Archaeological Prospection, Vol.

4, 179±189 (1997)

Resistivity and Magnetics of the

Roman Town Carnuntum, Austria:
an Example of Combined
Interpretation of Prospection Data
W. NEUBAUER1,2* AND ALOIS EDER-HINTERLEITNER2
1
Interdisziplinäre Einrichtung für Archäologie der Universität Wien,
Geophysikalische Prospektion, Franz Kleingasse 1, A-1190 Wien, Austria
2
Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Abt. Geophysik, Hohe Warte 38,
A-1190 Wien, Austria

ABSTRACT In the well-known Roman town Carnuntum in the eastern part of Austria, systematic geophysical
prospection has started recently. A five hectare area of the civil town, the former residence
of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, was prospected by resistivity and magnetic surveys in 1996.
Resistivity and magnetic surveys are arithmetically combined or colour coded in a digital image
processing technique for a combined archaeological interpretation using geographical information
systems’ procedures. Image combination facilitates correlation of the two data sets and offers
new insights for the interpretation process. The results of the first survey show the layout of the
town, i.e. roads and insulae. A part of the Roman town at the River Danube is now recovered,
unveiling a lot of archaeological information about the hitherto unexplored archaeological area. A
representative building and a square have been identified that might represent the town’s forum,
with the building probably representing the curia. * c 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Archaeol. Prospect. 4: 179–189, 1997.

Key words: magnetic prospection; caesium gradiometer; resistivity survey; image processing;
Roman town; GIS.

Introduction resistivity surveys are decided after the interpret-

Magnetic and resistivity surveys are the most
successful geophysical prospection techniques for
archaeological purposes (Clark, 1990; Neubauer,
1990; Scollar et al, 1990). Resistivity mapping
using RM15 is three times as time consuming as
magnetic surveying using caesium gradiometers
for half the spatial resolution and therefore
normally is applied only to areas where detailed
information required. The areas mapped using
*Correspondence to: W. Neubauer, InterdisziplinaÈre Einrich-
tung fuÈr ArchaÈologie der UniversitaÈt Wien, Geophysikalische
Prospektion, Franz Kleingasse 1, A-1190 Wien, Austria.
Email: archeo@zamg.ac.at
ation of the digital image representation of
the magnetic data, the so-called magnetogram
(Neubauer and Melichar, 1996). Magnetic surveys
carried out with an automatic caesium gradi-
ometer in a standard raster of 0.25  0.5 m very
clearly identify ditches, pits, ovens, bricks, woo-
den palisades, etc. Large-scale magnetic surveys
(45 ha), e.g. on a Roman villa rustica, identify not
only the location of the main buildings but the
whole habitation, with the associated field struc-
tures and cemeteries. In contrast, the walls of
Roman buildings are not usually resolved with
great clarity in magnetic surveys. Often they are
obscured by large anomalies caused by bricks
and tiles inside and around the buildings. An

CCC 1075±2196/97/040179±11$17.50 Received 14 October 1997

# 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Accepted 14 January 1998
180 W. Neubauer and A. Eder-Hinterleitner

additional resistivity survey identifies walls or
floors, or in general any stony feature. Magnetic
survey is therefore the method of primary use on
extended rural Roman sites which is complemen-
ted by limited resistivity surveys to enhance stony
features.
However, for the prospection of the inner
structure of a Roman town, large-scale resistivity
surveying may be the primary technique because
there is no requirement for locating stony features
by magnetic survey. However, a combination
with magnetic survey adds important informa-
tion on, for example, pits, ditches, wooden
structures, robbed walls, walls of bricks, or
tiles from roofs, and should be carried out on
urban sites.
The site of Carnuntum
The site of Carnuntum (Jobst, 1983), 45 km east
of Vienna (Figure 1), was divided in two major
parts during the Roman period: the military
camp with its surrounding settlements (canabae
legionis) and the so called `civil town', which was
elevated to a municipium by Hadrian (AD 117±
138). In the military camp of Carnuntum,
Septimius Severus was proclaimed Caesar on

Figure 1. The location of the civil town of Carnuntum situated at the side of the River Danube. White areas are the
excavated and preserved parts of the Archaeological Parc Carnuntum. The area investigated by geophysical prospection is
marked black surrounded with white. (Austrian Archaeological Institute, 1997, unpublished).

