Order of chivalry

Alfonso XIII of Spain (left) with his cousin, the future

King George V (right) during his State Visit to the
United Kingdom in 1905. Alfonso is wearing the
uniform of a general of the British Army, the Royal
Victorian Chain, the sash and star of the Garter, the
cross of the Order of Charles III, the neck badge of the
Golden Fleece, and the badge of the four Spanish
military orders. George, then Prince of Wales, is
wearing the neck badge of the Golden Fleece, the
sash and grand cross grade of the Order of Charles III,
the Royal Victorian Chain, and the stars of the Garter
and the Order of St Michael and St George.

An order of chivalry, order of knighthood,

chivalric order, or equestrian order is an
order of knights[1] typically founded during
or inspired by the original Catholic military
orders of the Crusades (circa 1099–1291),
paired with medieval concepts of ideals of
chivalry.

Since the 15th century, orders of chivalry,

oftens as dynastic orders, began to be
created in a more courtly fashion that
could be created ad hoc. These orders
would often retain the notion of being a
confraternity, society or other association
of members, however, some of them were
ultimately purely honorific, consisting of a
medal decoration. In fact, these
decorations themselves often came to be
known informally as orders. These
institutions in turn gave rise to the
modern-day orders of merit of sovereign
states.[2]

Terminology
 This section needs to be updated.
Learn more

Holy See …

The Secretariat of the State of the Holy

See – medieval pioneer of the original
military orders – distinguishes orders in
the following manner:[3]

State orders: order of a sovereign state,

rewarding military or civil merits of
citizens, legally based on the
sovereignty of their states
Pontifical equestrian orders,
conferred by the Pope
 Sovereign orders: the only extant
one in this category is the Sovereign
Military Order of Malta, an
international sovereign entity
Dynastic orders of a sovereign royal
dynasty, either an active "dynastic
state actor", otherwise a "non-
national dynastic order", as the
head of a formerly reigning royal
house operating under iure
collationis, typically approved by
Papal bulls in the case of older
origins

Sansovino …
In Dell'origine dei Cavalieri (1566), the
Italian scholar Francesco Sansovino
(1521–1586) distinguished knights and
their respective societies in three main
categories:

"Knights of the Cross", comparable to

the modern term military orders
"Knights of Spur", i.e. invested by the
Pope or other sovereign, thus somewhat
comparable to dynastic orders of
knighthood, or later by feudal lords and
knights elderly
"Knights of Necklace", i.e. purely
ornamental
Over time, the above division became no
longer sufficient, and heraldic science
distinguished orders into: hereditary,
military, religious and fees.

Boulton …

In a more generous distribution proposed

in The Knights in the Crown: The
Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Late
Medieval Europe (1987), the Canadian
heraldist D'Arcy Boulton classifies chivalric
orders as follows:

Monarchical orders (i.e. dynastic orders

of knighthood)
 Confraternal orders (as seen in military
orders)
Fraternal orders
Votive orders
Cliental pseudo-orders
Honorific orders

Based on Boulton, this article

distinguishes:

Chivalric orders by time of foundation:

Medieval chivalric orders:
foundation of the order during the
Middle Ages or the Renaissance
Modern chivalric orders: foundation
after 1789
Chivalric orders by religion:
Catholic chivalric orders:
membership exclusively for
members of the Catholic Church
Orthodox chivalric orders: blessed
by the heads of Orthodox churches
Protestant chivalric orders: blessed
by the heads of Protestant
churches
Chivalric orders by purpose:
Monarchical chivalric orders:
foundation by a monarch who is a
fount of honour; either ruling or not
Confraternal chivalric orders:
foundation by a nobleman, either
 high nobility or low nobility
Fraternal chivalric orders: founded
for a specific purpose only
Votive chivalric orders: founded for
a limited period of time only by
members who take a vow
Honorific chivalric orders: consist
only of honorific insignia bestowed
on knights on festive occasions,
consisting of nothing but the badge
Self-styled orders: self-proclaimed
imitation-orders without statutes or
restricted memberships

Other …
Another occurrent chronological
categorisation is into:

Military-monastic orders (c.1100–

c.1300)
Monarchical orders (c.1300–c.1580)
Honorific orders (c.1580–present)

Medieval orders

Monarchical orders …
Investiture of three new members of the Order of the
Knot (miniature from the order's statutes, 1352/4).

