR Manual, 2008).
Hence in understanding disaster, it is necessary to have a good grasp of the concepts of hazard,
vulnerability, and capacity.

APPENDIX C. DISASTER RISK AND ELEMENTS-AT-RISK

How does a risk become a disaster? What are the elements-at-risk?

Disaster Risk
Disaster risk is the chance or likelihood of suffering harm and loss as a result of a hazardous
event. It closely depends upon the exposure of a person or a community to a hazard. For example
people living in the low-lying mountainous areas or people living in quarrying, logging, or mining
sites.

Disaster risk is also defined as the probability of harmful consequences or expected losses
(death, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting
from interactions between natural or human- induced hazard and vulnerable conditions. This can be
expressed as:
Risk=Chance (c) x Loss (l)
The output of risk analysis is usually an estimation of the risk scenarios- the potential disaster
losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a particular
community or a society over some specified future time period.
 The definition of disaster risk reflects the concept of disasters as the outcome of continuously
present conditions of risk. Therefore, disaster risk comprises different types of potential losses which
are often difficult to quantify. Nevertheless, with the knowledge of the prevailing hazards and the
patterns of population and socioeconomic development, disaster risks can be assessed and mapped, in
broad terms at least (http://www.unisdr or we/inform/terminology).
Risk may also depend on exposure to the consequences or uncertainty or potential deviations
from what is planned or expected disruption to everyday life following the formula:
Risk =probability (p) x Loss (l)
Disaster risk can be expressed as a function of hazard x vulnerability or a function (hazard,
exposure, vulnerability). How one copes depends on capacity and readiness to respond to an
emergency and crisis.
The equation Disaster Risk = Hazard x Elements of Exposure x Vulnerability emphasizes
particularly the physical aspects of vulnerability.
Risk is the anticipated or potential consequences of a specific hazard interacting with a specific
community at a specific time. Risks are a combination of probability (the likelihood of a hazard
occurring) and of the consequences or outcomes for the community if exposed to the hazard.

Risk results from the interaction of the three functions namely hazard, vulnerability, and
exposure. Beyond expressing a possibility of physical harm, it is crucial to recognize that risks are
inherent or can be created or exist within social systems. It is important to consider the social context
in which risks occur and that people do not necessarily share the same perception of risk and their
underlying causes.

Risk also a function of probability while we would all be highly vulnerable when a large
meteor strikes the earth, the probability of its occurrence is so low that the relative risk is also low.
This demonstrates that risk is a Combination of probability (the likelihood of a hazard occurring) and
of the consequences or outcomes for the community and families the hazard.

The World Health Organization or WHO (2007) defines disaster risk as “the probability of
harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, livelihood, economic activity
disrupted or environmental damage) resulting from interactions between natural or human-induced
hazard and vulnerabilities." In other words, disaster risk results from the combined effects of the
hazards to which a community is exposed and the vulnerabilities of that community (WHO, 2007).
Accordingly, disaster risk varies dependent on the level of the local preparedness of the community at
risk as expressed by the following notation:
Risk is proportional to Hazard x Vulnerability/Level of Preparedness

On the other hand, communities shall take into account the disaster risk assessment in order to
lessen the adverse impacts of disaster risk. According to UNISDR, disaster risk assessment is a
participatory process to assess
the hazards, vulnerabilities, and capacities of a community. Through hazard assessment, the likelihood
of the occurrence, the severity, and duration of
various hazards is determined.
The Asian Disaster Preparedness Center or ADP (2006) pointed out that in vulnerability
assessment, the elements at risk, the people that are most exposed to hazards and the causes of
vulnerable conditions are identified. Included in the assessment is to look into the physical,
geographical, economic, social, and political factors that make some people vulnerable to dangers of a
given hazard. On the other hand, ADP (2006) said that in capacity assessment, the community's
resources and coping strategies are identified.
 Upon completion of the hazard, vulnerability and capacity assessments, it is essential to
conduct risk analysis to facilitate understanding of the communities and local authorities to the
potential impacts of various hazards.

Risk analysis includes the development of risk scenarios based on the information about
hazards, their frequency and intensity and the elements at-risk (ADP 2006). Risk scenarios are
demonstrations or representations of "one single risk or multirisk situation that leads to significant
impacts (European Commission, 2010). Through risk analysis, the kind of impact a hazard will have
on various at-risk elements (people, houses, buildings,roads and others) and the extent of impact (death
toll, number of injuries and extent of damage) will be identified. Part of the risk analysis is to prepare a
visual risk map which will show the result of both hazard and vulnerability analysis. The visual risk
map is regarded as an important tool as it provides an illustration of the impact of hazards. It serves as
a risk profile and may be considered as a communication tool for the reason that it reveals the potential
threats and those that entails immediate attention (Williams and Saporito, n.d.). Knowing the risks and
taking actions by identifying, assessing, and monitoring risks will save lives.