# 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Archaeological Prospection, Vol. 4, 179±189 (1997)
Resistivity and Magnetics at Carnuntum
AD 9 April 193. Thus the town received a new
impetus and became Colonia Septimia Aurelia
Antoniniana Karnuntum, capital of Pannonia.
The heart of the town was fortified by a massive
wall 2 m thick. Together with the suburban
settlements south and west of the town wall the
entire territory of the civil town might have been
300 ha (Jobst, 1983).
Parts of the civil town (2.7 ha) have been excav-
ated and are now open to the public as part of the
Archaeological Park Carnuntum. Another 0.6 ha
was partly excavated in 1892 and refilled again.
The existing map of this excavation cannot yet be
precisely located within the possible area of the
`Tiergarten'. East of the area prospected, in the
garden of Traun castle, six insulae (about 1.26 ha)
were recovered (Figure 2) and partly recon-
structed (Kandler, 1997). Along a paved street,
facing north, several long rectangular properties
are lined up. The portico towards the street invited
the people to the shops. Right behind the shops,
small work rooms were situated, followed by the
dwelling houses. The living rooms were supplied
with a hypocaustum, the typical Roman heating
system. Along the associated garden the dwell-
ings are terminated by another portico.
The other part of the excavated area, an insula
surrounded by paved streets, consists of three
major building complexes. The northern facade is
again formed by a portico along the so-called
`Limes Straûe'. The main street is 7.5 m wide and
beneath it large canals of the town's canal system
lead the waste water to the River Danube. The
western building of this insula was a public bath,
with 10 rooms: including cold water and hot
water baths, latrine and the praefurnia to fire the
hypocausts. The second building, with a plas-
tered inner court, is divided by a corridor. Left
and right of the corridor are 14 aligned rooms of
similar size, with floors covered with tiles. The
archaeologists differ in their interpretation. The
excavator interpreted them as a market for the
public bath. Recent approaches argue it might be
a magazine or a valetudinarium, a hospital. The
third building is not completely excavated and
shows remains of the period before the Marco-
mannic Wars. All the visible buildings belong to
the following period.
Another preserved building complex (Figure 3)
of 143  104 m is situated to the northwest of the
# 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
181
excavated insulae, the ruins of the `Groûe
Therme', a monumental public bath, built around
AD 200. The complex is separated into two parts
by an inner court. The main complex, the bath
with a cold water pool, 20  9 m wide and 1.6 m
deep, and massive praefurnia to heat the various
bathing rooms, was entered through a corridor
with adjoining dressing rooms. The court was
used for sport activities and was surrounded by a
portico on three sides. From the southern portico
two staircases lead to the smaller bipartite
complex, which again is terminated by a portico
leading to a street in the south. The smaller part
of the complex is formed by a 18.6  14 m hall
that could be identified as the club house (schola)
of the fire-brigade, the collegium fabrum. An inner
court, 36.5  10.5 m, shows two octogonal build-
ings (4 m diameter) and a circular building
(2.5 m diameter) surrounded by chambers of
equal size on three sides. Archaeologists are still
discussing the interpretation of this part of the
complex.
The first survey campaign
During late summer of 1996 a first prospection
campaign in the civil town was carried out
during a 2-week student's training programme
on resistivity surveying, mapping an area of 5 ha.
The survey was located 280 m west of the
excavated insulae and 80 m south of the monu-
mental bath in the `Tiergarten' of Traun castle, in
a hitherto unexplored part of the town's centre.
Existing aerial photographs were interpreted
only after the survey was carried out. The subsoil
is formed by terraces of the River Danube, on
which a chernozem soil horizon has developed.
For surveying we used two RM15 (Geoscan)
resistivity meters with multiplexers MPX5 on
frame PA5 with three electrodes. The area was
mapped in a 1.0  0.5 m grid using a twin array
with 0.5 m electrode spacing. At every station we
recorded three readings, using the facilities of the
multiplexer in a three electrode array, resulting in
a 0.5  0.5 m grid survey with 0.5 m electrode
spacing and an additional survey in a 1.0  0.5 m
grid with 1.0 m electrode spacing. This operating
mode halves the count of necessary stations
and gives additional information with higher
Archaeological Prospection, Vol. 4, 179±189 (1997)
182
Figure 2. Excavated insulae of the civil town south of the castle Traun (Jobst, 1996).
penetration depth. Practical tests showed that the
survey might be accelerated by a factor of two,
gaining 50 per cent more data by using the multi-
plexer with three electrodes, compared with two
electrodes. Larger electrode arrays (4±5) do not
accelerate the survey any more due to more diffi-
cult handling of the frame, arising from contact
problems by insufficient penetration of single
electrodes and the more exhausting and tiring
fieldwork. Using the three electrode array, it is
# 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
W. Neubauer and A. Eder-Hinterleitner
very often possible to work with the instrument's
fast sampling mode without adding too much
random noise to the data. Larger arrays normally
cause a lot of problems, as mentioned above, and
are useable only in a medium sampling mode.
Data were transferred from the instrument
using a programmed interface RM15IN into the
existing image composer IMCOMP (Archeo
Prospections1) developed for caesium magnet-
ometry. This software allows the composing of
Archaeological Prospection, Vol. 4, 179±189 (1997)
Resistivity and Magnetics at Carnuntum 183