Late medieval monarchical orders (14th

and 15th centuries) are orders of
chivalry with the presidency attached to
a monarch:
Order of Montesa founded by James II
of Aragon (Spain) in 1317.
Order of Saint George, founded by
Charles I of Hungary in 1325
Order of the Band, founded by Alfonso
XI of Castile in ca. 1330
Order of the Garter, founded by Edward
III of England in 1348[4]
Order of the Star, founded by John II of
France in 1351
Order of the Knot, founded by Louis I of
Naples in 1352.
Supreme Order of the Most Holy
Annunciation, founded by Amadeus VI,
Count of Savoy in 1362.
Order of the Ermine, founded by John V,
Duke of Brittany in 1381: First order to
accept Women.
Order of the Ship, founded by Charles III
of Naples on 1 December 1381
Order of the Dragon, founded by
Sigismund von Luxembourg in 1408.
Order of the Golden Fleece, founded by
Philip III, Duke of Burgundy in 1430
Order of the Tower and Sword, founded
by Afonso V of Portugal in 1459
Order of Saint Michael, founded by Louis
XI of France in 1469[5]
Post-medieval foundations of chivalric
orders:
Order of Saint Stephen (1561)
Order of the Holy Spirit (1578)
Blood of Jesus Christ (military order)
(1608)
Order of the Thistle (1687)[6]
Order of the Elephant (1693)
Order of Saint Louis (1694)
Order of the Seraphim (1748)
Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
(1764)
Order of St. Patrick (1783)[7]
Order of Saint Joseph (1807)
Monarchical orders whose monarch no
longer reigns but continues to bestow
the order:
Order of the Golden Fleece (Austrian
branch)
Order of St. George (Habsburg-Lorraine)
Order of the Holy Spirit
Order of Prince Danilo I of Montenegro
Order of Saint Peter of Cetinje
Order of Skanderbeg
Royal Order of Saint George for the
Defense of the Immaculate Conception
(Bavaria)
Order of the Crown (Romania)
 Order of Carol I (Romania)
Order of the Immaculate Conception of
Vila Viçosa (Portugal)
Order of Saint Michael of the Wing
(Portugal)
Sacred Military Constantinian Order of
Saint George (Two Sicilies)
Order of the Eagle of Georgia (Georgia)
Order of Queen Tamara (Georgia)
Order of the Crown of Georgia (Georgia)
Royal Order of the Crown of Hawai'i
(Hawai'i)

Confraternal orders …

Confraternal orders are orders of chivalry

with the presidency attached to a
nobleman:

Princely orders were founded by

noblemen of higher rank. Most of these
were founded in imitation of the Order of
the Golden Fleece, after 1430:
Order of Saint Catherine, founded by
Humbert II, Dauphin du Viennois in ca.
1335
Order of Saint Anthony, founded by
Albrecht I of Bavaria in 1384
Society of the Eagle, founded by
Albrecht II von Habsburg in 1433
Society of Our Lady (Order of the Swan),
founded by Frederick II, Elector of
Brandenburg in 1440
 Order of Saint Hubert, founded by
Gerhard V of Jülich and Berg in 1444
Order of the Crescent, founded by René
d'Anjou in 1448
Society of Saint Jerome, founded by
Friedrich II of Wettin in 1450
Baronial orders, founded by noblemen of
lower rank:
Order of Saint Hubert (Barrois, 1422)
Noble Order of Saint George of
Rougemont, also called Confraternity of
Saint-Georges of Burgundy (Franche-
Comté, 1440)

Fraternal orders …
Fraternal orders are orders of chivalry that
were formed off a vow & for a certain
enterprise:

Compagnie of the Black Swan, founded

by 3 princes and 11 knights in Savoy
(1350)
Corps et Ordre du Tiercelet, founded by
the vicomte de Thouars and 17 barons
in Poitou (1377–1385)
Ordre de la Pomme d'Or, founded by 14
knights in Auvergne (1394)
Alliance et Compagnie du Levrier,
founded by 44 knights in the Barrois
(1416–1422), subsequently converted
 into the Confraternal order of Saint
Hubert (see above)

Votive orders …

Votive orders are orders of chivalry,

temporarily formed on the basis of a vow.
These were courtly chivalric games rather
than actual pledges as in the case of the
fraternal orders. Three are known from
their statutes:

Emprise de l'Escu vert à la Dame

Blanche (Enterprise of the green shield
with the white lady), founded by Jean Le
Maingre dit Boucicaut and 12 knights in
1399 for the duration of 5 years
 Emprise du Fer de Prisonnier (Enterprise
of the Prisoner's Iron), founded by Jean
de Bourbon and 16 knights in 1415 for
the duration of 2 years
Emprise de la gueule de dragon
(Enterprise of the Dragon's Mouth),
founded by Jean comte de Foix in 1446
for 1 year.