Community as an Element-At-Risk

In order to measure degree of exposure, it is vital to determine the elements present in hazard
zones and identify the vulnerabilities of the elements exposed to a specific hazard. Identification of
certain elements and their vulnerabilities serve as inputs in estimating the quantitative risk connected
with the hazard (unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology).
If a community is not prepared before, during, and after a disaster, members of the community
will become at risk. Disaster preparedness covers activities to enhance ability to predict, respond, and
to cope with the effect of a disaster. It includes precautionary activities by households, communities,
and organizations to react appropriately during and following the event.

ESSENTIAL COMPONEN IN DETERMINING RISK

The Department of Education or DepEd (2008), identified three essential components in determining
risks, which are follows:
 Hazard occurrence probability is the likelihood of experiencing a natural or technical hazard at
a given location or region. Quantifying hazard probability involves assessing not only the
probability of occurrence but the probability of magnitude.
 Elements-at-risk. Identifying and making an inventory of people or school buildings or other
elements which would be affected by the hazard if it occurs, and when required, estimating
their economic value.

 Vulnerability of the elements-at-risk. Effect on school buildings or schoolchildren or other

elements if they experienced some levels of hazard impact. Vulnerability is the relationship
between the severity of hazard impact and the degree of damaged caused.

Each element is affected differently by hazards of different severity.

Loss Management

These are the pre-and post disaster actions designed to keep the losses at the minimum in
human, structural, and economic aspects.
 Predisaster loss management area activities focusing on reducing the community vulnerability
to hazards. Actions include improving the resistance of physical structures such as school
 buildings, developing improved safety plans for the occupants, and increasing /diversifying the
network of social support mechanism available to communities in threatened areas.
 Postdisaster loss management focuses on improving the emergency response and broadening
the range of support given to victims that includes facilitation of relief delivery and stimulating
a rapid recovery.

APPENDIX D. EFFECTS OF DESASTERS

The effects of disasters can be categorized into the following:
1. Human/Biological
During and after disasters, high incidence of disease within the community happen. Infectious diseases
are the most common form of epidemic disease because of congested evacuation areas. Infectious
spread rapidly affecting the population/evacuees. Many succumb to unexpected illnesses that also
cause deaths.
Human capital accumulation positively effects economic growth in most circumstances. If the
technology embodied in the physical capital of an economy is sophisticated, then investment in human
capital yields more educated, competent workers, and workers who can learn and apply new concepts
quickly are more productive than Workers who cannot. Investment in human capital, however, is not a
sufficient condition for economic growth. A country with insufficient opportunities for workers may
not have the physical capital or types of jobs necessary to justify the investment in human capital.
Disasters affect human capital accumulation in several ways. Initially, disasters substantially reduce
human capital only if there is a substantial loss of life. Between 1970 and 2001 (excluding droughts),
only three natural disasters resulted in the deaths of over 100,000 people and only nineteen (19) natural
disasters that resulted in the deaths of over 10,o00 people (Arulsamy, 2011). The top five disasters in
terms of the number of affected people is shown in the figure below:
In the last decades, reports on the effects of disasters has been increasing. There is a significant effect
to long term indicators as manifested in, the Human Development Index. The figures below show the
effect of disasters to the population in the different countries.

The data clearly show that the Philippines is one of the top three countries that are vulnerable
to disasters in terms of loss of people's lives. It is also important that the in the year 2015, the
Philippines ranked second among 171 countries in terms or risk level to disasters (UNU, 2015).
According to Center for Research or Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), the country is 52.46%
exposed to natural hazards, which makes it 53.85% vulnerable to the impact of disasters. There is
33.35% susceptibility of likelihood that the country will suffer great harm, loss, and disruption in an
extreme event, or natural hazard. The Philippines has 48.17% adaptive capacities for long- term
strategies in dealing with and attempting to address the negative impact of natural hazards and climate
change. The country lacks 80.03% coping capacity to minimize the negative consequences of natural
hazards and climate change through direct action and the resources available. On the other hand,
disaster aggravates urbanization, as it creates large concentrations of people and physical capital that is
potentially exposed to natural hazards. Rapid urbanizations because of disasters continue to happen in
major cities all over the country.