Figure 3. Excavated monumental bath ‘Große Therme’ north of the area prospected (Jobst, 1983).

digital images from measured rectangles in vary-
ing image formats (Neubauer et al, 1996). During
data processing, automatic data correction in the
form of despiking, and correction of subgrid
shifts and line shifts (Eder-Hinterleitner et al,
1996), is applied optionally. The digital image is
visualized using standard image processing soft-
ware. Further processing is limited to enhancing
contrast, changing brightness and georeferencing.
The resistivity survey (Figure 4) recovered a
detailed insight into the town's layout. The street
plan is irregular, forming blocks of various shape

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# 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

184
Archaeological Prospection, Vol. 4, 179±189 (1997)

W. Neubauer and A. Eder-Hinterleitner

Figure 4. (a) Georeferenced greyscale image of the resistivity mapping in the civil town of Carnuntum, RM15 0.5 m twin array, raster 0.5  0.5 m, data range 80
(white) to 200 (black) Om. (b) Preliminary archaeological interpretation of the geophysical evidence.
Resistivity and Magnetics at Carnuntum
and size. A main street enters the town from
the south after passing through one of the
town's gates. The town wall is situated beneath
the current main street and was therefore not
prospected. The various insulae are divided by
streets and pathways. They show different states
of preservation. An extremely large building
(Figure 5) leading on to an open square dominates
the digital image. This interesting building,
presented in this paper, was also investigated by
a limited magnetic survey covering 6400 m2 in
order to enhance a part of the resistivity survey.
For the magnetic survey the automatic recording
caesium gradiometer device described pre-
viously, with 0.1 nT accuracy on a non-magnetic
handcart (Eder-Hinterleitner et al, 1996, Figure 1;
Neubauer et al, 1996) was used in a 0.25  0.5 m
grid.
Image combination
The result of the magnetic survey demonstrates
the advantage of a combined application of the
two most commonly used archaeological pro-
spection methods on Roman sites. The resistivity
data define walls and floors, whereas the mag-
netic data add information on remanently mag-
netized structures inside the building, not visible
from the resistivity survey. The walls in the
magnetic data are not as clear as in the resistivity
mapping. Both images therefore store different
relevant archaeological information about the
building. For visualization the magnetic data
range (ÿ10 to 15 nT) and the resistivity data
range (80 to 180 Om) are converted into 256 grey
levels (Table 1, Figure 4). The two images may
now be used for interpretation and subsequent
combination of the two independent interpret-
ations. This paper proposes the use of digital
image combination to produce additional images
containing compiled information as a basis for
Table 1. Transformation of data ranges for each type of data and for each method of combination.
Raw Normalized M ‡ R
Magnetic ÿ10 to 15 nT 0 to 1
Resistivity 80 to 180 Om 0 to 1
256 grey scales 0.4 to 1.4
# 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
185
interpretation. The image combination might be
done in two different ways. First by combining
the images applying arithmetic operations and
secondly by producing colour images using the
three channels of an RGB image.
The first requirement that has to be met is the
same coordinate system for the two surveys. In
this case we used the same survey grid. Assum-
ing that differently oriented grids are used, both
images need to be georeferenced by their absol-
ute grid coordinates. For subsequent combination
both images were preprocessed by applying
correction algorithms (Eder-Hinterleitner et al,
1996), enhancing contrasts and resampling on the
same grid size of 0.25  0.25 m.
For the application of arithmetic operations the
data ranges described above for the magnetic (M)
and resistivity (R) data are normalized. Both data
sets are transferred to a range of [0,1] by adding
and multiplying by the necessary factors. This
normalization of the data is done in both data
sets as appropriate, in order to give walls low
values, thus appearing in black. The four basic
operations M ‡ R, M 7 R, M  R and M/R are
applied (Figure 5). For the division the normal-
ized data are shifted to the range of [1,2] in order
to avoid very small and even zero denominators.
For visualization the arithmetically combined
data are converted to 256 grey levels using
appropriate data ranges (Table 1).
In the `addition' image (Figure 5, M ‡ R) the
walls, faintly visible in the magnetic data are
enhanced by the resistivity information. The
strikingly strong magnetic anomalies in the
corridors are reduced, although they nearly
completely overlie the features visible in the
resistivity mapping. In contrast, the `subtraction'
removes the walls and leaves the floors. As a
result, four different kinds of floors are easily
distinguishable. Multiplication and addition
as well as division and subtraction, lead to
comparable results. The ratio of the single values
Normalized M 7 R Normalized M 7 R Normalized M/R
0 to 1 0 to 1 1 to 2
0 to 1 0 to 1 1 to 2
ÿ0.7 to 0.7 0 to 0.5 0.6 to 1.8
Archaeological Prospection, Vol. 4, 179±189 (1997)
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W. Neubauer and A. Eder-Hinterleitner