Cliental pseudo-orders …

Cliental pseudo-orders are not orders of

chivalry and were princes's retinues
fashionably termed orders. They are
without statutes or restricted
memberships:
 Ordre de la Cosse de Genêt (Order of the
Broom-Pod), founded by Charles VI of
France ca. 1388
Order of the camail or Porcupine,
created by Louis d'Orléans in 1394
Order of the Dove, Castile, 1390
Order of the Scale of Castile, ca. 1430

Honorific orders …

Honorific orders were honorific insignia

consisting of nothing but the badge:

Order of the Stoat and the Ear, founded

by Francis I, Duke of Brittany in 1448
Order of the Golden Spur, a papal order
(since the 14th century, flourishes in the
 16th century)

Together with the monarchical chivalric

orders (see above) these honorific orders
are the prime ancestors of the modern-day
orders of knighthood (see below) which
are orders of merit in character.

The distinction between these orders and

decorations is somewhat vague, except
that these honorific orders still implied
membership in a group. Decorations have
no such limitations and are awarded
purely to recognize the merit or
accomplishments of the recipient. Both
orders and decorations often come in
multiple classes.[8]
Modern orders
Most orders created since the late 17th
century were no longer societies and
fellowships of knights[1] who followed a
common mission but were established by
monarchs or governments with the
specific purpose of bestowing honours on
deserving individuals. In most European
monarchies, these new orders retained
some outward forms from the medieval
orders of chivalry (such as rituals and
structure) but were in essence orders of
merit, mainly distinguished from their
republican counterparts by the fact that
members were entitled to a title of nobility.
While some orders required noble birth
(such as the Order of Saint Stephen of
Hungary, established in 1764), others
would confer a title upon appointment
(such as the Military Order of Max Joseph,
established in 1806) while in yet other
orders only the top classes were
considered knights (such as in the Order
of St Michael and St George, established in
1818). Orders of merit which still confer
privileges of knighthood are sometimes
referred to as orders of knighthood. As a
consequence of being not an order of
chivalry but orders of merit or decorations,
some republican honours have thus
avoided the traditional structure found in
medieval orders of chivalry and created
new ones instead, e.g. the Order of Merit
of the Federal Republic of Germany, the
Decoration for Services to the Republic of
Austria, or the Legion of Merit of the
United States.

Current orders …

Order of the Holy Sepulchre, one of the

original military orders founded circa
1099, and its definite acceptance in
1103 by King Baldwin I.[9]
Sovereign Military Order of Malta, one of
the original military orders, founded as
the Order of St. John of Jerusalem in
1048, sanctioned by Pope Paschal II
February 15, 1113.
Order of Aviz founded by Afonso I of
Portugal in 1146
Order of Calatrava founded by St.
Raymond of Fitero (Spain) in 1164.
Order of Alcantara founded by Ferdinand
II of León (Spain) in 1167.
Order of Santiago founded Ferdinand II
of León (Spain) in 1170.
Order of Saint James of the Sword
founded by Afonso I of Portugal in 1172.
Order of Montesa founded by James II
of Aragon (Spain) in 1317.
Order of Christ (Portugal), founded by
Denis of Portugal in 1319. This order
consider itself successor of the Knights
Templar.
Order of the Garter, founded by Edward
III of England ca. 1348
Order of the Most Holy Annunciation,
founded by Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy
in 1362, ceased to be a national order of
Italy when the Kingdom became a
Republic in 1946, but continues to be
awarded by the heir of the last King.
Order of the Golden Fleece, founded by
Philip III, Duke of Burgundy in 1430
Spanish orders of chivalry. In the centre, the Order of
the Golden Fleece, 1820