2.Social Effects of Disasters

Disasters affect people first and foremost. There are those who may have survived from
disasters nonetheless suffer from permanent physical disabilities and psychological disturbances or
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Some survivors will likely suffer permanent physical disabilities
and psychological conditions, such as PTSD survivors who suffer from psychological conditions and
disabilities win hot be as productive as they were before the disaster, which could affect growth if the
disasters affect enough people. he effects of the disasters on the mental state of the people are
important A depressed and demoralized and traumatized population is less productive than a
population who successfully endured a disaster like the case of typhoon Yolanda survivors. According
to the reports of the local government units in the province of Leyte, majority of their youth and
children were engaged in alcohol and drug abuses as well as teenage pregnancy were rampant after the
disaster. This IS a manifestation of the post-disaster situation in October 2015
data revealed by the Leyte Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Officer-In-Charge.
Children and young people are emotionally disturbed, thus they experience recurrent nightmares,
regression in developmental achievements, increased dependency on parents and guardians, decreased
appetite, clinging, exaggerated startle response, irritability, and school problems The after-effects of a
disaster can clearly disrupt the lives of the people.

3. Physical/Material- Before the disaster, poor people suffer more from crises than people who are
richer because they have little or no savings, has less income or production options, and limited
resources. After disasters, these people become poorer and vulnerable. Damage to physical and
material has a significant impact on our society. Examples are collapsed buildings, damaged houses,
poor evacuation sites, and the like.

4.Psychological- The psychological responses of the survivors can range from transient mild stress
reactions to the more severe and prolonged consequences of PTSD. These responses are influenced by
the gender, developmental stage, inherent resilience, social support, and the level of exposure of the
person to the trauma. Exposure to traumatic and violent events results in expressions of generalized
fear, anxiety, and depression. During the first few weeks and months after a disaster, survivors are lost
and disoriented. Victims suffer from anxiety, despair, grief, severe sleep disturbances, and nightmares.
Anxieties are manifested in phobias and obsessions about wind, rain, loud sounds, generalized fears,
and other reminders that the disaster could recur. The victim's emotional outburst to feeling of
numbness affected their routine activities like work and recreation. The extreme effects of natural
disaster to survivors are major depression,nervous breakdown and psychological disorders.

5. Economic
The impact of a natural disaster may magnify the inequalities in society. During the
aftermath of a disaster, the poor who suffer from income fluctuations and have limited access to
financial services, may be more prone to reduce consumption. In addition, there are people who are
nonpoor but are not prepared or insured against those risks who may fall into the "poor" category as a
consequence of decapitalization when coping with hazards or disaster impacts. Moreover, vulnerability
to natural disaster is a complex issue as it is determined by the economic structure, the stage of
development prevailing social and economic conditions, coping mechanisms, risk assessment,
frequency and intensity of disasters, etc. impacts on the poor could be losing access to some basic
services, reversals in accumulation of physical and human capital, and perhaps an increase in child
labor, prostitution, and criminal activities.
Disaster, extreme poverty and increasing economic inequality contribute to the slow
implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals or SDGs. The economy of the community and
the country in general is affected by the physical damages caused by disasters and the disruptions of
the flow of goods and services. Below describes the direct and indirect costs of disasters.

Direct Costs: Physical damage, including that of productive capital and stocks (industrial
plants, standing crops, inventories), economic infrastructure (roads, electricity supplies etc) and social
infrastructure (homes, schools, hospitals)
Indirect Costs: Disruptions to the flow of goods and services-lower output from damaged or
destroyed assets and infrastructure, and the loss Or earnings as income-generating opportunities are
affected.
Disruption of the basic services, such as telecommunications or water supply can have far reaching
implications. The impacts are severe in low income countries. For example, 1995 typhoons in the
Philippines caused damage of USD 350 million.

6. Environmental Degradation- The effects of climate change manifest not only in the environments
degradation. Global warming also affects energy, agriculture, health, water, and marine resources, The
downstream effects of climate change would make an already bad situation worse. Extreme changes in
the weather and the rise of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would reduce the harvests of farmers,
cause habitat degradation and species loss, epidemics, and diseases, kill corals, and disrupt carbonate
chemistry making shell and bone formation difficult. Climate change also aggravates environmental
hazards. The harmful effects of climate change and the disasters bear heavily on the most vulnerable or
marginalized segments of the Philippine population, especially the poor farmers and indigenous
communities. Large-scale foreign mining on the other hand results to destruction of the environment,
loss of livelihood, displacement of communities, and cause health complications.