Figure 5. (M) Magnetogram, caesium gradiometer 0.5/2.0 m, raster 0.25  0.5, 6400 m2, data range ÿ10.0, (black) to 15.0 (white) nT. (R) Resistivity mapping, RM15
0.5 m Twin array, raster 0.5  0.5 m, 6400 m2, data range 80 (white to 180 (black) Om. (M ‡ R) Combination image of normalized data after addition, data range 0.4
(white) to 1.4 (black). (M 7 R) Combination image of normalized data after subtraction, data range ÿ0.7 (white) to 0.7 (black). (M* R) Combination image of normalized
data after multiplication, data range 0 (white) to 0.5 (black). (M/R) Combination image of normalized data after divison, data range 0.6 (white) to 1.8 (black).
Resistivity and Magnetics at Carnuntum
differs a little depending on the data ranges used
for visualization of the combination.
The generation of colour images is a process
allowing great variety. A simple way to generate
meaningful multicolour images is to put three
different kinds of data into the three different
channels of an RGB true-colour image, e.g. red for
positive magnetic anomalies blue for negative
magnetic anomalies and green for resistivity;
or any other combination of contrasting colours.
The two data sets are adjusted accordingly to
give the walls dark values. The colour coding
helps to stress the main features of the surveys. In
our example the colour coded image (Figure 6)
was produced using the above-mentioned data
ranges. Magnetic data are put into the red channel
and resistivity data into the green and the blue
channels. In the colour image the four different
floor constructions of the building become clearly
visible. There is no more information contained
than in the greyscale image, but for the detection
of the four floor types, colour coding might be
helpful because of better abstraction.
In our example simple addition brings a
reasonably good result, which might also be
colour coded. Greyscale imaging is preferred for
representation of magnetic and resistivity data.
Colour coding seems to be useful in blue to red
scales (cold to warm, minus to plus), enhancing
the main features. Fine details in prospection
results are better visible in greyscale imaging by
taking advantage of the human eye's biological
facilities of perception. Therefore colour coding is
a useful additional tool for exploring an image
and/or for striking presentations.
Combined archaeological
interpretation
It is necessary to make a distinction between
the various methods of visualization and data
treatment aimed to present the raw data in a
form ready for interpretation and archaeo-
logical interpretation of prospection results.
The latter should be in terms of detecting, precise
mapping and describing archaeologically
relevant features. Interpretation of archaeological
prospection results by an archaeologist is done by
# 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
187
recognizing archaeologically relevant features by
mental comparison with known features. There-
fore, investigating the different prospection
images at the same time is a great advantage in
the interpretation process. Having the opportu-
nity to consider all images helps in recognizing
relevant archaeological structures by association.
Archaeological interpretation is therefore done
using geographical information systems' (GIS)
mapping facilities. The various images are
georeferenced by absolute coordinates measured
in the field using a TC1010 theodolithe. The GIS
provides the possibility for adding the various
image visualizations of the survey results with
orthophotographs, excavation maps or the cadas-
tre as various themes for subsequent combined
interpretation. The archaeologically relevant
features are laid out on different thematic layers
as polygons or lines on top of the various themes.
Magnetic and resistivity data are no longer
interpreted independently, and combined there-