Order of the Tower and Sword, founded

by Afonso V of Portugal in 1459
Order of the Dannebrog, founded by
King Christian V of Denmark in 1671
Order of the Thistle, founded by King
James VII of Scotland in 1687
Order of the Elephant, founded by King
Christian V of Denmark in 1693
Order of St. Andrew, founded by Tsar
Peter the Great of Russia in 1698
Order of the White Eagle, founded by
King Augustus II of Poland in 1705
Order of the Bath,[10] founded by King
George I of Great Britain on 18 May
1725[11]
Order of the Seraphim, founded by
Frederick I of Sweden in 1748.
Order of Skanderbeg, founded by Zog I
of Albania in 1925.
Order of the Sword, founded by
Frederick I of Sweden in 1748 [Not
awarded since 1974].
Order of the Polar Star, founded by
Frederick I of Sweden in 1748.
Order of St. George the Triumphant,
founded by Catherine the Great of the
Russian Empire in 1769.
Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order
of Carlos III, founded by Charles III of
Spain on 19 September 1771 (became a
Spanish order)
Order of Vasa, founded by Gustav III of
Sweden in 1772 (Not awarded since
1974).
Order of St Patrick, founded by George
III of the United Kingdom in 1783 (Not
awarded since 1936).
Order of Charles XIII, founded by Charles
XIII of Sweden in 1811.
Royal Order of Isabella the Catholic,
founded by King Ferdinand VII of Spain
on 14 March 1815 (became a Spanish
order).
Military William Order, founded by King
William I of the Netherlands on 30 April
1815.
Order of the Netherlands Lion, founded
by King William I of the Netherlands on
29 September 1815.
Order of St Michael and St George, is an
order of chivalry founded on 28 April
1818 by George, Prince Regent, later
George IV of the United Kingdom, while
he was acting as Prince Regent for his
father, George III.
Order of the Southern Cross, founded by
Emperor Pedro I of Brazil on December
1, 1822.
Order of Leopold, founded by King
Leopold I of the Belgians on 11 July
1832.
Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav,
founded by King Oscar I of Norway on
21 August 1847.
Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of
Brandenburg), Order founded in 1099
and refounded in 1852.
Order of the Gold Lion of the House of
Nassau, founded by King-Grand Duke
William III of Luxembourg in 1858.
Order of the White Elephant is an order
of Thailand. It was established in 1861
by King Rama IV of the Kingdom of
Siam.
Order of Orange-Nassau, founded by the
Queen regent Emma of the Netherlands,
acting on behalf of her under-age
daughter Queen Wilhelmina of the
Netherlands on 4 April 1892.
Royal Victorian Order, founded by Queen
Victoria of the United Kingdom on 21
April 1896.
Order of the Crown, founded by King
Leopold II of the Congo Free State on 15
October 1897 (became a Belgian order
in 1908).
Order of Leopold II, founded by King
Leopold II of the Congo Free State on 24
August 1900 (became a Belgian order in
1908).
Order of Michael the Brave, founded by
King Ferdinand I of Romania on 26
September 1916.
Order of the British Empire, founded by
King George V of the United Kingdom on
4 June 1917.
Knightly Order of Vitéz, founded by
Miklós Horthy the Regent of Hungary in
1921.
Order of the Sun, founded by Man Singh
II, the Maharaja of Jaipur in 1947.
Royal Order of Sahametrei, founded by
King Norodom Sihanouk of the Kingdom
of Cambodia on September 9, 1948.
Order of the Knights of Rizal, granted a
legislative charter by President of the
Philippines Elpidio Quirino on June 14,
1951.
 Order of Canada, founded by Queen
Elizabeth II of Canada in 1967.
Order of Australia, founded by Queen
Elizabeth II of Australia in 1975.
New Zealand Order of Merit, founded by
Queen Elizabeth II of New Zealand in
1996.

Former orders …

Order of Saint Lazarus, founded in 1098

at a leper hospital in the Latin Kingdom
of Jerusalem and is one of the lesser
known orders.
Order of Saint Stanislaus, founded by
King Stanislaus II Augustus Poniatowski
of Poland in 1765
Order of the Iron Helmet of Hesse-
Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) (in present-day
Germany), founded 1814, abolished
1866[12]
Wilhelmsorden (Order of Wilhelm) of
Hesse-Kassel, founded 1851, abolished
1875[12]
Order of the Star of India, founded by
Queen Victoria in 1861 and has not been
awarded since the independence of
India in 1947
Order of the Indian Empire, founded by
Queen Victoria in 1878 and has not been
awarded since the independence of
India in 1947
Order of the African Star, founded by
King Leopold II of the Congo Free State
on 30 December 1888, which became a
Belgian order in 1908 and has not been
awarded since the independence of
Congo in 1960
Royal Order of the Lion, founded by King
Leopold II of the Congo Free State on 9
April 1891, which became a Belgian
order in 1908 and has not been awarded
since the independence of Congo in
1960
 Ludewigsorden (Order of Louis) of the
Grand Duchy of Hesse, founded 1807,
abolished 1918
Order of the Norwegian Lion, founded
1904, abolished 1952
Order of Pahlavi, founded 1928 by Reza
Shah, abolished 1979 after the Iranian
Revolution. There were two classes. The
first class, the Grand Collar, was worn by
the Shah, crown prince, and awarded to
heads of state. The second class, the
Grand Cordon, was worn by princes and
princesses.