7. Political Impacts of Disasters.

Disaster represents extreme shocks to the political system of the country, increasing the number
of citizen demands while simultaneously reducing a government's response capabilities. The political
impact of disaster is less easy to pin down than the direct economic impacts of disaster. Political
impacts of disasters are often determined by predisaster political context. Communities or countries
that are devastated by disasters often experience significant political transformations soon afterward
(e.g., appointment of new DRR officer, new policies and systems at the national and local level, etc).
Such changes are more likely to occur in places with an inequitable distribution of wealth and history
of sociopolitical conflict. Disasters encourage the organization of victims/survivors, highlight the
commonalities between them, and encourage them to act in interest of the public good, demand for
their rights as right-bearer and question the actions of the duty-bearers. Such mobilization eventually
spills into the political sphere, increases people's voice in the political system, and often leads to a
change in the political system or increase the political awareness of the general public. In other words,
disasters strengthen civil society, challenge or change the existing governance patterns, and thus
contribute to a process of democratization.
Disasters are emergencies that cannot be handled by those affected without outside assistance.
They are caused by natural or man made events wherein communities experience severe danger.
Disaster incur loss of lives and properties causing disruption to their social structure and to all or some
of the affected communities' essential functions.
Disasters are inevitable. The impacts or effects of disasters are made worse by unsustainable
development that has not taken account the possible hazard impacts in a particular location. They can
be less damaging if the community has better understanding of locally-experienced hazards and
implements preventive or mitigating measures against them.

APPENDIX E. THE CONCEPT OF VULNERABILITY

What is Vulnerability?What is the effect of vulnerability to disaster?

The concept of vulnerability comes from many aspects, specifically, those that arise from
various social, economic, physical, and environmental factors. Examples may include poor design and
construction of buildings, inadequate protection of assets and lack of public awareness ,limited official
recognition of risks and preparedness measures, and disregard for wise environmental factors. Example
may include poor design and construction of buildings, in a adequate protection of assets and lack of
public awareness, limited official recognition of risks and preparedness measures, and disregard for
wise environmental management. The Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (2006, p.10) defines
vulnerability as "a set of prevailing or consequential conditions which adversely affect the
community's ability to prevent, mitigate, prepare for and respond for and respond to hazardous
events."These long-term faction affect household or community's ability to absorb losses after disaster
and to recover from damage.Vulnerability is present in the community or Society even before a
disaster happens. It precedes disaster; contribute to its severity, impede disaster response, and may
continue to exist long after a disaster has struck.

Who are the so-called Most Vulnerable Sectors?

 They are the community members whose capacities are low and not sufficient to withstand and
overcome the damaging and adverse effects of disasters.
 They are composed of farmers, urban poor, laborers, indigenous people, persons with
disabilities (PWDs), women, and children.
 In addition, they are the so-called abused sector and at the lowest levels of the society.

Who are the so-called Less Vulnerable Sectors?

 They are the community members whose capacities start from their Own ability to acquire
material resources; skills and trainings; and position in society.
 Their capacities are higher than those in the vulnerable sector to overcome the adverse effects
of disasters.
 They are composed of professionals, small entrepreneurs, and others similar to those who
belong to the higher levels of society.
 Their role in disaster management activities is to extend assistance and support to vulnerable
sectors.
Who are the so-called Not Vulnerable Sectors?

 Sector in the society having high position in the community.

 Most of the time, they are targets of the vulnerable and less vulnerable sectors in advocacy
work in relating disaster issue to the structure and policies Sectors? Most sectors in advocacy
work in relating disaster issue to the structure and policies implemented by the government that
are the root causes of vulnerability of the community.

APPENDIX F . CATEGORIES OF VUNERABILITIES

According to Anderson and Woodrow (1990) there are three areas of vulnerability, referring to
the following:

 Physical/Material Vulnerability For example, poor people Who have few physical and material
resources usually suffer more from disasters than rich people. People who are poor often live
on marginal lands; they don't have any savings or insurance, they are in poor health. Their
physical and material resources are miserable. These factors make them more vulnerable to
disasters meaning they have difficulty surviving and recovering from a calamity than people
who are better off economically.
 location and type ot housing/building materials
 land, water, animals, capital, other means of production (access and control)
 infrastructure and services: roads, health facilities, schools, electricity, communications,
transport, housing, etc.
 human capital: population, mortality, diseases, nutritional status, literacy, numeracy,
poverty levels
  environment factors: forestation, soil quality, and erosion