after, but are seen in their context and com-
bination. To ensure cross-correlation, information
is checked interactively on the screen by quickly
switching between the primary images and
several combination images. Correlation of mag-
netic and electrical evidence is achievable with-
out problems by simultaneous viewing of the
two input images and their particular combin-
ation. Thus archaeological interpretation is not
the arrangement of anomalous zones or the
location of anomalous bodies but the develop-
ment of models with archaeological importance
based on the reduction and classification of
geophysical data.
The archaeological evidence
For a long time the archaeologists had been
looking for the forum of the civil town. The
rectangular building (2860 m2) identified is situ-
ated at the southern side of a square (Figures 4
and 7). Its dimensions of 63.50 by 44 m and the
symmetric layout stress it to be a representative
communal building of the civil town. The square
is 50 m broad. The full length is still unknown
but 45 m are already uncovered. The square
might end in front of the previously described
Archaeological Prospection, Vol. 4, 179±189 (1997)
188
and excavated `Groûe Therme', situated 120 m
north of the grand building identified by
geophysics. The eastern and western sides of
the square are formed by halls, 7.60 m broad. The
long halls are divided into smaller compart-
ments, which might have been shops. The square
identified here, with grand buildings in the north
and the south, might be the so far unknown
forum. Further surveying of the northern part of
the square will certainly help to clarify this
situation.
The front of the building prospected, towards
the square, is tripartite. The northern part of the
building is marked by large rooms. The central
room C1, which might have been the entrance
hall, measures 13.40  7.80 m. High resistivity
anomalies in front of the hall might be the
remains of a staircase. The rooms C3 and C4
beside the entrance hall are marked inside by
diagonal, high-resistivity, wall-like structures,
probably conduits. Excavated conduits are visible
in Figure 3. The entrance hall is followed by a
180 m2 square room or inner court, C2. On the
left and the right side, C2 faces two smaller
rooms, C7 and C8. They might be interpreted
as symmetric staircases leading to the second
floor. The diagonal conduits seem to end inside
the staircases C7 and C8. Room C2 ends with a
3.5 m wide compartment, C5, leading to the
southern part of the building, where the striking
structures (C11) are the corridors mentioned
previously.
From these corridors two large rooms, C9 and
C10, of 12  17.50 m could be entered. They are
the largest rooms detectable in the building.
Although their floor space (210 m2) is the same
their geophysical properties, both in magnetics
and resistivity, are completely different. The
western room, C9, shows low resistivities inside
and only small magnetic anomalies. Therefore no
remains of a stone or mortar floor are detectable.
In contrast, room C10 shows a striking uniformly
high resistivity and strong magnetic anomalies. A
compact stone floor and the typical traces of a
hypocaustum therefore can be interpreted for the
eastern room C10. Both rooms, probably, were
used as assembly halls. Additional investigations
using resistivity `tomography' and ground pene-
trating radar might be helpful in developing a
three-dimensional interpretation model.
# 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
W. Neubauer and A. Eder-Hinterleitner
The resistivity map shows partly compact
floors inside the corridors C11. In the magnetic
data the corridors produce striking positive
anomalies. If hypocausts were the reason for
these anomalies we would expect larger
anomalies and seperately identifiable dipole