Typical insignia and ranks

Lemuel Francis Abbott's portrait of Admiral Lord
Nelson depicting his honours embroidered on his coat
jacket

Insignia of the British Order of the Garter.

Following the example set by the French
Legion of Honour, founded by Napoleon,
most multi-level European orders
comprise five ranks or classes. The
highest is usually called the Grand Cross,
then descending with varying titles.
Alternatively, the ranks are referred to by
number (for example "1st class" instead of
"Grand Cross"). Typical rankings are:

Class Common names

I Grand Cross, Commander Grand Cross, Grand Cordon, Grand Collar

Grand Officer, Commander 1st Class, Grand Commander, Knight Commander, Knight
II
Companion, Commander with Star

III Commander, Commander 2nd Class, Companion

IV Officer, Knight 1st Class, Member 1st Class

V Knight, Knight 2nd Class, Chevalier, Member

Each of these ranks wear insignia, usually

badge (often enamelled) on a ribbon.
Typically these insignia are worn from a
sash in the case of the senior ranks,
around the neck for the middle ranks (see
also neck decorations), and on the left
chest for the lower grades. Many orders
use insignia in the form of a cross, but
there may also be stars, and military
awards may have crossed swords added
onto the insignias. Ladies may wear the
badge on a bow on the left chest. In orders
following the example set by the French
Legion of Honour, the two highest classes
also wear a star (or plaque) on the chest.
In special cases the senior class may wear
the badge on a collar, which is an
elaborate chain around the neck.
In certain countries with feudal heritage
the higher ranks (usually at least the Grand
Cross) may have vestments proper to
them, including a robe or mantle and a hat.
An example of such a modern-day order is
the Order of the British Empire.

The French Legion of Honour

democratised the honour systems of
orders of chivalry and merit in the sense of
formally omitting both the expectations of
nobility on admittees while also no further
implying the same status on previously
non-noble conferees. Yet some orders may
still expect noble ancestry on the part of
recipients, such as the Sovereign Military
Order of Malta and those of the Alliance of
the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem.
Others may continue to imply conferral of
nobility on any admittee, whether
hereditary or personal, such as in some of
the cases of dynastic orders conferred by
the House of Bavaria or the House of
Imperial Russia.

Legacy

Influence …

The orders have influenced organizations

which are completely separate and distinct
from them. Since at least the 18th century,
Freemasonry has incorporated symbols
and rituals of several medieval military
orders in a number of Masonic bodies,
most notably, in the "Red Cross of
Constantine" (derived from the Sacred
Military Constantinian Order of Saint
George), the "Order of Malta" (derived from
the Sovereign Military Order of Malta), and
the "Order of the Temple" (derived from the
historical Knights Templar), the latter two
featuring prominently in the York Rite.

Imitations …

Some organisations claim to be chivalric

orders but are actually private membership
organisations that have not been created
by a state or a reigning monarch.[13] The
answer to the question of whether an
order is legitimate or not varies from
nation to nation,[14] François Velde wrote
an "order of knighthood is legitimate if it is
defined as legal, recognized and
acknowledged as such by a sovereign
authority. Within its borders, a sovereign
state does as it pleases. Most, if not all,
modern states have honorific orders and
decorations of some kind, and those are
sometimes called orders of
knighthood."[15] Exactly what makes one
order legitimate and another self-styled or
false is a matter of debate with some
arguing that any monarch (reigning or not)
or even the descendants of such can
create an order while others assert that
only a government with actual
internationally recognized authority has
such power (regardless of whether that
government is republican or monarchial in
nature).[16][17] Historically, nobility and
knights have also formed Orders of
Knighthood. The Noble Order of Saint
George of Rougemont is a Baronial Order
and the Ordre de la Pomme d'Or was
founded by 14 knights in Auvergne in
1394.[18][19]

See also
 Military order (society)
Order (honour)
Title of honor
Self-styled orders