 Social/Organizational Vulnerability
People who have been marginalized in social, economic, or political terms are
vulnerable to suffering from disasters whereas groups, which are well-organized and have high
commitment to their members, suffer less during disasters. Weakness in social and
organizational areas may also cause disasters. For example, deep visions can lead to conflict
and war. Conflict over resources due o poverty can also lead to violence. A second area of
vulnerability then, is the social and organizational aspect of a community.
 Family structure (weak/strong)
 Leadership qualities and structure
 Legislation
 Administrative structures and institutional arrangements
 Decision-making structures (who is left out, who is in, effectiveness)
 Participation levels
 Divisions and conflicts: ethnic, class, caste, religion, ideology,
political groups, language groups, and structures for mediating conflicts
 Degree of justice, equality, access to political processes
 Community organizations: formal, informal, traditional, governmental, progressive
 Relationship to government, administrative structures
 Isolation or connectedness

 Attitudinal/Motivational Vulnerability
People who have low confidence in their ability to affect change or who have "lost
heart" and feel defeated by events they cannot control, are harder hit by disasters than those who have
a sense of their ability to bring the changes they desire. Thus, the third area of vulnerability is the
attitudinal and motivational aspect.
 Attitude toward change
 Sense of ability to affect their world, environment, get things done
 Initiative
 Faith, determination, fighting spirit
 Religious beliefs, ideology
 Fatalism, hopelessness, despondency, discouragement
 Dependent/independent (self-reliant)
 Consciousness, awareness
 Cohesiveness, unity, solidarity, cooperation
 Orientation toward past, present, and future

The elements of society are considered at risks when they are exposed to hazards and there is a
probability that they will be badly affected by the impact of those hazards when they happen (Kotze
and Geist,2006).

1. Physical: includes facilities and services (houses access roads, bridge, schools, hospitals,
etc.)and community structures.
2. Social:; includes people (their lives and health)and household
3. Economic: includes livelihood and economic activities (jobs, equipment, crops, livestock, etc.)
4. Environmental: includes natural environment
APPENDIX G. BASIC CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING A DISASTER

Disasters are frequently described as a result of the combination of (1) the exposure to a hazard:
(2) the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and (3) insufficient capacity or measures to reduce
or cope with the potential negative consequences (Department of Education, DRR Manual, 2008).
Hence in understanding disaster it is necessary to have a good grasp of the concepts of hazard,
vulnerability, and capacity.

The Concept of Hazard

What is hazard? What are the types and effects of hazard? A hazard is a situation or an occurrence with
capacity to bring damages to lives, properties, and the environment. Taking the form of natural or man-
made or the combination of the two, a hazard is a dangerous phenomenon or a human activity or
condition that may also cause loss of livelihoods and services as well as social and economic
disruption. The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction or UNISDR (2004)
defines hazard as "A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may
cause the loss of life or injury, property

Types of Hazard

Hazards or threats can be classified into three: natural; human-made, or the combination of both.
1. Natural Hazards
Natural phenomena that pose threats or cause negative impacts to people and property. Examples are
the following: 1yphoon, storm surge, flood/flashflood, earthquake, tsunami, Volcanic erúption, lahar
flows, drought, red tide, pestilence, and fire.
2. Human-made
Human-rmade hazards include civil conflict, displacement due to development projects, environmental
degradation, industrial technological hazards like leakage of toxic waste, oil spill, fish kills, nuclear,
gaseous, chemical contamination, famine, drought, fires, and flood.
3. Combination or Socionatural Hazards
Flooding and drought can fall under this category if these are due to deforestation.

Most events are combinations or interplay of both natural and human-made factors. Typhoons
are natural hazards that can also cause flash floods. At the same time, environmental degradation, like
excessive and illegal logging, aggravates the impact of the typhoon and flash floods. The flash floods
in Ormoc in Southern Leyte in 1991 is one example.

Natural hazards in general can't be prevented but can be anticipated. Human-made hazards can
frequently be prevented and anticipated. In both cases, the worst effects of hazards may be reduced or
mitigated.

APPENDIX H. EARTHQUAKE

An earthquake is an "unexpected and rapid shaking of the earth due to the breakage and shifting
of layers underneath the earth and strikes all of a sudden at any time of day or night (Arulsamy and
Jeyadevi, 2011, p.10)." According to Nelson (2015), an earthquake can be tectonic or volcanic.
Tectonic earthquake refers to the movement or shifting of tectonic plates. On the other hand, volcanic
earthquake is triggered by volcanic activity near the surface.
 An earthquake is associated with two kinds of shocks, namely, foreshocks and aftershocks. R
Foreshocks are a series of light shakings that before the main earthquake, while aftershocks are tremors
following the main shocks (Retrieve from http//earthguake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/ megaql_
facts_fantasy.php)
An earthquake destroy properties and harms and kills people. The most familiar effects include falling
trees, falling debris, falling electrical posts, and cracking of roads and appearance of sinkholes. The
Philippines is vulnerable to earthquakes because it is located along the Pacific Ring of Fire.