structures, as visible in room C10. The magnetic
anomaly might be more likely due to small tiles
on mortar floors, as excavated in the `Groûe
Therme' or in the valetudinarium (Figure 2). The
corridor at the southern side of the building is
3 m wide and might also have been a portico. It
leads into the building with corridors that at
three points are 3 m wide as well. Together with
the northern 4.40-m-wide cross corridor, they
enclose two square compartments of 144 m2
divided into smaller rooms (C13, C14 and C15
and C16, C17 and C18). To the east and west
of the corridors, rectangular, symmetrically
arranged rooms (C19 and C20 and C21 and
C22) are discernible. The interpretation of the
walls in that part of the building is somewhat
hypothetical as remains of floors or rubble cause
uncertainities. The diagonal structure inside
room C22 leading from the inside to the outside
of the building might again be a conduit leading
to one of the towns canals. The outer walls of the
halls along the square are prolonged by rooms
7.60 m wide and of symmetrical layout (C23, C24
and C25 and C26, C27 and C28). Between them
and the corridor two small compartments (C29
and C30) are situated. Streets to the east and west
of the building are obvious in the resistivity
survey. Between the streets, the building and the
halls along the open square there might again
have been a portico.
Conclusion
Geophysical prospection identified a grand build-
ing and an open square in the civil town. The
building is of a nearly symmetrical layout, but as
geophysical survey shows, the symmetry is con-
fined purely to plan and not to function. The com-
bined interpretation of magnetic and resistivity
data revealed important details on the structures
inside the various rooms. Arithmetical combi-
nation of the data in digtial image processing
allows understanding of cross-correlations of the
Archaeological Prospection, Vol. 4, 179±189 (1997)
Resistivity and Magnetics at Carnuntum
two methods, thus enabling the interpreting
archaeologist to lay out important information
using GIS. The use of combinational images
facilitates the mental comparison of abstract
geophysical information with potential archaeo-
logical structures.
The grand building might be interpreted as the
curia situated at the southern boundary of the
forum of the civil town of Carnuntum. The two
halls located might have been the assembly hall
of the town's council. The southern part of the
building, with its smaller rooms was probably
the administrative branch. However, the necess-
ary subsequent discussions by archaeologists and
verification by further geoelectrical and radar
surveys (planned for the winter of 1997±1998)
and excavations have still to prove the evidence
presented. Further prospection of the civil town
as well as the analysis of the town's layout in
comparison with excavated structures from
similar sites will certainly recover more hitherto
unknown details and will be reported in a
subsequent paper.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Manfred
Kandler for helpful discussion and support
during the survey and the students carrying out
the fieldwork. We greatfully acknowledge the
# 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
189
fruitful discussion and review of the paper by
Angela Schwab and Melvin Baxley.
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Figure 6. Colour coded combination image. Red channel: magnetics, data range ÿ10 to 15 nT. Green and blue channel:
resistivity, data range 80 to 180 Om.

# 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Archaeological Prospection, Vol. 4, 179±189 (1997)
# 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Archaeological Prospection, Vol. 4, 179±189 (1997)

Figure 7. Archaeological interpretation of the detected grand building in the civil town of Carnuntum.