Notes
1. "St. George's Chapel: History: Order of
the Garter" . See the definition of the
Order of the Garter as "a society,
fellowship and college of knights"
there. – St. George's Chapel, Windsor
Castle. 2005. Archived from the
original on 15 September 2006.
Retrieved 6 November 2006.
2. Velde, François Velde (25 February
2004). "Legitimacy and Orders of
Knighthood" . Heraldica. Retrieved
18 November 2012.
3. http://www.zenit.org/it/articles/la-
santa-sede-e-gli-ordini-cavallereschi-
doverosi-chiarimenti-prima-parte
4. "Order of the Garter" . Official website
of the British Monarchy. Archived from
the original on 2009-06-14. Retrieved
2012-11-18.
5. Vachaudez, Christophe; Walgrave, Jan
(2008). Diana Scarisbrick (ed.). Royal
jewels : from Charlemagne to the
Romanovs. New York: Vendôme Press.
 p. 146. ISBN 978-0-86565-193-7.
"Louis XI founded the Order of Saint
Michael in 1469. Initially, there were
thirty-six knights, but their numbers
increased to such a point that the
order began to lose its prestige. Louis
XIV reformed the order on 12 January
1665, reducing the number of knights
to one hundred"
6. "Order of the Thistle" . Official website
of the British Monarchy. Retrieved
2012-11-18.
7. "Monarchy Today: Queen and Public:
Honours: Order of St Patrick" . Official
 website of the British Monarchy.
Retrieved 2012-11-18.
8. Definition adapted from
www.turkishmedals.net, accessed
2010-02-20. Archived 2012-05-05 at
the Wayback Machine
9. Pierredon (de) M.: L'Ordre equestre du
Saint Sepulchre de Jerusalem. Paris,
1928.
10. Anstis, John (1725). Observations
introductory to an historical essay
upon the Knighthood of the Bath.
London: J. Woodman. p. 4.
11. The Dean and Chapter of Westminster
Abbey (2011). "Order of the Bath" .
 Westminster Abbey. Retrieved
11 December 2012. "The Most
Honourable Order of the Bath was
established as a military order by
Letters Patent of George I on 18 May
1725, when the Dean of Westminster
was made Dean of the Order in
perpetuity and King Henry VII's Chapel
designated as the Chapel of the
Order."
12. Sauer, Werner (1950). Die Orden und
Ehrenzeichen des Kurfürstentums
Hessen-Kassel (in German). Hamburg:
Verlag Kleine Reihe für Freunde der
Ordens- und Ehrenzeichenkunde.
pp. 19–24.
13. Barber, Malcom, & Victor Mallia-
Milanes, eds. (2008). The Military
Orders, vol. 3, History and Heritage.
Aldershot, England: Ashgate. pp. 4–6.
ISBN 9780754662907.
14. Hoegen Dijkhof, Hendrik Johannes
(2006). The legitimacy of Orders of St.
John: a historical and legal analysis
and case study of a para-religious
phenomenon . Amsterdam: Hoegen
Dijkhof Advocaten (van Universiteit
Leiden). pp. 35–41.
15. Velde, François Velde (25 February
2004). "Legal Definitions of Orders of
 Knighthood" . Heraldica. Retrieved
18 November 2012.
16. Brett-Crowther, Michael Richard
(1990). Orders of Chivalry under the
Aegis of the Church. London: Lambeth
Diploma of Student in Theology
Thesis. pp. 80–90.
17. Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter (2002). Knights
of fantasy : an overview, history, and
critique of the self-styled "Orders"
called "of Saint John" or "of Malta", in
Denmark and other Nordic countries.
Turku: Digipaino. ISBN 9512922657.
18. Thiou, E. (2002). La noble confrérie &
les chevaliers de Saint-Georges au
 Comté de Bourgogne sous l'Ancien
régime & la révolution. Mémoire et
documents.
19. Bossuat, A. (1944). Un ordre de
chevalerie auvergnat; l'ordre de la
Pomme d'or'. Bidle/in bistoriqia it
stienti/iqm dt I'Aupergite, Uiv (1944),
83–98; H. Morel,'Unc associa, 523-4.

Bibliography
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introductory to an historical essay upon
the Knighthood of the Bath. London:
James Woodman.
Burke, John (1725). Statutes of the Most
Honourable Order of the Bath.
D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton (2000)
[February 1987]. The knights of the
crown: the monarchical orders of
knighthood in later medieval Europe.
Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press,
Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1325–1520.
ISBN 0-312-45842-8.
Kaeuper, Richard W.; Kennedy, Elspeth;
De Charny, Geoffroi (December 1996).
The Book of Chivalry of Geoffroi De
Charny: Text, Context, and Translation .
University of Pennsylvania Press.
ISBN 0-8122-1579-6.
 Risk, James C. (1972). The History of the
Order of the Bath and its Insignia.
London: Spink & Son.

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