WHAT TO DO WHEN THERE 1S AN EARTHQUAKE?

Before
1. Know if your area or location is above or near a fault line.
2. Know the projected period and intensity of faultline movement.
3. Prepare your survival kit that has the following: Whistle, lighter, flashlight, potable water, ready-to-
eat food, extra clothing, radio transistor, batteries, dust mask, candies, and cellphone.
4. Participate in an earthquake dill.
5. Check for possible sources of hazard which may be affected by the shaking of the ground. Example
of these are hanging heavy objects, falling debris, dams, fire, and steep hill slopes. Stay away
from these.
6. Find and designate an area where you can run to in case of an earthquake such as an open field that
is safe from fire, flood, falling of trees, and collapsing buildings.
7. Inside your house, keep breakable items in the lowermost part of a shelf or cabinet.
8. Store harmful and flammable materials/chemicals in a space where they will not fall, spill, and
explode that may cause another hazard 9. Strap or fix furnitures like cabinets into walls to prevent
these from toppling over or sliding.
10. Be familiar with the evacuation area and plan.
11. Know the emergency hotlines.
12. Create an evacuation plan for the family that is based on your local area's evacuation plan.
13. Stay away from electric posts, falling debris, and bodies of water like streams and rivers because of
the possibility of floods.
14. Know the fire exits in your school, home, and in the establishments you frequent.
15. Identify strong areas or objects in the house or building such as sturdy tables so you can use them
to take refuge.
During
1. Stay calm, alert, and focused.
2. Protect yourself by doing the Drop, Cover, and Hold (Drop to the floor, cover your head, and hold to
a strong object nearest you).
3. Never use an elevator because power failures may cause you to get stranded inside it.
4. Stay safe from falling objects and by going under a desk or table.
5. When you are inside a vehicle, pull over to the side of the road and do not try to cross bridges.
6. Go to an open area or field.
7. Stay away from breakable materials such as glass.
8. Move away from mountains or steep-sloped areas that may be affected by landslides.
After
1. Stay calm, alert, and observe your surroundings.
2. Look for any means of communication and source of public announcement for instructions.
3. If you are inside a house or building, go outside as fast as you can and take the safest way out. The
foundation of the house or building may be weakened by the main shocks and might collapse
anytime. Exit the building in an orderly manner. Don't push one another to prevent further
injuries.
4. Check for injuries and go to the nearest medical assistance booth or aid station.
5. Watch out for any chemical and fire hazard that spilled and occurred in the area.

What are Inside the Earthquake Survival Kit?

 At least 1 liter of water per person
 First-aid kit together with a first-aid manual
 Canned food that are easy to open
 Transistor radio
 Spare batteries and power banks Flashlight
 Candles
 Lighter/Matchbox
 Watch/Clock
 Personal hygiene items such as soap and toilet paper
 Sanitary napkins for women
 Small bells or whistles that you can use for signaling
 Sharp pocket knives
 Ropes and adhesive tapes
 Pen and paper
 Work gloves
 Handy tools like Swiss knife, pliers, and wrench
APPENDIX I. Ground Shaking

Ground shaking is also the primary way an earthquake affects buildings. The rapid acceleration
of the ground beneath the building creates inertial forces in the structure. This can destroyed, people
and animals have trouble standing up or moving around, and objects can be tossed around due to
strong ground shaking in earthquakes. However, you should note that, while many people are killed in
earthquakes, none are cause damage if they become too large or the building is not designed to
withstand them.

Ground shaking is the most familiar effect of earthquakes. It is a result of the passage of
seismic waves through the ground, and ranges from quite gentle in small earthquakes to incredibly
violent in large earthquakes. In the 27 March 1964 Alaskan earthquake, for example, strong ground
shaking lasted for as much as 7 minutes! Buildings can be damaged or dying would be zero or damn
near it. It is only because we persist in building buildings actually killed directly by the shaking -- if
you were out in an open field during a magnitude 9 earthquake, you would be extremely scared
(I know I would), but your chance of, highways, and the like that people are killed; it's our
responsibility, not the earthquake's.

APPENDIX J. What is a fault and what are the different types?

A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to
move relative to each other. This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake - or may
occur slowly, in the form of creep. Faults may range in length from a few millimeters to thousands of
kilometers. Most faults produce repeated displacements over geologic time. During an earthquake, the
rock on one side of the fault suddenly slips with respect to the other. The fault surface can be
horizontal or vertical or some arbitrary angle in between.
Earth scientists use the angle of the fault with respect to the surface (known as the dip) and
the direction of slip along the fault to classify faults. Faults which move along the direction of the dip
plane are dip-slip faults and described as either normal or reverse (thrust), depending on their
motion. Faults which move horizontally are known as strike-slip faults and are classified as
either right-lateral or left-lateral. Faults which show both dip-slip and strike-slip motion are known as
oblique-slip faults.
The following definitions are adapted from The Earth by Press and Siever.
normal fault - a dip-slip fault in which the block above the fault has moved downward relative to the
block below. This type of faulting occurs in response to extension and is often observed in the
Western United States Basin and Range Province and along oceanic ridge systems.
thrust fault - a dip-slip fault in which the upper block, above the fault plane, moves up and over the
lower block. This type of faulting is common in areas of compression, such as regions where
one plate is being subducted under another as in Japan. When the dip angle is shallow, a
reverse fault is often described as a thrust fault.
strike-slip fault - a fault on which the two blocks slide past one another. The San Andreas Fault is an
example of a right lateral fault.
A left-lateral strike-slip fault is one on which the displacement of the far block is to the left when
viewed from either side.
A right-lateral strike-slip fault is one on which the displacement of the far block is to the right when
viewed from either side.
APPENDIX K. TSUNAMI

Tsunami is a wave or series of waves that is created by a bulk dislocation of sea or lake water.
According to Haddow, Bullock, and Coppola (2011 p.45), the most common force that triggers this
activity is "undersea earthquakes that cause ocean floor displacement; but large tsunamis are caused by
volcanic eruptions or landslides. Moreover, tsunami waves "travel outward as kinetic energy at very
high speeds in all directions from the area of disturbance and can strike as high as over 100 feet and
spread against land for a mile or more."

Tsunamis are one of the most destructive hazards especially when a community is not prepared
for it. It washes away houses, people, animals, trees, and even sea vessels to the shore. It creates
flooding that will become extremely destructive. "The large waves of a tsunami are preceded by initial
lowering of the water level even beyond the lowest tidal levels. This phenomenon resembles the low
tides which may have led to tsunamis being falsely called "tidal waves." Tsunamis generated in distant
locations will generally give people enough time to move to higher ground. For locally generated
tsunamis, where you might feel the ground shake, you will have to move to higher ground (DepEd
2008).
Communities at risk from tsunamis are those living or staying less than to feet above sea level
and within one mile of the shoreline (Haddow, Bullock and Coppola, 2011, p.45)

WHAT TO Do WHEN THERE IS TSUNAMI?

Before
1. Be aware of the news updates and public announcements regarding tsunami warnings.
2. Listen to credible and reliable sources like news and your community leaders.
3. Prepare your survival kit.
4. Go to a higher ground that is safe from tsunamis.
. Prepare tor an evacuation plan and familiarize yourself with the evacuation plan of your community.
6. Do preemptive evacuation.
7. Stay alert for the warning signals and instructions that the community officials give.
8, you are in school, listen to your teachers' advice and instructions.

During
1. Move away from the sea shore or coastal area if the water abnormally recedes from the shoreline.
Move to a' higher ground and stay there.
3. If you are caught by a tsunami in a high rise building, go to the highest floor and stay there. Don't
use an elevator.
After
1. Stay calm and alert.
2. Tune-in to the local news and radio networks for updates and instructions.
3. Stay away from damaged areas or flooded areas.
4. Stay away from hazards like falling debris, debris in the water, electricity cable lines, and collapsed
buildings and other structures.
5. Never go back to your house or school unless the authorities declared the area safe for reoccupation.

APPENDIX L. VOLCANIC ERUPTION

Volcano is a rent or rupture in the earth's layer over which liquefied rock from under the earth's
exterior erupts. According to Haddow, Bullock and Coppola (2011), eventually, volcanoes will
develop "upward and outward, developing mountains, islands, or large flat plateaus. Volcanic
"mountains are formed through the accumulation of materials. Such as lava, ash flows and plates.
(Haddow, Bullock, and Coppola, 2011, p.47). A volcanic material that comes out from the earth is
referred to as lava. The thinner lava moves quickly and becomes a large shield. The thicker lava
forms steeper volcanic formations. If there is a strong pressure from gases and molten rocks, these
gases and rocks shoot up through the opening of the volcano and will cause explosions and violent
eruptions (Haddow, BulO and Coppola, 2011).

TYPES OF VOLCANIC HAZARDS

Volcanic Gases-These gases are released into the atmosphere from the magma of the volcano
during its eruptions. These gases can also remain below the ground and will rise toward the surface of
the earth. In this case, gases may escape from e soil and volcanic vents into the atmosphere. The gases
that are ejected by the volcanic eruption is harmful to those who are living around the volcano and to
the atmosphere because these gases produces elements that creates acid rains. Examples of these
volcanic gases are hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride.
Volcanic gases can rise and spread tens of kilometers into the atmosphere while explosive eruptions
are happening. Winds may blow the clouds up to thousands of kilometers from a volcano once the
gases are airborne. This will lead to the spread of the gases from an erupting vent as tiny acid droplets
which are chemical compounds associated to the tephra particles.
(http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/gas/)

Lahar-is the flowing of the hot/cold mixture of water and rock materials
of a volcano going downstream through its river valleys and slopes. While lahar is moving, it looks
like a mass of wet concrete that contains different rock debris from clay up to boulders. This volcano
hazard may vary depending on its size and speed. Large lahars are flowing hundreds of meters wide
and tens of meters in depth. This can flow several tens of meters per second which Is too fast for the
people to run out of the affected area (http://volcanoes. usgs.gov/hazards/lahar/).

The speed and size of lahar changes as it goes downstream. Hock debris erode and additional
water can trigger a lahar to grow up to ten times their initial size. Lahar that flows down to river
streams and plain fields can often Cause environmental and economic damages. It can bury
communities, valleys, and block tributary water streams (http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hazards/ lahar/).

Ash Fall – are the ashes ejected by a volcanic eruption which consists of very small jagged
pieces of glass and rock. These ashes are hard, mildly corrosive, hard, conducts electricity when wet,
and never dissolve in water. ne ash may sometimes become so dense that the sunlight gets blocked. It
spreads to broad areas by the wind. There is also a smell of survivor that occurs during ash-falls. The
rock and glass particles attributed to this hazard can travel thousands of kilometers as the wind blows
that may result to injuries and damages to communities.

Pyroclastic Flow-is a high-density mixture of dry and hot fragments of rocks and hot gases
that move away from the volcano vent and move in high speed. This pyroclastic flow may result from
a nonexplosive eruption of lava when thick lava flow collapses down a slope. It has two parts: the
basal flow of fragments that is moving along the ground and a turbulent ash cloud that rises above the
volcano's basal flow. This hazard destroys everything in its path. Containing rock fragments that varies
in sizes traveling across the slope and grounds can shatter or bury nearly structures as well as objects
out (http://www.geo.mtu.edu/-gbluth/Teaching/GE4 150/ lecture_pdfs/ L8s pfhazards.pdf).

Before
1. Stay alert and stay tuned-in to the radio and television for hazard updates.
2. Close all the doors and windows. This will prevent or reduce ashes from getting inside your house
when there is an unexpected ash fall.
3. Bring your animals into closed areas/shelters. 4. Know the evacuation plan of your local community
and listen to the authorities for instructions.
5. Keep your survival kit with you or within your reach.

6. Avoid staying at low areas that are prone to rock falls and lava flows.
7. Prepare for possible evacuation.
8. Know the areas that are at risk from volcano hazards.
9. Know your local community emergency early warning signals.
10. Make and keep a list of emergency hotlines like red cross and National Disaster Risk Reduction
Management Council
11. If you are in a high-risk area, do a preemptive evacuation.

During
1. Stay awake and alert.
2. Listen to and follow the instructions given by the authorities in your area.
3. 1f caught by rock fall, protect your head and get away from the affected areas as soon as possible.
4. Cover your nose with a wet cloth to protect it from ashes falling on the area.
5. Wear long sleeved shirts and also pants
6. Wear goggles and eyeglasses to protect your eyes from the ashes.
7. Never attempt to run a vehicle because this can stir-up the volcanic ashes
6. 1f trapped, call for rescue immediately.

After
1. Clear the pathways and canals from ashes and debris
2. Stay tuned-in to news updates
3. Stay away from damaged power lines
4. Check for injured and trapped persons without entering directly into the damaged area. Call for
rescue if there are trapped persons.